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母胎界面的免疫—內(nèi)分泌調(diào)控對(duì)早期妊娠影響的研究進(jìn)展

2017-09-04 04:20:20蔣國靜沈明潔曾薇薇齊聰
中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào) 2017年21期
關(guān)鍵詞:免疫調(diào)節(jié)激素

蔣國靜++++++沈明潔++++++曾薇薇++++++齊聰

[摘要] 妊娠是一種同種異體移植,成功妊娠的關(guān)鍵是母胎界面的免疫-內(nèi)分泌交互調(diào)控能夠順利同步進(jìn)行。而孕酮、雌二醇、人絨毛膜促性腺激素等早孕期重要激素可調(diào)控母胎界面的免疫反應(yīng)。本文在既往研究認(rèn)識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上,圍繞母胎界面重要的免疫功能細(xì)胞,闡明在早孕期激素對(duì)于母胎免疫耐受的形成、滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞的入侵及胎盤形成的影響。為反復(fù)自然流產(chǎn)、先兆子癇、胎兒宮內(nèi)生長受限等疾患的防治提供激素治療的新思路。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 母胎界面;免疫調(diào)節(jié);激素;早期妊娠

[中圖分類號(hào)] R714 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2017)07(c)-0034-05

[Abstract] Pregnancy is an example of the natural allogeneic transplantation. The success of pregnancy depends mostly on a successful immune-endocrine cross-modulation at the maternal–fetal interface. Hormones have important effect on early pregnancy including progesterone, estradiol and human chorionic gonadotrop in play essential roles in the immune crosstalk at the maternal-fetal interface. This review focuses on the immunomodulatory effect of these hormones during early pregnancy on the establishment of maternal-fetus immune tolerance, invasion of trophoblastic cells and formation of placenta. The present review will provide important insights into novel therapeutic strategies of the recurrent spontaneous miscarriage, pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction.

[Key words] Maternal-fetal interface; Immuno-endocrine cross-modulation; Hormone; Early pregnancy

妊娠是自然界中半同種異體移植的成功范例。成功的妊娠要求母體進(jìn)行一系列復(fù)雜的生物學(xué)調(diào)控,它不僅要求母體免疫系統(tǒng)能接受并耐受半同種異體移植的胚胎,同時(shí)保證胎兒正常發(fā)育所依賴的胎盤及蛻膜發(fā)育正常,其核心結(jié)構(gòu)就是母胎界面。早期妊娠階段,包括胚泡著床、母體子宮內(nèi)膜蛻膜化、胎盤血管重塑,均受到激素內(nèi)分泌,包括甾體類激素(孕激素、雌激素、腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素)及肽類激素(人絨毛膜促性腺激素,泌乳素,催產(chǎn)素)的緊密調(diào)控與支持[1]。女性的早期妊娠可以看作是免疫-免疫與免疫-內(nèi)分泌相互作用,構(gòu)建形成的免疫調(diào)節(jié)網(wǎng)絡(luò)維持穩(wěn)態(tài)的結(jié)果。母胎界面平衡且精密的免疫-內(nèi)分泌調(diào)控是妊娠成功的關(guān)鍵因素。母胎界面免疫耐受失調(diào)可導(dǎo)致自然流產(chǎn)、先兆子癇、胎兒宮內(nèi)生長受限等疾病的發(fā)生[2]。

20世紀(jì)90年代,Wegmann等[3]首先提出妊娠時(shí)母胎界面以輔助T細(xì)胞2(Th2)細(xì)胞為主導(dǎo),此后不斷的研究證實(shí)母胎界面輔助T細(xì)胞1(Th1)/Th2/調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞(Treg)分泌的細(xì)胞因子的精確平衡是維持生理妊娠所必需的[4]。而妊娠期一些重要的激素對(duì)于蛻膜中具有分泌上述細(xì)胞因子功能的免疫細(xì)胞有非常明確的調(diào)節(jié)作用。激素對(duì)于母胎界面免疫調(diào)節(jié)的可能有以下兩種機(jī)制:①直接途徑:激素直接結(jié)合受體,調(diào)控免疫細(xì)胞;②間接途徑:提高細(xì)胞因子、生長因子水平,間接影響免疫細(xì)胞及其分泌的相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子。本文將重點(diǎn)介紹孕酮、雌二醇、人絨毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)在母胎界面固有及獲得性免疫應(yīng)答中的作用。

