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甘精胰島素與非甘精胰島素對(duì)糖尿病患者患前列腺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的薈萃分析

2017-09-03 10:49申慧青馬志方
中國男科學(xué)雜志 2017年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:甘精胰島素文獻(xiàn)

曾 勝 申慧青 李 偉 馬志方

山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院泌尿外科(山西太原 030001)

甘精胰島素與非甘精胰島素對(duì)糖尿病患者患前列腺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的薈萃分析

曾 勝 申慧青 李 偉 馬志方*

山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院泌尿外科(山西太原 030001)

目的甘精胰島素能增加糖尿病(diabetes Mellitus,DM)患者患前列腺癌(prostate cancer,PCa)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但這些研究的結(jié)果具有爭議性。因此,我們進(jìn)行了Meta分析,以確定甘精胰島素是否會(huì)增加DM患者PCa的發(fā)病率。方法檢索Pubmed、Cochrane library和EMbase 3個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)中2000年至2016年的英文文獻(xiàn),收集了甘精胰島素與DM患者PCa發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的相關(guān)研究,按納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選,并對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)。應(yīng)用RevMan 5.0軟件,用固定效應(yīng)模型或隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型計(jì)算相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(RR)和相應(yīng)的95%可信區(qū)間(CI),同時(shí)進(jìn)行亞組分析。結(jié)果15篇文獻(xiàn)納入Meta分析,研究對(duì)象有647 517 人,其中PCa患者有6 049人。甘精胰島素與非甘精胰島素相比,在引起PCa發(fā)病率上沒有顯著差異(RR=1.00,95%CI=0.93~1.08,I2=0%,P=0.95)。結(jié)論我們分析的結(jié)果表明:甘精胰島素與非甘精胰島素相比,不會(huì)明顯增加2型DM患者患PCa的發(fā)病率。但DM患者PCa的發(fā)生還受DM嚴(yán)重程度、種族等多種因素的影響,需要更進(jìn)一步的研究證實(shí)。

胰島素; 糖尿病; 前列腺腫瘤; Meta分析

PCa是歐美國家男性生殖系統(tǒng)中最常見的惡性腫瘤,其死亡率居男性癌癥死亡率的第二位,僅次于肺癌[1]。引起PCa的具體原因不清楚,與肥胖、種族、飲食習(xí)慣、吸煙、遺傳等因素有關(guān),可能還與DM有關(guān)[2, 3]。

DM促進(jìn)PCa發(fā)生的原因目前仍不明確,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)可能與高血糖、肥胖和高胰島素血癥等因素有關(guān)[4,5],而同時(shí)治療DM的藥物也引起了人們的關(guān)注。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),胰島素能促進(jìn)細(xì)胞分裂和復(fù)制,作為長效胰島素,甘精胰島素促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的分裂和增殖的能力更強(qiáng),還能抑制細(xì)胞凋亡,并且相對(duì)于胰島素,甘精胰島素對(duì)胰島素受體的親和力更高,而多種癌細(xì)胞都表達(dá)胰島素受體。2009年6月歐洲D(zhuǎn)M學(xué)會(huì)在線發(fā)表了來自德國、瑞典、蘇格蘭及英國的4項(xiàng)大規(guī)模回顧性研究結(jié)果,提示使用甘精胰島素的患者腫瘤發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,一時(shí)間胰島素及其類似物增加腫瘤發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的推測(cè)成為國內(nèi)外學(xué)者的關(guān)心研究熱點(diǎn)[6-9]。隨后許多觀察性研究調(diào)查了甘精胰島素與PCa發(fā)病率的關(guān)系,但這些研究結(jié)果具有爭議性[10-14],同時(shí)Karlstad等[15]、Du等[16]Meta分析了甘精胰島素與PCa發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系,但是他們納入的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量少,而且Du等納入的文獻(xiàn)里有一篇Meta分析,這在很大程度上降低了研究結(jié)果的可信度。所以我們?cè)僖淮芜M(jìn)行Meta分析來評(píng)估甘精胰島素與DM患者PCa發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系。

