胡鵬飛 陸明 黃抒偉
[摘要] 目的 研究自噬在丹參酮ⅡA抑制晚期糖基化產(chǎn)物(AGEs)誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡中的作用及相關(guān)機(jī)制。 方法 丹參酮ⅡA及AGEs處理內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,MTT法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞活性,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡率,Western blot檢測(cè)相關(guān)蛋白量表達(dá)。 結(jié)果 與對(duì)照組相比,AGEs組和丹參酮ⅡA組自噬相關(guān)蛋白LC3-Ⅱ表達(dá)增加,SQSTM1/p62表達(dá)減少,AGEs+丹參酮ⅡA組LC3-Ⅱ表達(dá)進(jìn)一步增加,SQSTM1/p62表達(dá)進(jìn)一步下降。與對(duì)照組相比,AGEs組細(xì)胞凋亡率增加,細(xì)胞活性下降,與AGEs組相比,AGEs+丹參酮ⅡA組細(xì)胞凋亡率下降,細(xì)胞活性增加,AGEs+自噬抑制劑3-MA組細(xì)胞凋亡率增加,細(xì)胞活性下降。丹參酮ⅡA組p-AKT、p-mTOR表達(dá)下降,呈時(shí)間依賴性。 結(jié)論 丹參酮ⅡA通過(guò)增強(qiáng)自噬抑制AGEs誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡,這可能與其抑制AKT/mTOR信號(hào)通路相關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 丹參酮ⅡA;晚期糖基化產(chǎn)物;自噬;內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞;細(xì)胞凋亡
[中圖分類號(hào)] R363.21 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2017)21-0028-05
Tanshinone ⅡA suppresses AGEs-induced endothelial cell apoptosis by enhancing autophagy
HU Pengfei LU Ming HUANG Shuwei
Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Xinhua Hospital, Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine University Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou 310005, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the effect and mechanism of autophagy in tanshinone ⅡA suppressing AGEs-induced endothelial cell apoptosis. Methods Endothelial cells were managed by tanshinone ⅡA and AGEs, MTT was used to detect cell viability, FCM was used to detect cell apoptosis rate, and Western blot was used to detect protein expression. Results Compared with the control group, the expression of autophagy-associated protein LC3-Ⅱ was enhanced in the AGEs group and the tanshinone ⅡA group, and the expression of SQSTM1/p62 was reduced. The expression of LC3-Ⅱ was further enhanced in the AGEs+tanshinone ⅡA group, and the expression of SQSTM1/p62 was further reduced. Compared with the control group, the rate of cell apoptosis was enhanced, and the cell viability was reduced in the AGEs group. Compared with the AGEs group, the rate of cell apoptosis was reduced and the cell viability was enhanced in the AGEs+tanshinone ⅡA group, and the rate of cell apoptosis was enhanced and the cell viability was reduced in the AGEs+autophagy inhibitor 3-MA group. The expressions of p-AKT and p-mTOR were reduced in the tanshinone ⅡA group, with time dependence. Conclusion Tanshinone ⅡA suppresses AGEs-induced endothelial cell apoptosis by enhancing autophagy, which may be associated with its suppression of AKT/mTOR signal channel.