1 激素對(duì)母胎界面固有免疫應(yīng)答的調(diào)控

1.1 激素對(duì)母胎界面自然殺傷細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)作用

早期妊娠母胎界面富集了大量的免疫細(xì)胞,而子宮自然殺傷細(xì)胞(uNK),也稱為蛻膜NK細(xì)胞(dNK),占母胎界面免疫細(xì)胞總數(shù)的70%。uNK不同于外周血自然殺傷細(xì)胞(pNK),雖然兩者都具有細(xì)胞毒性和細(xì)胞因子分泌作用。80%的uNK其表型為CD56br ightCD16dim,主要分泌細(xì)胞因子和趨化因子,調(diào)節(jié)母胎界面的免疫耐受,而90%的pNK其表型為CD56dimCD16bright,主要發(fā)揮細(xì)胞毒性作用[5]。目前大部分臨床及動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究均認(rèn)為uNK在滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞入侵和胎盤形成過程中的血管生長和螺旋動(dòng)脈的重塑均起到關(guān)鍵作用[6-9]。

早期妊娠期雌孕激素對(duì)于母胎界面uNK的富集與功能調(diào)節(jié)密切相關(guān)。Kuang等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),卵巢切除小鼠注射雌激素及孕激素均可誘導(dǎo)NK細(xì)胞大量向早期假孕子宮內(nèi)膜募集。注射17β-雌二醇2 h后,小鼠內(nèi)膜即可發(fā)現(xiàn)NK細(xì)胞募集,NK細(xì)胞逐漸在子宮內(nèi)膜層小血管周圍募集,并隨著激素水平下降而逐漸消退,同時(shí)在內(nèi)膜基質(zhì)層大量募集;而注射孕酮后12 h后,NK細(xì)胞在子宮內(nèi)膜小血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞處大量募集。雌孕激素聯(lián)合注射可完全模擬早期自然妊娠NK細(xì)胞在母胎界面的募集。由此認(rèn)為,早孕階段,母胎界面的NK細(xì)胞募集并非由存活的胚胎驅(qū)導(dǎo),而是雌孕激素聯(lián)合驅(qū)動(dòng)。更為重要的是,有研究表明,雌二醇和孕酮雖然增加uNK的數(shù)量,但是其細(xì)胞毒性卻明顯受到抑制[11]。雌孕激素水平在早期妊娠階段的大幅度攀升有助于uNK在母胎界面的富集,且同時(shí)抑制uNK的細(xì)胞毒性,有助于滋養(yǎng)細(xì)胞入侵和胎盤形成[12]。此外,Sotnikova等[13]認(rèn)為,由于uNK本身并不表達(dá)甾體類激素受體,孕酮可能是通過糖皮質(zhì)激素受體直接作用于uNK。

1.2 激素對(duì)母胎界面巨噬細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)作用

巨噬細(xì)胞占母胎界面免疫細(xì)胞總數(shù)量的20%~30%,僅次于uNK的數(shù)量。巨噬細(xì)胞在整個(gè)妊娠期間的子宮和胎盤組織都持續(xù)存在,并且大量浸潤于胚胎種植區(qū)域?;罨木奘杉?xì)胞能產(chǎn)生大量的一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO),引起細(xì)胞損傷和組織功能異常,巨噬細(xì)胞也能分泌細(xì)胞因子,保持Th2型細(xì)胞因子優(yōu)勢(shì)特征,以維持妊娠[14]。近年來巨噬細(xì)胞在母胎界面免疫耐受形成中的樞紐地位和意義越來越得到重視[15-16]。