資料與方法

一、文獻(xiàn)檢索和納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

檢索Pubmed、Cochrane library和EMbase等數(shù)據(jù)庫。檢索時(shí)間從2000年到2016年,檢索詞包括:cancer、cancers、tumor、tumors、carcinoma、neoplasm、neoplasms、neoplasia、glargine、insulin glargine、randonized controlled trial、cohort、case-control studies。為了避免丟失重要文獻(xiàn),沒有限制“前列腺”或“PCa”,因?yàn)楹芏嘌芯空{(diào)查了甘精胰島素對(duì)不同癌癥發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響(不只是對(duì)PCa)。檢索文獻(xiàn)僅限于英文文獻(xiàn)。文獻(xiàn)篩選先閱讀文章標(biāo)題、摘要,并按照排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在剔除與本研究無關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)后,獲取可能符合的臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究、隊(duì)列研究全文、病例對(duì)照研究,我們也手動(dòng)搜索其他潛在相關(guān)研究的文獻(xiàn),與該領(lǐng)域的專家進(jìn)行了咨詢。我們的Meta分析納入文獻(xiàn)遵循以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)病例對(duì)照研究和臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究; (2)患有1型DM或2型DM;(3)有研究DM患者患PCa的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) ;(4)研究對(duì)象分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組。實(shí)驗(yàn)組:使用甘精胰島素的DM患者,對(duì)照組:使用非甘精胰島素的DM患者,見表1。

表1 納入Meta分析的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)

二、數(shù)據(jù)提取

兩名研究者(曾勝、申慧青)獨(dú)立提取數(shù)據(jù),討論分歧,并對(duì)所有項(xiàng)目達(dá)成共識(shí)。我們所提取數(shù)據(jù)的項(xiàng)目有:第一作者姓名、國家或地區(qū)、文獻(xiàn)見刊年份、樣本量(人)、患PCa(人)、DM類型、偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)。這些研究來自于不同的種族和國家,為了盡可能較全面的納入文獻(xiàn),我們沒有限定將要納入Meta分析的研究的最少樣本數(shù)。 當(dāng)兩個(gè)研究者討論有分歧時(shí),則與第三位研究者(馬志方)一起討論解決,并達(dá)成共識(shí)。

三、統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

采用Cochrane協(xié)作網(wǎng)RevMan 5.0軟件,對(duì)收集的資料進(jìn)行分析。通過計(jì)算分析相對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(RR)和相應(yīng)的95%可信區(qū)間(CI)來評(píng)估甘精胰島素與患PCa風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系,對(duì)于Q檢驗(yàn),P值<0.10,在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上認(rèn)為有顯著差異;對(duì)于I2檢驗(yàn)(I2:0%~25%),在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上認(rèn)為差異不顯著(I2:25.1%~50%),認(rèn)為差異較低(I2:50.1%~75%),認(rèn)為具有中度差異(I2:75.1%~100%),認(rèn)為差異性較高。我們用用固定效應(yīng)模型或隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型來進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,當(dāng)I2<50%時(shí),用固定效應(yīng)模型,反之則用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型。

此外我們還進(jìn)行了亞組分析:(1)研究對(duì)象的平均年齡(65<、≥65);(2)DM類型(2型DM、 1或2型DM)2個(gè)亞組。

結(jié) 果

一、檢索結(jié)果

檢索到135篇文獻(xiàn),排除重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)及閱讀文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)題和摘要后有17篇文獻(xiàn)初步符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn),閱讀全文后,排除缺失重要數(shù)據(jù)文獻(xiàn)和未能查找到全文文獻(xiàn),最終有15篇文獻(xiàn)[6,7,9-14,17-23]符合我們系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)要求,研究對(duì)象共有647 517 人,其中有6 049人患PCa。15篇文獻(xiàn)中有11篇文獻(xiàn)來自歐洲國家,3篇來自美國,1篇來自中國臺(tái)灣;研究對(duì)象平均年齡≥65歲的有4篇文獻(xiàn),<65歲的有6篇文獻(xiàn)(有5篇文獻(xiàn)研究對(duì)象的平均年齡數(shù)據(jù)缺失);研究對(duì)象患2型DM的文獻(xiàn)有9篇,研究對(duì)象患1型或2型DM的文獻(xiàn)有6篇。偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)(newcastle-ottawa scale, NOS)評(píng)分最低6分,最高8分(6分的有1篇文獻(xiàn),8分的有3篇文獻(xiàn),其余文獻(xiàn)為7分),見圖1。

圖1 文獻(xiàn)篩選流程

二、Meta分析

由于異質(zhì)性高(圖2,RR=0.89,95%CI=0.75-1.05,I2=57%,P=0.003),我們選用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型,排除Habel LA.et al后,異質(zhì)性為0(圖3,RR=1.00,95%CI=0.93~1.08,I2=0%,P=0.95)。Meta分析結(jié)果表明,甘精胰島素與非甘精胰島素相比,不明顯增加DM患者患PCa的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。我們還從研究對(duì)象的年齡和患糖尿病的類型進(jìn)行了亞組分析?;颊咛幱谀挲g段(<65歲或≥65歲)時(shí)(圖4,I2=33%,P=0.56; I2=0%,P=0.79),甘精胰島素與非甘精胰島素相比DM患者患PCa風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沒有顯著差異。研究對(duì)象只患2型DM(圖5,I2=0%,P=0.87)時(shí),甘精胰島素與非甘精胰島素相比DM患者患PCa風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沒有顯著差異;而研究對(duì)象患有1型DM或2型DM(圖5,I2=75%,P=0.0004)時(shí), 甘精胰島素與非甘精胰島素相比DM患者患PCa風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高。