[Key words] Tanshinone ⅡA; AGEs; Autophagy; Endothelial cell; Apoptosis
晚期糖基化產(chǎn)物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)是指大分子物質(zhì)如蛋白質(zhì)、核酸或脂質(zhì)在無(wú)酶的條件下與其他還原單糖形成的共價(jià)化合物,在體內(nèi)隨年齡增加而逐漸蓄積,在糖尿病尤其糖尿病并發(fā)癥、尿毒癥、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、衰老等病理生理過(guò)程中起著非常重要的作用[1]。自噬是細(xì)胞自身降解大分子或損傷細(xì)胞器,維持細(xì)胞正常代謝,當(dāng)細(xì)胞自噬水平增強(qiáng)時(shí),自噬相關(guān)蛋白LC3-Ⅱ表達(dá)增加,SQSTM1/p62表達(dá)下降,本試驗(yàn)以此作為判斷自噬水平的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[2]。我們前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)AGEs能誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞自噬水平升高,自噬做為保護(hù)性機(jī)制能抑制AGEs誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡[3]。為進(jìn)一步探討是否存在藥物對(duì)這一病理過(guò)程有干預(yù)作用,通過(guò)MTT、Western blot、流式細(xì)胞術(shù)等方法,對(duì)丹參酮ⅡA抑制AGEs誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡及相關(guān)機(jī)制進(jìn)行了研究。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
抗LC3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ多克隆抗體、3-MA、MTT、小牛血清白蛋白(Bovine Serum Albumin,BSA)、D-葡萄糖均購(gòu)于Sigma公司;雷帕霉素靶磷酸化蛋白多克隆抗體(phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin,p-mTOR)、激酶B磷酸化蛋白多克隆抗體(phospho-protein kinase B,p-AKT)、雷帕霉素靶蛋白多克隆抗體(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)、蛋白激酶B多克隆抗體(protein kinase B,AKT)購(gòu)自Cell Signaling Technology公司;DMEM培養(yǎng)基、胎牛血清購(gòu)自Gibco公司;細(xì)胞內(nèi)毒素檢測(cè)試劑盒購(gòu)自上海潤(rùn)成公司;Alexa Fluor 488 Annexin V/PI凋亡試劑盒購(gòu)自Invitrogen公司;人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞株(human umbilical endothelial cells,HUVECs)購(gòu)自中科院上海細(xì)胞庫(kù)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 HUVECs的培養(yǎng) HUVECs接種于含青鏈霉素雙抗及10%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)液中,37℃、5% CO2培養(yǎng)箱常規(guī)培養(yǎng),平均2天更換1次培養(yǎng)液,用0.25%胰酶(含EDTA)消化傳代,等待細(xì)胞貼壁24 h后加入AGEs等各項(xiàng)處理因素。
1.2.2 AGEs的制備 參照文獻(xiàn)[4],將6.0 g D-葡萄糖和1 g BSA溶解于20 mL的0.5 mol/L PBS溶液中,0.22 μm濾器除菌后37℃培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)錫紙包裹避光孵化3個(gè)月。在同等情況下,用不含葡萄糖PBS緩沖液溶解BSA作為對(duì)照組,檢測(cè)所有成品內(nèi)毒素含量<2.5 U/mL。
1.2.3 Western blot檢測(cè)蛋白 Western blot檢測(cè)LC3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ、SQSTM1/p62、p-AKT、p-mTOR、mTOR、AKT。按各組處理后收集細(xì)胞,用RIPA裂解液裂解后提取上清蛋白,通過(guò)BCA法定量,與5×loading buffer混合,煮沸5 min使蛋白變性。將上樣蛋白(40~50 μg)通過(guò)SDS-聚丙烯凝膠電泳,轉(zhuǎn)至PVDF膜,5%脫脂牛奶封閉60 min,相應(yīng)LC3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ、SQSTM1/p62、p-AKT、p-mTOR、mTOR、AKT抗體孵膜過(guò)夜。TBS-T洗滌3次,加入HRP標(biāo)記二抗共孵育1 h,按1∶1配置化學(xué)發(fā)光液,使用LAS-4000-mini化學(xué)發(fā)光系統(tǒng)成像并進(jìn)行蛋白條帶灰度值分析。
1.2.4 MTT比色法檢測(cè)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞活性 將HUVECs傳代后接種于96孔細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板中,待細(xì)胞貼壁24 h后分別加入3-MA(2 mmol/L)、AGEs、丹參酮ⅡA(10 μg/mL)等處理因素,每組5復(fù)孔,最終細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液體積200 μL。培養(yǎng)48 h后加入20 μL MTT溶液(濃度5 mg/mL),培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)4 h后吸棄上清,加入100 μL DMSO溶解沉淀,搖床振蕩5 min,于570 nm波長(zhǎng)酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)定吸光度值。