巨噬細(xì)胞在母胎界面的遷移、吞噬活性和Th2/Th1細(xì)胞因子分泌的調(diào)節(jié)都可能受到妊娠期激素的調(diào)控。Hunt等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn),孕酮可降低小鼠巨噬細(xì)胞向母胎界面遷移,孕酮同時(shí)抑制了巨噬細(xì)胞分泌Th1特征的細(xì)胞因子,如IL-1及NO。肖云山等[18]報(bào)道,早孕期女性蛻膜中巨噬細(xì)胞分泌IL-10的數(shù)量要明顯高于外周血的單核細(xì)胞。付志紅等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)性流產(chǎn)女性巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬活性較正常妊娠女性明顯增高,其分泌的Th2/Th1細(xì)胞因子比值下降,均提示早期妊娠相關(guān)激素調(diào)控巨噬細(xì)胞的數(shù)量、吞噬活性,并通過分泌細(xì)胞因子改變母胎界面的免疫格局。此外,Guimera等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn),雌二醇、HCG可促進(jìn)人類子宮巨噬細(xì)胞分泌血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF),這可能與巨噬細(xì)胞參與早期妊娠滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞入侵和胎盤形成過程中血管生長和螺旋動(dòng)脈的重塑機(jī)制密切相關(guān)[21]。據(jù)報(bào)道,目前在復(fù)發(fā)性自然流產(chǎn)患者中常用低分子肝素治療,其作用機(jī)制與低分子肝素能抑制巨噬細(xì)胞合成NO相關(guān)[22-23]。

1.3 激素對(duì)母胎界面樹突狀細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)作用

樹突狀細(xì)胞(DC)是體內(nèi)最強(qiáng)的抗原提呈細(xì)胞,根據(jù)其來源分為髓系DC和淋巴系DC。DC雖然僅占母胎界面細(xì)胞總數(shù)的1%[24],但在妊娠早期母胎界面的免疫耐受中扮演關(guān)鍵角色[25]。存在于母胎界面的DC絕大多數(shù)為誘導(dǎo)免疫耐受的未成熟型[26]。多項(xiàng)研究表明,母胎界面的DC能誘導(dǎo)T細(xì)胞無能,介導(dǎo)T細(xì)胞的克隆清除,刺激分化T調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞并增加IL-10的分泌,從而保持母胎界面Th1/Th2動(dòng)態(tài)免疫平衡,抑制母體對(duì)胎兒的同種移植排斥反應(yīng),從而有助于成功妊娠[27-29]。

同時(shí),研究表明,樹突狀細(xì)胞可受到激素的調(diào)控[30-31]。此外,不同來源的樹突細(xì)胞對(duì)激素刺激會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的反應(yīng),例如,妊娠早期重要的性激素雌二醇、孕酮及HCG均可使骨髓來源的DC呈免疫耐受表型,降低其分泌促炎性細(xì)胞因子的能力,并誘導(dǎo)T細(xì)胞無能[32];而對(duì)于單核細(xì)胞來源的樹突狀細(xì)胞這些激素刺激則不能改變其表型及對(duì)T細(xì)胞的作用[33]。多項(xiàng)研究表明,孕酮可影響樹突狀細(xì)胞的分化成熟及功能的改變。Ivanova等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn)生理濃度的孕酮即可使單核細(xì)胞分化成為成熟的DC。Liang等[35]及Kyurkchiev等[36]均發(fā)現(xiàn)體外培養(yǎng)時(shí)孕酮可使髓系來源的DC顯著增加IL-10的分泌。Liu等[37]發(fā)現(xiàn)雌激素可以使成熟DC產(chǎn)生IL-12、TNF-γ、IFNG等促炎因子減少,母胎界面高雌激素水平有助于減少DC分泌促炎癥因子而保護(hù)胚胎的發(fā)育。Schumacher等[38]發(fā)現(xiàn)HCG及黃體生成素(LH)均可介導(dǎo)母胎界面的DC分泌Tregs從而抑制免疫反應(yīng),保護(hù)半同種移植的胚胎。

