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顧永棣:為徐志摩編書立傳的人

2017-09-07 00:39徐忠友
文化交流 2017年9期
關(guān)鍵詞:海寧徐志摩詩集

徐忠友

初夏時節(jié),筆者慕名采訪了海寧中學(xué)八十高齡的退休教師、徐志摩研究專家、浙江省作協(xié)會員顧永棣老先生,聽他講述了40多年來為徐志摩編書立傳的感人故事。

與徐志摩是沒有見過面的老鄉(xiāng)

1935年農(nóng)歷正月初十,顧永棣出生在浙江省海寧縣(現(xiàn)為市)硤石鎮(zhèn)一個文化商人家庭里。顧永棣的父親顧漱芳,經(jīng)營著杭州、上海、南京、北平一帶編印的《申報》《京報》等報紙發(fā)行業(yè)務(wù),并辦過繭廠、絹廠等企業(yè),是海寧一帶知名的實業(yè)家。

徐志摩的父親徐申如(1872—1944)是清末至民國時期的企業(yè)家。徐氏世代經(jīng)商,早年繼承祖業(yè)獨資經(jīng)營徐裕豐醬園,1897年合股創(chuàng)辦硤石第一家錢莊——裕通錢莊,接著又開設(shè)人和綢布號,并與沈佐宸等人集資建成硤石電燈公司。他先后任硤石商會總理、會長、主席近20年。

顧、徐兩家是海寧的大家族,早在1908年顧漱芳與徐申如曾共同投資滬杭鐵路,享譽浙滬。他倆關(guān)系要好,常有來往走動。顧永棣七八歲時隨父親去徐府喝茶時,曾見過徐申如幾面。他記得徐申如頗有長者風范,因常做慈善事業(yè),頗受人尊敬。

顧永棣并未見過大詩人徐志摩。1935年春他出生前,徐志摩已于1931年11月去世了。但顧、徐兩家關(guān)系親密,早年徐志摩出版了詩集,徐申如收到后,就會送一本給好友顧漱芳欣賞。其中徐申如曾將1925年由中華書局出版的徐志摩第一本詩集《志摩詩集》送給顧漱芳,還指著扉頁上的“獻給爸爸”題字說:“志摩敲我竹杠,這上面4個字我就掏了大洋800塊?!币虼耍櫦宜嫔鲜兰o20年代版的《志摩詩集》《翡冷翠的一夜》等,都是徐家所贈。

顧永棣漸漸長大后,從父親、同鄉(xiāng)那里和一些書報上了解到徐志摩的一些情況。雖然顧永棣從沒有見過徐志摩,但他較早讀過徐申如伯伯贈送的《志摩詩集》《翡冷翠的一夜》等作品,對徐志摩的形象和作品頗有好感。因此,在他的心中早就有了一個崇敬的偶像:那就是同鄉(xiāng)的大詩人徐志摩。

尋訪徐志摩失散的詩篇

顧永棣在海寧上了小學(xué)和中學(xué),其間便愛上文學(xué)。14歲那年,他就在發(fā)行量很大的上海報紙《新聞報》發(fā)表了短文,這在同學(xué)們眼中是一件讓人羨慕的事。

從海寧中學(xué)畢業(yè)后,顧永棣考進了中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)地球物理探礦專業(yè)。1956年春調(diào)到四川做地質(zhì)工作,并在那里找到了生命的另一半,建立了一個幸福的家庭。他先后在四川、云南一帶深山野嶺中輾轉(zhuǎn)了十多年,為國家尋找礦藏??蓯酆梦膶W(xué)的他,地質(zhì)包里還裝著20年代版的《志摩詩集》《翡冷翠的一夜》和徐志摩的散文集,不時拿出來拜讀,并在業(yè)余時間搞些文學(xué)創(chuàng)作。1959年,他在上海少年兒童出版社出版了一本“我愛祖國小叢書”《建設(shè)的尖兵》。

1974年早春,他告別了四川地質(zhì)部門,帶著全家人回到離別18年的故鄉(xiāng),在海寧中學(xué)當語文老師。

當時的中國正處在“文革”后期,人們還讀不到徐志摩的詩文。一天,顧永棣在高中畢業(yè)班上語文課時,問他的學(xué)生“知道不知道徐志摩這位海寧籍的著名詩人?”班上一時無人作答,稍后才有個學(xué)生站起來答:“我知道,徐志摩是個‘反動的詩人!”這讓顧永棣感到震驚:歷史名人竟被扭曲成這樣!