1.2.5 Alexa Fluor 488 Annexin V/PI 雙染標(biāo)記法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡 將對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期HUVECs接種于6孔板中(密度:2.0×105/well),貼壁24 h后分別加入AGEs、丹參酮ⅡA(10 μg/mL)、3-MA(2 mmol/L)等處理因素并收集細(xì)胞。按Alexa Fluor 488 Annexin V/PI 凋亡試劑盒說(shuō)明書操作,重懸細(xì)胞后用流式細(xì)胞儀FACS Calibur檢測(cè),流式結(jié)果通過(guò)軟件BD Cell Quest分析。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
所有實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)均來(lái)自3次以上獨(dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用SPSS16.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,兩組間計(jì)量資料兩兩比較采用t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 AGEs及丹參酮ⅡA對(duì)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞自噬水平的影響
為明確AGEs及丹參酮ⅡA對(duì)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞自噬水平的影響,用100 μg/mL AGEs或10 μg/mL 丹參酮ⅡA處理HUVECs 6 h,與對(duì)照組比較,AGEs組及丹參酮ⅡA組的自噬相關(guān)蛋白LC3-Ⅱ的表達(dá)量增加,p62表達(dá)量下降;AGEs+丹參酮ⅡA組LC3-Ⅱ蛋白表達(dá)量繼續(xù)增加,p62蛋白表達(dá)量繼續(xù)下降(P<0.05)(圖1)。以上結(jié)果表明AGEs及丹參酮ⅡA均能誘導(dǎo)人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞自噬水平升高,并有疊加效應(yīng)。
2.2 丹參酮ⅡA對(duì)AGEs誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
2.2.1 MTT比色法測(cè)定細(xì)胞活性 100 μg/mL的AGEs處理內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞48 h,一組與10 μg/mL丹參酮ⅡA共孵育,一組用2 mmol/L 濃度3-MA(自噬抑制劑)提前預(yù)處理30 min,與對(duì)照組比較,AGEs組內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞活性下降,丹參酮ⅡA組較AGEs組細(xì)胞活性升高,3-MA組較AGEs組細(xì)胞活性下降,抑制自噬后導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷進(jìn)一步加重。結(jié)果表明丹參酮ⅡA能夠抑制AGEs誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷,自噬在AGEs誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷中起保護(hù)作用。見(jiàn)圖2。
2.2.2 Alexa Fluor 488 Annexin V/PI雙染標(biāo)記法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡 100 μg/mL的AGEs處理內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞48 h,一組與10 μg/mL丹參酮ⅡA共孵育,一組用自噬抑制劑3-MA(2 mmol/L)提前30 min共培養(yǎng)預(yù)處理,AGEs組細(xì)胞凋亡率明顯升高,丹參酮ⅡA組較AGEs組細(xì)胞凋亡率下降,3-MA組較AGEs組細(xì)胞凋亡率升高,抑制自噬加劇AGEs誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡。以上結(jié)果表明丹參酮ⅡA能夠降低AGEs誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡,自噬在AGEs誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡中起保護(hù)作用。
2.3 丹參酮ⅡA對(duì)AKT/mTOR信號(hào)通路的作用
為明確丹參酮ⅡA對(duì)AKT/mTOR信號(hào)通路的影響,我們用10 μg/mL丹參酮ⅡA處理HUVECs,在不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)收集細(xì)胞(0.5 h、1 h),p-AKT和p-mTOR的表達(dá)水平隨著作用時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)而下降,說(shuō)明丹參酮ⅡA能夠抑制AKT/mTOR信號(hào)通路,并呈時(shí)間依賴性(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)圖4。
3討論
血管內(nèi)皮是血管內(nèi)壁表層由單層內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞構(gòu)成的薄膜,是血管壁的屏障。血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷與凋亡導(dǎo)致的血管屏障破壞是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)的初發(fā)病理環(huán)節(jié)之一[5]。糖尿病患者因代謝異常導(dǎo)致AGEs蓄積,AGEs可通過(guò)直接效應(yīng)或與其受體結(jié)合的間接作用導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷及凋亡,增加細(xì)胞促凝活性,影響內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞舒張功能,并最終導(dǎo)致血管通透性增加,順應(yīng)性下降,加速動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化過(guò)程[6,7]。