1.4 激素對(duì)母胎界面肥大細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)作用

子宮肥大細(xì)胞(uMC)的數(shù)量在妊娠期明顯增加,還伴隨著細(xì)胞形態(tài)的擴(kuò)張[39]。Woidacki等[40]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),缺乏uMC的動(dòng)物模型出現(xiàn)胚胎著床失敗,其研究同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)uMC與子宮螺旋動(dòng)脈的重塑也密切相關(guān)。雌二醇及孕酮均被報(bào)道具有增加uMC在子宮組織中的密度并激活uMC的作用[41]。

2 激素對(duì)母胎界面獲得性免疫應(yīng)答的調(diào)控

早期妊娠階段,激素在調(diào)節(jié)母胎界面固有免疫應(yīng)答的同時(shí),也通過對(duì)B淋巴細(xì)胞和T淋巴細(xì)胞調(diào)控獲得性免疫應(yīng)答,維持正常妊娠。B細(xì)胞的兩個(gè)亞型B1和B2細(xì)胞有著不同的表型和功能。研究報(bào)道HCG可減少B淋巴細(xì)胞的數(shù)量并增強(qiáng)調(diào)節(jié)性B細(xì)胞的功能,從而有助于妊娠的成功[42]。Khil等[43]報(bào)道HCG在抑制Th1類細(xì)胞因子IFN-γ和TNF-α產(chǎn)生的同時(shí)可增加Th2類細(xì)胞因子IL-10的分泌。而孕酮可誘導(dǎo)淋巴細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生孕酮誘導(dǎo)的封閉因子(Progesterone-induced blocking factor,PIBF)和不對(duì)稱抗體,從而提高母胎界面Th2類細(xì)胞因子的分泌水平,降低uNK細(xì)胞的活性,有助于母胎界面的免疫耐受的形成[44]。此外,Chien等[45]報(bào)道孕酮在早期妊娠階段即可通過非經(jīng)典途徑抑制T細(xì)胞的激活。

3 小結(jié)

免疫異常被認(rèn)為是不明原因性不孕、反復(fù)胚胎移植失敗和反復(fù)自然流產(chǎn)的主要因素。對(duì)于妊娠早期內(nèi)分泌調(diào)控的認(rèn)識(shí)不應(yīng)僅僅局限在保持子宮肌層靜止、內(nèi)膜蛻膜化等宏觀層面。針對(duì)母胎界面免疫-內(nèi)分泌交互對(duì)話調(diào)控的研究對(duì)闡明妊娠失敗的機(jī)制、優(yōu)化治療策略無疑具有極大的臨床及理論價(jià)值。

目前對(duì)于免疫因素導(dǎo)致的上述疾病的治療尚無公認(rèn)有效的治療策略。而孕酮、雌二醇、HCG在輔助生殖技術(shù)中的廣泛應(yīng)用,體現(xiàn)了激素治療對(duì)母胎界面的免疫-內(nèi)分泌調(diào)控的臨床價(jià)值。Aaleyasin等[46]發(fā)現(xiàn),胚胎移植前子宮內(nèi)注射HCG可顯著提高患者的胚胎著床率。Lukassen等[47]也報(bào)道體外受精-胚胎移植的患者采用激素治療可抑制母胎界面uNK、巨噬細(xì)胞及B淋巴細(xì)胞的數(shù)量。雖然HCG治療反復(fù)自然流產(chǎn)的療效仍存在爭議[48-50],但仍應(yīng)看到激素治療對(duì)于妊娠早期免疫-內(nèi)分泌調(diào)控的臨床價(jià)值及目前研究的局限性。母胎界面的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作為當(dāng)下生殖醫(yī)學(xué)的熱點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域,未來需要更多的研究來闡明免疫-內(nèi)分泌交互對(duì)話在妊娠早期的意義,為相關(guān)疾病提供有效治療策略依據(jù)。

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