圖2 甘精胰島素VS非甘精胰島素,DM患者患PCa風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

圖3 甘精胰島素VS非甘精胰島素,DM患者患PCa風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

圖4 年齡,甘精胰島素VS非甘精胰島素,DM患者患PCa風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

三、發(fā)表偏倚

用漏斗圖和Begg檢驗(yàn)評(píng)估納入文獻(xiàn)的發(fā)表偏倚,結(jié)果顯示P=0.163(P>0.05),不存在發(fā)表偏倚,見圖6。

討 論

流行病學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),體內(nèi)胰島素生長因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-1, ICF-1)能促進(jìn)PCa、乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖,而研究表明甘精胰島素及胰島素等能調(diào)控ICF-1受體的活性[24]。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,甘精胰島素能促進(jìn)PCa的PC3等細(xì)胞系進(jìn)行有絲分裂[25]。德國一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),注射胰島素的DM患者相對(duì)于服用二甲雙胍的DM患者,具有更高的患癌率,但是相對(duì)胰島素及其胰島素類似物,并沒有差異[26]。目前大量單個(gè)研究大幅報(bào)道胰島素及其類似物使用與癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但許多研究的方法不一,研究的樣本量少,不能得出一個(gè)明確可靠的結(jié)論,Meta分析可以通過定量的方式,將多個(gè)單中心的研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行合并,從而提高結(jié)論的可靠性。本研究采用Meta分析的方法比較甘精胰島素與非甘精胰島素引起DM患者患PCa的差異。

圖5 DM類型,甘精胰島素VS 非甘精胰島素,DM患者患PCa風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

圖6 15篇納入文獻(xiàn)的Begg漏斗圖

我們進(jìn)行了Meta分析。異質(zhì)性高,選用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型,然而排除Habel等[22]的文獻(xiàn)后,異質(zhì)性為0,說明這篇文獻(xiàn)是異質(zhì)性的主要來源,可能與Habel等設(shè)計(jì)研究對(duì)象納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)較低和實(shí)驗(yàn)組甘精胰島素暴露時(shí)間短有關(guān)。我們研究結(jié)果表明甘精胰島素與非甘精胰島素相比,DM患者患PCa的發(fā)病率并沒有顯著差異。理論上分析甘精胰島素的致癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),與體外環(huán)境不同,甘精胰島素在體內(nèi)迅速代謝成為與其本身有同等代謝作用的產(chǎn)物環(huán)已基羥甲基衍生物(M1)、羧化衍生物(M2),而后兩者與IGF-1受體親和力很低;體內(nèi)甘精胰島素及M1、M2共同起作用的情況下,其總體與IGF-1結(jié)合力甚至低于人胰島素;且體內(nèi)自身的IGF-1有更強(qiáng)的競(jìng)爭性結(jié)合IGF-1受體的能力,也不支持甘精胰島素致癌的可能性[27]。同時(shí)我們還亞組分析了年齡、DM類型對(duì)患PCa風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響。結(jié)果表明:患者處于<65歲或≥65歲年齡段時(shí), 甘精胰島素與非甘精胰島素相比,DM患者患前列腺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沒有顯著差異。PCa在老年人中高發(fā),在55歲以下很少發(fā)生,這與年齡的變化從而影響生理代謝系統(tǒng)有關(guān)。但近年來PCa的發(fā)生越來越年輕化,可能與生活方式的改變和PSA篩查率的提高有關(guān)[28]。根據(jù)DM類型的不同進(jìn)行亞組進(jìn)行分析,當(dāng)研究對(duì)象只患2型DM時(shí),結(jié)果表明甘精胰島素相對(duì)非甘精胰島素不會(huì)增加PCa發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但研究對(duì)象未區(qū)分DM類型時(shí),分析結(jié)果表明,甘精胰島素相對(duì)非甘精胰島素會(huì)增加PCa風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。DM類型不同對(duì)PCa發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響也不同,Kasper等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)DM能降低PCa的發(fā)病率,在老年人中比在年輕人中更明顯,尤其在30歲前就診斷為DM(1型DM)的老年人。

