李亞巍+張巍+許娜+李妍+張紅+呂士杰+朱文赫
[摘要]探討雙氫青蒿素誘導(dǎo)人胰腺癌JF305細(xì)胞凋亡作用及活性氧在雙氫青蒿素誘導(dǎo)JF305細(xì)胞凋亡中的作用。采用MTT法考察不同濃度雙氫青蒿素對人胰腺癌JF305細(xì)胞增殖的影響,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測細(xì)胞周期,Hochest 333258熒光染色法觀察細(xì)胞凋亡形態(tài),Annexin V熒光染色法檢測JF305細(xì)胞凋亡的變化,DCFHDA檢測凋亡過程中活性氧(ROS)的變化。Western blot檢測細(xì)胞內(nèi)Bax,Bcl2,Cleaved caspase3,Cleaved caspase9和Cyto C蛋白表達(dá)的變化。與對照相比,雙氫青蒿素作用JF305細(xì)胞48 h,細(xì)胞增殖受到明顯抑制(P<005);細(xì)胞被阻滯于G2/M期;細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)核濃縮聚集、碎裂的凋亡形態(tài),細(xì)胞凋亡比例升高(P<005);DCFHDA檢測雙氫青蒿素給藥組細(xì)胞ROS明顯升高(P<005);Western blot結(jié)果顯示,雙氫青蒿素作用后細(xì)胞內(nèi)Bcl2蛋白表達(dá)下調(diào),Bax蛋白表達(dá)上調(diào),Bax/Bcl2蛋白表達(dá)比例升高,Cleaved caspase3,Cleaved caspase9和Cyto C 蛋白表達(dá)升高。雙氫青蒿素能誘導(dǎo)JF305細(xì)胞凋亡,其凋亡過程可能與ROS的生成增加相關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]雙氫青蒿素; 胰腺癌; 細(xì)胞凋亡; 活性氧; 線粒體凋亡
Dihydroartemisinin inhibits proliferation of pancreatic cancer JF305
cells by regulating expression of apoptosis related proteins and
production of reactive oxygen species
LI Yawei, ZHANG Wei, XU Na, LI Yan, ZHANG Hong, LV Shijie, ZHU Wenhe*
(Jilin Medical College, Jilin 132013, China)
[Abstract]To investigate the effect of dihydroartemisinin on apoptosis of human pancreatic cancer cell line JF305 and the role of reactive oxygen species(ROS) in the apoptosis of JF305 cells induced by dihydroartemisinin MTT assays were used to detect effect of different concentrations of dihydroartemisinin on cells proliferation of JF305 lines Cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry, and the apoptotic morphology was observed by Hoechst 333258 fluorescence staining Annexin V fluorescence staining was used to detect the apoptosis changes of JF305 cells, while DCFHDA was used to detect the changes of ROS during apoptosis process Western blot was used to detect the protein expression changes of Bax, Bcl2, Cleaved caspase3, Cleaved caspase9 and Cyto C As compared with the control group, the JF305 cells proliferation was inhibited significantly(P<005) after treatment with different concentrations of dihydroartemisimin for 48 h; cell cycle was blocked in the G2/M phase; apoptotic morphology of nuclear condensation, aggregation, and fragmentation was found, and the apoptosis ratio was increased(P<005) DCFHDA detection showed that the cell ROS was increased significantly after dihydroartemisinin treatment(P<005) Western blot results showed that the expression of Bcl2 protein was downregulated; the expression of Bax protein was upregulated; the ration of Bax/Bcl2 was increased and the protein expression levels of Cleaved caspase3, Cleaved caspase9 and Cyto C were increased after dihydroartemisinin treatment Therefore, dihydroartemisinin could induce apoptosis of JF305 cells, and the possible mechanism may be related to the formation and increasing of ROSendprint