顧永棣陷入了深思。這也促使他下決心去研究徐志摩的人生和作品,讓讀者了解真實的徐志摩。在研究中他發(fā)現(xiàn):1931年徐志摩罹難時剛34歲,徐志摩意外去世前,文學(xué)創(chuàng)作事業(yè)正如日中天,并沒像有些上了年紀的老作家一樣,將自己的作品收集齊全,出個全集作個人生的總結(jié)。他除了有幾本集子外,大部分作品都散見于報刊上。1949年以后,徐志摩的事略與著述在臺灣出版過,但在大陸幾乎消失殆盡,所流行的詩句,就是“文革”中在批判文章中掐頭去尾的那幾行。因此,顧永棣想要做兩件事:一是給徐志摩編書立傳,二是給徐志摩正名。當時他的工資并不高,還要養(yǎng)家糊口,外出的費用也沒處報銷。但他咬咬牙還是利用寒暑假、星期天,自費去杭州、上海、南京、北京各大圖書館和徐志摩當年任教過的多所高等院校地毯式查閱許多報紙、雜志,訪問徐志摩的同學(xué)、好友等相關(guān)人士,從中尋找徐志摩的軼事和佚詩佚文。

顧永棣探尋多年多地多人后發(fā)現(xiàn):英年早逝的徐志摩,生前共留下了4部詩集,存詩僅137首,其他180多首詩卻用了近10個筆名,分散發(fā)表在抗戰(zhàn)以前的一些報刊上或書信日記里。特別是由于他的筆名較多,且在同一時期,還有不同作者用同一筆名的情況。要在當年高深的書山詩海里去“勘探”、“梳理”,工作量是巨大的,其難度也不小,還需要一雙“火眼金睛”作鑒別。

雖然這些尋找過程非常艱辛,為了節(jié)省時間和費用,顧永棣常常吃干糧、喝涼水、住最便宜小旅館,甚至躺在公園、校園的椅子上睡一夜,還常有空手而歸的情況。但功夫不負有心人,經(jīng)過他10年間像當年探寶一般的艱難尋訪,先后在全國許多城市、鄉(xiāng)村和學(xué)校尋訪到與徐志摩有關(guān)的100多人,也尋訪到不少徐志摩的佚詩佚文,他猶如為徐志摩找到了失散半個多世紀的“孩子”一樣,高高興興地將它們領(lǐng)回了家。他聽到有關(guān)徐志摩的一些軼聞趣事后,就當場記下來再將其整理成文,在人民出版社主辦的《人物》月刊和杭州《西湖》文學(xué)雜志發(fā)表,讓人們初步了解到一個真實的徐志摩,也讓讀者看到一些徐志摩的詩作,大大開闊了視野。

為徐志摩編書寫傳

初戰(zhàn)告捷,顧永棣繼續(xù)向原定為徐志摩編書立傳的目標進軍了。他為研究徐志摩先后花了大量心血和40多年時間,但這是值得的。

經(jīng)過了顧永棣的不懈努力,1983年,由他編注的《徐志摩詩集》由浙江文藝出版社出版,這是1949年后大陸出版的第一本徐志摩詩集,一時好評如潮。

1987年,顧永棣又在《徐志摩詩集》的基礎(chǔ)上,增加了一些新發(fā)現(xiàn)和整理出來的徐志摩詩作,由浙江文藝出版社出版了一部《徐志摩詩集》(全編),受到了書店和讀者的喜愛。北京王府井大街的新華書店經(jīng)理對他說:“這本書,有多少我們要多少”。后來,這本書獲得了華東優(yōu)秀圖書一等獎、第二屆全國圖書金鑰匙獎,并使徐志摩的詩集創(chuàng)下現(xiàn)當代詩歌發(fā)行量之最。

1988年夏天,顧永棣動手把自己花了10年時間、采訪了100多人的素材,撰寫成一本《徐志摩傳》。他用3個半月寫成的這部傳記有20多萬字。后來,四川文藝出版社在出版時將書名改為《風流詩人徐志摩》。該書出版后反響極大,隨即被臺灣有關(guān)出版社買走了版權(quán),并于4年后在臺灣出版。接著,又在歐美、日本和東南亞等國出版,一時出現(xiàn)“洛陽紙貴”般的局面。1991年,四川文藝出版社又出版了顧永棣編注的《徐志摩書信日記詩精選》,讓讀者對徐志摩有更深的了解。1992年,由顧永棣編注的《徐志摩詩全集》,經(jīng)由上海文藝出版社出版,這是徐志摩最全的詩集,受到了詩人、評論家和許多讀者的好評。