有些研究者為了探討甘精胰島素對(duì)患前列腺的影響,設(shè)計(jì)了不同的研究方案。Fagot等[30]在不同濃度的甘精胰島素對(duì)患癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),不同濃度的甘精胰島素對(duì)PCa的發(fā)生并沒有影響;而一個(gè)小樣本的病例對(duì)照研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)高濃度的甘精胰島素用量使患癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高5倍,而在其他胰島素及其類似物的患者中并沒有觀察到[31]。Bordeleau等[32]研究了甘精胰島素與n-3脂肪酸對(duì)患癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)甘精胰島素不會(huì)增加癌癥(包括PCa)發(fā)生率及其特異性死亡率。Chen等[33]在研究胰島素治療與患PCa風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的薈萃分析中,分析了混雜因素的多少(≤5、>6)對(duì)使用甘精胰島素的糖尿病患者患PCa風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響,說明了前列腺癌的發(fā)生是個(gè)多因素的過程,相對(duì)于其他降糖藥物而言,胰島素的使用與患PCa風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加并沒有顯著的相關(guān)性。

本文Meta分析的不足:(1)我們沒有搜索未發(fā)表的研究,只分析了已發(fā)表的研究,同時(shí)還有2個(gè)研究未找到全文,這導(dǎo)致一定的偏倚;(2)我們納入的研究中來源亞洲或中國的較少,導(dǎo)致這部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)缺失,因種族和飲食的不同,患PCa的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也不一樣,降低了結(jié)論的可靠性;(3)我們沒有亞組分析肥胖對(duì)患PCa的影響,肥胖對(duì)PCa和DM的發(fā)生都有一定影響,這會(huì)對(duì)結(jié)論產(chǎn)生一定的影響;最后,納入研究的DM患者的嚴(yán)重程度是不一樣的,由于原始文獻(xiàn)這方面數(shù)據(jù)缺失,沒進(jìn)行亞組分析。

甘精胰島素是臨床上常用的降糖藥,它的安全性受到臨床和公共健康的關(guān)注。 甘精胰島素與非甘精胰島素在引起PCa發(fā)生上無顯著差異,這在一定程度上減輕DM患者及衛(wèi)生保健人士的焦慮和擔(dān)心。但是PCa的發(fā)生,受DM的嚴(yán)重程度、種族、肥胖和隨訪時(shí)間的影響,因此仍需要多中心、大樣本的研究,以更好的評(píng)估甘精胰島素與非甘精胰島素對(duì)PCa發(fā)病率的影響。

PCa的發(fā)生受多個(gè)因素影響,根據(jù)我們分析的結(jié)果表明,甘精胰島素與非甘精胰島素相比,2型DM患者患PCa的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沒有差異,但是對(duì)于糖尿病患者,尤其是年老的糖尿病患者而言,有規(guī)律的隨訪并檢測(cè)PSA值、睪酮水平是必要的,有經(jīng)濟(jì)條件的患者可行前列腺M(fèi)RI檢查,對(duì)于懷疑患有PCa的DM患者,可行前列腺穿刺,盡早確診和治療。

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(2017-03-06收稿)

Meta analysis of the incidence of prostate cancer in diabetes patients treated with glargine insulin or non- glargine insulin

Zeng Sheng, Shen Huiqing, Li Wei, Ma Zhifang*Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China Corresponding author: Ma Zhifang, E-mail: zhifangma@163.com

ObjectiveThere has been some debate on whether insulin glargine increases the incidence of prostate cancer in patients with diabetes. Here we performed a meta-analysis to determine effects of glargine insulin on the incidence of prostate cancer in patients with diabetes.MethodsUsing Pubmed, Cochrane library and EMbase, we retrieved the published English literatures from 2000 to 2016 related to prostate cancer risk in diabetes patients treated with insulin glargine. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we evaluate the quality of literatures. Using the RevMan 5 software and the fxed effect model or random effects model, we calculated the relative risk (RR) and the corresponding 95% confdence interval (CI) .ResultsFifty articles were included in the meta analysis. The study subjects were 647517 people, including 6049 patients with prostate cancer. There was no signifcant difference in the incidence of prostate cancer (RR=0.96, 95%CI=0.89-1.01, P=0.2) between glargine insulin group and non-glargine insulin group.ConclusionThe results indicate that glargine insulin does not signifcantly increase the incidence of prostate cancer in patients with diabetes compared with non-glargine insulin. However, the incidence of prostate cancer in patients with diabetes may be also associated with the severity of diabetes, race and other factors, which merits to be further investigated.

insulin; diabetes mellitus; prostatic neoplasms; Meta-analysis

10.3969/j.issn.1008-0848.2017.03.004

R 737.25; R 587.1

*通訊作者,E-mail: zhifangma@163.com

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