[Key words]dihydroartemisinin; pancreatic cancer; apoptosis; reactive oxygen species; mitochondrial apoptosis
胰腺癌是我國較常見的惡性腫瘤,治療目前主要以放、化療為主,但是副作用較大[12]。因此,迫切需要尋找新的胰腺癌治療策略與藥物。青篙素是我國學(xué)者從中藥青篙中提取的含有過氧基團(tuán)的倍半萜內(nèi)酯藥物,由于其高效低毒,能殺滅多重耐藥瘧原蟲,而廣泛應(yīng)用于惡性瘧疾的治療[34]。雙氫青蒿素(dihydroartemisinin,DHA)是青蒿素類化合物體內(nèi)主要活性代謝物之一。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[5],雙氫青蒿素除了具有抗瘧疾作用外,可選擇性殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞、誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡、抑制腫瘤生長,且毒副作用小,在抗腫瘤方面有著良好的應(yīng)用前景。Singh等[6]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),DHA可選擇性抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞的生長,而對正常乳腺細(xì)胞無影響。DHA還可以下調(diào)肺癌細(xì)胞中HIF1α和血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)的表達(dá)水平,降低腫瘤微血管密度[7]。研究顯示[8],DHA可顯著抑制HO8910PM高轉(zhuǎn)細(xì)胞株磷酸化黏著斑激酶(pFAK)的表達(dá)水平,但對總FAK水平無影響。提示DHA 可能通過FAK 途徑,抑制卵巢癌轉(zhuǎn)移。
雖然雙氫青蒿素在腫瘤治療中展現(xiàn)了潛在的引用價(jià)值,但是關(guān)于雙氫青蒿素對胰腺癌細(xì)胞增殖抑制作用及機(jī)制研究相關(guān)報(bào)道非常少。因此,本研究以人胰腺癌細(xì)胞JF305為研究對象,探討雙氫青蒿素對JF305增殖的抑制作用及其機(jī)制,為雙氫青蒿素在臨床胰腺癌治療中的應(yīng)用奠定理論基礎(chǔ)。
1材料
人胰腺癌細(xì)胞JF305購自中國科學(xué)院上海生命科學(xué)研究院細(xì)胞資源中心,由吉林醫(yī)藥學(xué)院生物化學(xué)教研室保存。細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)于含10%小牛血清、100 U·mL-1青霉素和100 μg鏈霉素的RPMI1640培養(yǎng)液中,置于37 ℃,5%CO2飽和濕度的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。每2 d更換培養(yǎng)液1次,待細(xì)胞長滿至培養(yǎng)瓶底,以025%胰酶消化傳代。
雙氫青蒿素購于Sigma公司;Bax,Bcl2,Cleaved caspase3,Cleaved caspase9和Cyto C抗體購于Santa Cruz公司;BCA(bicinchoninic acid)蛋白濃度測定試劑盒購自江蘇碧云天生物技術(shù)研究所;Muse細(xì)胞分析儀購于默克密理博公司;550酶標(biāo)儀購于美國BIORAD公司;CKX41A32PH倒置顯微鏡購于奧林巴斯公司。
2方法
21MTT法測定細(xì)胞增殖取對數(shù)生長期的JF305細(xì)胞,吸去細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液,025%胰酶消化并用培養(yǎng)液調(diào)整細(xì)胞數(shù)至5×104個(gè)/mL。以每孔200 μL接種于96孔板中,常規(guī)培養(yǎng)。待細(xì)胞貼壁后,給藥組分別給予濃度為40,80,160,240,320,480 μmol·L-1的雙氫青蒿素,對照組加入培養(yǎng)液,實(shí)驗(yàn)組及對照組每孔各200 μL,每組設(shè)5復(fù)孔,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)48 h,按照20 μL/孔加入MTT,37 ℃繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h。吸棄培養(yǎng)孔內(nèi)上清液,每孔加入150 μL的DMSO,振蕩搖勻,在酶標(biāo)儀上以波長490 nm 測各孔的吸光度A490。細(xì)胞生長抑制率= (1–A實(shí)驗(yàn)組/A對照組)×100%。
22流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測細(xì)胞周期取對數(shù)生長期JF305細(xì)胞,025%胰酶消化后,按照10×105個(gè)/mL濃度接種于6孔板,24 h后分別加入不同濃度的雙氫青蒿素,培養(yǎng)48 h后,消化收集細(xì)胞,1 000 r·min-1離心5 min,棄去上清。預(yù)冷濃度為001 mol·L-1 PBS重懸細(xì)胞,離心、洗滌2次,用體積分?jǐn)?shù)為70% 乙醇4 ℃固定過夜。PI避光染色30 min,檢測細(xì)胞周期。