隨著顧永棣年紀的增大,為徐志摩出一套全集,是他心中的一個夙愿。近年來,在女兒顧倩的配合下,父女倆又開始籌劃出版《徐志摩全集》的工作。在浙江人民出版社和海寧市委宣傳部的支持下,這套被稱為徐志摩生前做夢也沒想到能出得這么好的書,于2015年由浙江人民出版社正式出版了。新出版的《徐志摩全集》分為詩歌卷、散文卷、評論卷、小說戲劇卷、書信卷、日記卷6卷,有近300萬字,是目前徐志摩作品收集最全、體量最大的版本。其中小說、戲劇卷由顧永棣和女兒顧倩合編。同時出版的還有顧永棣寫的傳記《徐志摩傳奇》,原名是《風流詩人徐志摩》,這一次改名算是回歸了作者的原意。

2015年浙江人民出版社出版的《徐志摩全集》中,除了有顧永棣幾十年苦心收集、整理、考證得來的徐志摩作品之外,還收入了近年剛發(fā)現(xiàn)的與徐志摩相關(guān)的新材料。其中有1911年徐志摩離開故鄉(xiāng)赴杭州求學(xué)寫下的《府中日記》,還有1918年徐志摩赴美國留學(xué)寫下的《留美日記》,這兩本日記更是被劫到日本后失而復(fù)得。同時,書中還收入根據(jù)海寧虞坤林先生在國家圖書館發(fā)現(xiàn)的徐志摩妻子陸小曼手稿點校而成的《陸小曼未刊日記》。徐志摩的日記中有一特別部分就是徐志摩手寫“一本沒有顏色的書”,里面有胡適題詩、聞一多作畫題詩、泰戈爾作畫和用印度文寫的詩,還有邵洵美、陳西瀅、顧頡剛、林風眠、俞平伯、章士釗等文化名人的書法或繪畫。因在1925年10月1日,徐志摩接替孫伏園當《晨報》副刊主編時,他約請的撰稿人多是當時著名作家、記者、學(xué)者等……可見他朋友是很多的。

采訪結(jié)束前,筆者提出三個問題請顧老回答:一是人們最愛閑聊的徐志摩與三個女人間所謂的“風流事”是真是假?他回答說:“徐志摩與第一任妻子張幼儀是父母包辦婚姻,也許張幼儀是愛徐志摩的,但徐志摩對張幼儀并沒有愛情,所以婚后不久他就去北平讀書了。徐志摩對林徽因是產(chǎn)生過愛情的,但林徽因是個很理智的女性。在她選擇了梁思成后,徐志摩與她只保持好朋友關(guān)系并有分寸地交往,并沒有去破壞林徽因與梁思成的夫妻關(guān)系。徐志摩與第二任妻子陸小曼是在與張幼儀離婚后彼此走到一起的。由于陸小曼平時生活花銷很大,后來還抽上鴉片,為了維持這個家庭的高額開支,徐志摩分別在北京大學(xué)、光華大學(xué)、大夏大學(xué)和南京中央大學(xué)來回上課,平時還要文學(xué)創(chuàng)作,哪有時間和精力‘風流”。二是徐志摩對中國詩壇的貢獻有多大?顧老回答說:“徐志摩挽救了中國的新詩。新文化運動后,中國詩人從原來寫格律詩轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)懶略?,許多人只是簡單地用白話文來寫詩,并沒有真正掌握新詩的寫作技巧,寫出來的詩就像一杯白開水,無色無味,讓人看后乏味。由于徐志摩在美國和英國留學(xué)時,接觸到西方的詩人和詩歌,并且做到中西結(jié)合,他寫出來的詩歌可以說意境美、語言美,讀后回味無窮,所以很多詩人就從徐志摩的詩中學(xué)到了現(xiàn)代詩的表達方式和寫作技巧,致使新詩漸漸繁榮起來?!比菍π熘灸τ性鯓拥目傮w評價?顧老脫口而出:“徐志摩是詩人中的詩人,朋友中的朋友。徐志摩有愛,這不是一般的愛,是博愛、大愛,愛蕓蕓眾生,愛天地萬物。當今這個社會正缺少這種愛,所以我要用徐志摩的這些作品,把這份愛傳遞到每一個人的心坎上,讓我們這個世界變得相親相愛、更加美好!”