丹參酮ⅡA(Tanshinone ⅡA,TⅡ A)是從植物丹參中提取出來(lái)的單體成分,具有活血化瘀通絡(luò)的作用,從西醫(yī)角度其具有擴(kuò)血管、抗血小板聚集、抗炎、抑制細(xì)胞凋亡與增殖、抗氧化自由基、增加冠脈血流、促進(jìn)冠脈側(cè)支循環(huán)形成、降低血壓黏度、改善血液流變學(xué)等作用,因此在心血管領(lǐng)域有廣泛的應(yīng)用[8-10]。我們通過(guò)MTT及流式細(xì)胞術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)丹參酮ⅡA能抑制AGEs誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡,而調(diào)節(jié)自噬可能是其發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用的機(jī)制之一。張妮等[11]報(bào)道丹參酮ⅡA通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)自噬小體信號(hào)通路形成相關(guān)蛋白,對(duì)ox-LDL誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞氧化應(yīng)激損傷具有保護(hù)作用。
細(xì)胞自噬廣泛存在于真核生物的病理生理過(guò)程中,其本身是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的過(guò)程:首先,受損的細(xì)胞器或大分子被來(lái)自內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)的膜延伸包裹形成細(xì)胞自噬體,然后與細(xì)胞內(nèi)溶酶體相結(jié)合,形成自噬溶酶體,降解所包含內(nèi)容物供給自身代謝需要并維持細(xì)胞穩(wěn)態(tài)[12-14]。適度的自噬是細(xì)胞正常生理過(guò)程所必需的,但過(guò)度的自噬可能對(duì)細(xì)胞有保護(hù)作用,也可能加速細(xì)胞損傷,在疾病的不同階段,自噬的作用也不同,在缺血/再灌注損傷中,缺血階段心肌細(xì)胞自噬增強(qiáng),高水平的自噬對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞具有保護(hù)作用,減少心肌細(xì)胞損傷,進(jìn)入再灌注階段后,細(xì)胞自噬水平進(jìn)一步升高,此時(shí)過(guò)度增強(qiáng)的自噬對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞造成進(jìn)一步損傷[15]。多種信號(hào)通路能調(diào)控細(xì)胞自噬水平,其中mTOR(mechanistic target of rapamycin,mTOR)相關(guān)信號(hào)通路的研究較為透徹,也是最重要的一條通路,mTOR是一個(gè)保守的絲/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶,當(dāng)其磷酸化水平升高后對(duì)自噬水平進(jìn)行負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié),在mTOR上游,AKT通過(guò)TSC1/2(tuberous sclerosis1/2)或PRAS40依賴的途徑激活mTOR,對(duì)mTOR進(jìn)行正向調(diào)節(jié)并抑制自噬[16-18]。
Verma N等[19]報(bào)道晚期糖基化產(chǎn)物通過(guò)激活RAF蛋白激酶及NF-κB從而激活細(xì)胞自噬水平。Ma M等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)晚期糖基化產(chǎn)物通過(guò)減少組織蛋白酶D促進(jìn)大鼠血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖并抑制其自噬水平。Takahashi A等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)自噬通過(guò)抑制腎臟近端小管溶酶體形成和功能從而抑制晚期糖基化產(chǎn)物的蓄積。本課題小組一直從事自噬與AGEs導(dǎo)致的心血管并發(fā)癥相關(guān)研究。前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn):AGEs誘導(dǎo)的自噬參與AGEs誘導(dǎo)的血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖,其中AKT和ERK/MAPK信號(hào)通路發(fā)揮了重要作用[22];AGEs通過(guò)AKT/mTOR和ERK/MAPK信號(hào)通路誘導(dǎo)乳鼠心肌細(xì)胞自噬水平升高,通過(guò)AKT/mTOR和P38/MAPK信號(hào)通路誘導(dǎo)乳鼠心肌細(xì)胞凋亡增加,自噬在AGEs誘導(dǎo)的心肌細(xì)胞凋亡中起保護(hù)作用[23];AGEs誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞自噬水平增強(qiáng),增強(qiáng)的自噬能抑制AGEs誘導(dǎo)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡[3]。通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn),我們發(fā)現(xiàn)丹參酮ⅡA能對(duì)抗AGEs誘導(dǎo)的人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞凋亡,其機(jī)制可能是通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)AKT/mTOR信號(hào)通路從而調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞自噬水平。
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(收稿日期:2017-05-11)