23Hoechst 33258熒光染色檢測細(xì)胞凋亡形態(tài)取雙氫青蒿素處理48 h后的JF305細(xì)胞,加入05 mL 4%多聚甲醛固定液,室溫固定10 min。棄去固定液,用PBS洗2遍,3 min/次,吸盡液體。加入05 mL Hoechst 33258染色液,室溫避光染色5 min。用PBS洗2遍,熒光顯微鏡下觀察細(xì)胞凋亡形態(tài)的改變。
24細(xì)胞分析儀檢測凋亡雙氫青蒿素作用于JF305細(xì)胞48 h后,025%胰酶消化,收集細(xì)胞,離心后,PBS清洗2次,加入200 μL結(jié)合緩沖液(binding buffer)和5 μL膜聯(lián)蛋白(Annexin) Ⅴ,室溫避光30 min,加入5 μL碘化丙啶(PI),避光反應(yīng)5 min流式細(xì)胞儀雙色分別分析早期凋亡(AnnexinV單陽性細(xì)胞)及中晚期凋亡細(xì)胞(AnnexinV、PI雙陽性細(xì)胞)占總細(xì)胞比例。
25JF305細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧(ROS)水平檢測DCFHDA自由擴(kuò)散進(jìn)入細(xì)胞后被酯酶催化變成DCFH,在活性氧存在的情況下被氧化成DCF,后者的熒光強(qiáng)度與細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧水平成正比。收集處理后1×106個(gè)/mL JF305細(xì)胞懸液,PBS 洗滌后,加入1 mL PBS液重懸,加入25 mmol·L-1的CDFHDA液40 μL,使終濃度為100 μmol·L-1,在37 ℃下避光孵育1 h,PBS洗滌后上流式細(xì)胞儀檢測。
26Western blot檢測凋亡相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)取藥物處理后的JF305細(xì)胞48 h,025%胰酶消化,離心收集細(xì)胞1 000 r·min-1離心10 min,以PBS洗2次,用PIPA細(xì)胞裂解液于冰浴裂解,12 000 r·min-1離心5 min,收集上清。經(jīng)BCA法進(jìn)行蛋白定量后,取等量樣品以12%SDSPAGE進(jìn)行電泳。電泳后將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)印至硝酸纖維素膜上,5%脫脂奶粉封閉1 h后,兔抗人Bax,Bcl2,Cleaved caspase3,Cleaved caspase9和Cyto C抗體(濃度1∶1 000)孵育過夜,再以辣根過氧化酶標(biāo)記的二抗封閉液孵育1 h,用ECL顯影,掃描紀(jì)錄。endprint
27統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)均以±s表示,所有實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)均采用SPSS 130軟件處理,對照組與給藥各組比較進(jìn)行單因素方差分析,以P<005為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
3結(jié)果
31雙氫青蒿素對JF305細(xì)胞增殖的抑制作用MTT結(jié)果顯示,不同濃度雙氫青蒿素作用JF305細(xì)胞48 h后,JF305細(xì)胞增殖受到明顯抑制作用,且隨雙氫青蒿素濃度增加,抑制作用顯著提高,呈現(xiàn)一定的劑量依賴性(P<005,圖1)。
32雙氫青蒿素對JF305細(xì)胞周期的影響流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測結(jié)果顯示,雙氫青蒿素作用于JF305細(xì)胞48 h后,細(xì)胞周期發(fā)生改變。隨著藥物濃度增加,G2/M期細(xì)胞比例逐漸增加。對照組G2/M期比例為1204%,而80,160,320 μmol·L-1給藥組細(xì)胞G2/M期細(xì)胞比例分別為179%,2411%,2839%,同對照組相比,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)顯著性(P<005)。表明雙氫青蒿素作用JF305細(xì)胞后,細(xì)胞被阻滯于G2/M期。
33雙氫青蒿素對JF305細(xì)胞凋亡形態(tài)的影響Hochest 333258核染色結(jié)果顯示(圖2),與對照相比,雙氫青蒿素給藥組組的細(xì)胞凋亡明顯增多,細(xì)胞染色質(zhì)固縮,細(xì)胞核呈致密濃染色,且胞核變小濃集,呈現(xiàn)凋亡細(xì)胞的特征。
34雙氫青蒿素對JF305細(xì)胞凋亡的影響流式細(xì)胞儀檢測凋亡結(jié)果顯示,雙氫青蒿素作用JF305細(xì)胞48 h,細(xì)胞凋亡比例明顯增加。對照組JF305細(xì)胞早期凋亡率為(234±080)%,與對照相比,雙氫青蒿素給藥組隨著雙氫青蒿素給藥濃度的升高,JF305細(xì)胞凋亡率明顯升高(P<005),早期凋亡率分別為(1386±142)%,(1821±162)%,(2487±178)%。
35雙氫青蒿素對JF305細(xì)胞活性氧(ROS)水平的影響活性氧測定結(jié)果顯示,與對照組相比,JF305細(xì)胞內(nèi)活性氧的水平隨著雙氫青蒿素給藥濃度的升高呈現(xiàn)升高趨勢(P<005)。