In early summer this year I visited the 80-year-old Gu Yongdi, a retired teacher of Haining Middle School, expert of Xu Zhimo, and member of Zhejiang Writers Association.

Over the past 40 some years, Gu Yongdi has put together a complete works of Xu Zhimo and written a biography of the poet. Xu Zhimo (1897-1931), one of the prominent poets of the 20th-century China, was a native of Haining, a city near Hangzhou in northeastern Zhejiang.

Gu Yongdi never met Xu Zhimo. He was born in 1935 and the poet died in a plane crash in 1931. However, the young boy visited the poets father Xu Shenru several times. His father Gu Shufang and the poets father were close friends and business partners.

The two families were important in Haining back then. The Xu family had been engaged in business for generations. The poets father was one of the founders of the first local bank in Haining and ran some other important businesses there. He served as the president of local chamber of commerce for nearly 20 years. The Gus was also a family of businessmen. The two families visited each other frequently. When the poet published a collection of poems, the father would send a copy to Gu Shufang. In Gu Yongdis private collection are several books of poems of Xu Zhimo published in the 1920s.

Gu Yongdi grew up in Haining and read Xu Zhimos poems from the homes library. He published a short essay in a newspaper in Shanghai at the age of 14. He studied geology in college and became a geologist after graduation. While he worked in the southwest of China for over ten years, he carried the family copies of Xu Zhimos poems and essays. He wrote some short literary pieces. In 1959 he published a book for children.

In 1974, he came back to Haining and became a middle school teacher. It was in a Chinese language class that he was shocked to find that the young generation didnt know about Xu Zhimo. He asked students if they knew anything about Xu Zhimo, a Haining native and poet. The class was uneasy and silent for a while before a student stood up and said boldly and dismissively what he knew: “Xu Zhimo was a counterrevolutionary poet!” Gu Yongdi was shocked by the distorted description.

He wondered why some students were under such a false impression. He reviewed Xu Zhimos history and career and concluded that few people in his time on the mainland knew anything substantial about the poet. Xus poems were mostly published in newspapers and literary magazines during his lifetime. He had only published a few collections of poems and essays. After 1949, the mainland published nothing about or of or by the poet. Only a few lines of his poems were mentioned in printed denunciations.

Gu Yongdi decided to do something about the poet. He wanted to write a biography of the poet and he wanted to bring Xus reputation back. He began to collect materials by visiting major libraries across the country and the colleges where the poet once taught. He also visited Xus friends and schoolmates to learn about Xu Zhimo and his works. All the trips and visits were out of his pocket. In order to save money, he stayed in the cheapest hotel rooms and sometimes slept outdoor on a bench in a park or on a school campus. For a decade, he interviewed over 100 people who had known Xu Zhimo personally. On the basis of the information he had collected, he concluded that Xu published 137 poems in four collections and that the rest of the poems, about 180, were published in newspapers and literary magazines in ten different pennames.

In 1983, Gu Yongdi put together , which was printed by Zhejiang Literature and Art Press. It was the first book of Xu Zhimo published on the mainland after 1949. The book received good reviews and caused a sensation among readers. In 1987, he published , printed and marketed by the same publisher. The edition was a bestseller. It won several top regional and national awards for publications.

In 1988, he published , which was published by Sichuan Literature and Art Press. A publisher in Taiwan bought the copyrights for publishing it in Taiwan. Four years later, the Taiwan edition came out. The book was also published in Japan, countries in Southeast Asia, Europe, and North America. In 1991, Sichuan Literature and Art Press published a collection of Xus diaries, letters and poems compiled by Gu. In 1992, Shanghai Literature and Art Press published compiled and annotated by Gu Yongdi. The book has the biggest number of poems by the poet.

On the basis of the publications, Gu Yongdi, in collaboration with his daughter Gu Qian, put together in 2015. The project was supported by Zhejiang Peoples Press and the Haining Municipal Government. The complete works include six volumes, respectively dedicated to the poets poems, essays, reviews, short stories and plays, letters, and diaries. , first printed in 1988, was reprinted in 2015, along with the complete works.

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