36雙氫青蒿素對JF305細(xì)胞內(nèi)凋亡相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)的影響Western blot結(jié)果顯示,與對照組相比,不同濃度雙氫青蒿素給藥組JF305細(xì)胞Bcl2蛋白表達(dá)下調(diào),Bax蛋白表達(dá)上調(diào),Bax/Bcl2蛋白表達(dá)比例升高,為了進(jìn)一步探討其誘發(fā)JF305細(xì)胞凋亡的作用機(jī)制,檢測了Cleaved caspase3,Cleaved caspase9和Cyto C蛋白表達(dá)情況。結(jié)果顯示Cleaved caspase3,Cleaved caspase9和Cyto C蛋白表達(dá)均明顯上調(diào)。上述結(jié)果表明雙氫青蒿素促JF305細(xì)胞凋亡機(jī)制可能與線粒體凋亡途徑相關(guān)(圖3)。
4討論
雙氫青篙素是一種重要的青篙素衍生物,在臨床上具有毒性較小并且療效突出的特點(diǎn),對腦瘧等惡性瘧疾有很好的治療效果。近年來雙氫青蒿素的抗腫瘤作用也得到了學(xué)者的廣泛關(guān)注。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[910],雙氫青蒿素對胃癌、結(jié)腸癌、胰腺癌、白血病、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、宮頸癌、前列腺癌、非小細(xì)胞肺癌等腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖均具有抑制作用。但是對于胰腺癌細(xì)胞,尤是其對胰腺癌細(xì)胞作用機(jī)制的研究相對較少。因此,本研究以人胰腺癌細(xì)胞JF305為研究對象,探討雙氫青蒿素抗胰腺癌的作用及其機(jī)制。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)首先通過MTT實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察雙氫青蒿素對JF305細(xì)胞增殖抑制作用。結(jié)果顯示雙氫青蒿素能抑制JF305細(xì)胞的增殖,其抑制作用隨著雙氫青蒿素藥物濃度的升高呈現(xiàn)一定的劑量依賴性。細(xì)胞周期檢測結(jié)果顯示,雙氫青蒿素作用于JF305細(xì)胞48 h后,JF305細(xì)胞G2/M期細(xì)胞比例明顯增加,細(xì)胞被阻滯于G2 /M期。流式細(xì)胞儀檢測凋亡結(jié)果顯示,雙氫青蒿素作用JF305細(xì)胞48 h后,細(xì)胞凋亡比例增加,可以判斷雙氫青蒿素是通過細(xì)胞凋亡方式來抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖的。細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS水平檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),雙氫青蒿素作用后胰腺癌JF305細(xì)胞內(nèi)的ROS明顯增加,且在一定的濃度范圍內(nèi)呈濃度依賴?;钚匝踝鳛榧?xì)胞代謝中不可避免的產(chǎn)物,能夠通過介導(dǎo)多種信號(hào)通路以促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡、細(xì)胞壞死以及自噬性細(xì)胞死亡等方式發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用。Zhao等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MMPT能夠抑制A549肺癌細(xì)胞生長和誘導(dǎo)其凋亡,而這個(gè)過程主要通過ROS依賴途徑來實(shí)現(xiàn),期間伴隨著ROS的生成增加。而本研究結(jié)果顯示,雙青蒿素作用后能夠促使JF305細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS的增加,并呈現(xiàn)一定的劑量依賴性。
活性氧是細(xì)胞凋亡的早期信號(hào),它可作用于線粒體,促使線粒體膜通透性改變、線粒體膜電位下降、細(xì)胞色素C釋放,它還能與Apaf1,caspase9前體,ATP/dATP形成凋亡體,然后召集并激活caspase9,caspase3,進(jìn)而引發(fā)caspases 級聯(lián)反應(yīng),使DNA 斷裂,引起細(xì)胞凋亡[1214]。為了明確雙氫青蒿素誘導(dǎo)JF305細(xì)胞凋亡的分子機(jī)制,通過Western blot檢測細(xì)胞內(nèi)蛋白表達(dá)的情況。結(jié)果顯示,雙氫青蒿素作用48 h后,JF305細(xì)胞Bcl2蛋白表達(dá)下調(diào),Bax蛋白表達(dá)上調(diào),Bax/Bcl2蛋白表達(dá)比例升高,結(jié)果顯示Cleaved caspase3,Cleaved caspase9和Cyto C蛋白表達(dá)均明顯上調(diào)。線粒體途徑是由Bcl2家族成員Bcl2,Bad 等信號(hào)蛋白組成,這些信號(hào)蛋白在受到胞內(nèi)的死亡信號(hào)后激活。Bcl2與另外的Bcl2 家族成員如Bax主要松散的結(jié)合在線粒體外膜面或存在于胞漿作用,導(dǎo)致后者的寡聚并插入線粒體膜,引起線粒體通透性的改變,跨膜電位丟失,釋放細(xì)胞色素C[1517]。本研究結(jié)果表明,雙氫青蒿素誘導(dǎo)JF305細(xì)胞凋亡的分子機(jī)制可能與改變細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS水平引起的線粒體凋亡途徑相關(guān)。
綜上所述,雙氫青蒿素可以抑制胰腺癌JF305細(xì)胞的增殖,并能誘發(fā)細(xì)胞凋亡,其機(jī)制可能與雙氫青蒿素升高JF305細(xì)胞ROS的水平引起的線粒體凋亡途徑相關(guān)。本研究為雙氫青蒿素在臨床胰腺癌治療奠定基礎(chǔ),但是具體機(jī)制任然有待進(jìn)一步的研究。endprint
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