尤群偉+王志敏+高峰
[摘要] 目的 應(yīng)用高分辨磁共振成像(HRMRI)對有癥狀性中動脈腦梗死和腦橋旁正中梗死患者的血管壁改變模式、分析斑塊的負荷與腦梗死的關(guān)系。 方法 收集2014年1月~2016年1月間在本院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科住院的患者,大腦中動脈梗死23例和腦橋旁正中梗死21例,行3.0T高分辨磁共振及DWI和MRA檢查,證實存在大腦中動脈梗死或腦橋旁正中梗死,分別測量大腦中動脈和基底動脈管壁并計算最窄處血管面積/參考處血管面積的指數(shù),如果指數(shù)<0.95為陰性改變,指數(shù)在0.95~1.05之間為無改變,指數(shù)>1.05為陽性改變,比較陰性和陽性改變的斑塊面積及斑塊負荷等特點。 結(jié)果 對HRMRI上發(fā)現(xiàn)有動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的44例患者計算血管壁改變模式,在大腦中動脈發(fā)現(xiàn)陰性改變7例,無改變6例,陽性改變10例,而在基底動脈陰性改變3例,無改變4例,陽性改變14例。分別比較大腦中動脈陽性組的斑塊面積(6.20±3.20)mm2(負荷計算公式=最窄層面斑塊面積/最窄層面血管面積)及斑塊負荷(0.42±0.14)mm2均大于陰性改變的斑塊面積(2.10±1.40)mm2及斑塊負荷(0.26±0.17)mm2;陽性組的斑塊面積及斑塊負荷均大于陰性組,兩組比較差異有顯著性(P<0.01)。 結(jié)論 HRMRI有助于顱內(nèi)缺血性梗死的病因?qū)W分型并評估病變的指數(shù),大腦中動脈和基底動脈的陽性改變比陰性改變常見,陽性改變常合并較大的動脈粥樣硬化斑塊,且斑塊面積及斑塊負荷均大于陰性。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 腦橋旁正中梗死;中動脈區(qū)梗死;動脈粥樣硬化;HRMRI;基底動脈;斑塊負荷
[中圖分類號] R445.2;R743.3 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-9701(2017)22-0027-04
[Abstract] Objective To study the relationship between plaque burden and cerebral infarction by applying high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HRMRI) to diagnose the changes of vascular wall in patients with symptomatic middle cerebral artery infarction and paramedian pons infarction. Methods A total of 23 patients with middle cerebral artery infarction and 21 patients with paramedian pons infarction in the department of neurology from January 2014 to January 2016 were collected and confirmed with the presence of middle cerebral artery infarction or paramedian pons infarction by 3.0T high resolution magnetic resonance and DWI and MRA examination.The vascular walls of the middle cerebral artery and basilar artery were measured and the index of blood area in the narrowest site/the vascular area of reference site was calculated. It was negative if the index<0.95, and no change happened if the index was in the range of 0.95~1.05, and it was positive change if the index>1.05. The features including plaque area and plaque burden between negative and positive changes were compared. Results The vessel wall alteration patterns of 44 patients with atherosclerotic plaques found on HRMRI were calculated. There were 7 cases of negative changes,6 cases of no change and 10 cases of positive changes found in the middle cerebral artery. There were 3 cases of negative changes,4 cases of no change and 14 cases of positive changes found in the basilar artery. The plaque area(6.20±3.20)mm2 (burden calculation formula=the narrowest plaque area/the narrowest vascular surface area) and the plaque burden(0.42±0.14)mm2 in the middle cerebral artery positive group were larger than the negative plaque area(2.10±1.40)mm2 and plaque load(0.26±0.17)mm2 in the middle cerebral artery negative group. The plaque area and the plaque burden in the basilar artery positive group were larger than those in the negative group. The differences were significant between the two groups(P<0.01). Conclusion HRMRI contributes to the etiology typing of intracranial ischemic infarction and assessment of the lesion index. The positive changes of the middle cerebral artery and basilar artery are more common than those with negative changes. The positive changes are often associated with large atherosclerotic plaques, and plaque area and plaque load of the positive changes were greater than those of negative changes.endprint
[Key words] Paramedian pons infarction; Middle artery area infarction; Atherosclerosis; HRMRI; Basilar artery; Plaque burden
顱內(nèi)大動脈病變主要為大腦中動脈和基底動脈[1-2],大腦中動脈(MCA)狹窄的患者與椎基底動脈系統(tǒng)最常見腦橋旁正中梗死的患者分別每年發(fā)生卒中的風險高達12.5%和29.3%并且預(yù)后不良[3-4]。因此,對于研究大腦中動脈及基底動脈管壁改變與腦梗死關(guān)系是有必要的,目前認為發(fā)生梗死的血管存在重構(gòu)現(xiàn)象,臨床常用的評價大腦中動脈和基底動脈的影像手段有顱多普勒、計算機斷層血管造影(computed tomography angiography,CTA)、磁共振血管造影(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)等這些血管成像技術(shù)只能顯示動脈管腔,無法顯示管壁結(jié)構(gòu),這會出現(xiàn)雖然MCA、BA(基底動脈)等病變血管粥樣硬化斑塊已經(jīng)發(fā)展但動脈管腔卻未發(fā)生明顯改變[5]。因此,利用HRMRI檢查顯示顱內(nèi)動脈管壁結(jié)構(gòu),有利于明確梗死的病因。
1對象與方法
1.1 研究對象
為2014年1月~2016年1月期間在本院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科住院的患者44例。入組標準:①所有病例均經(jīng)過顱腦磁共振成像(MRI)彌散加權(quán)成像(DWI)證實系急性大腦中動脈梗死或腦橋旁正中梗死。②所有患者排除栓塞性梗死的可能;③所有患者均行MRA和HRMRI檢查;均行血液炎性指標及血脂等危險因素檢查,具備完整的病例資料。排除標準:①具有MRI檢查禁忌證患者;②病因為非動脈粥樣硬化性患者。計算改變指數(shù),陽性改變設(shè)為陽性組,陰性改變設(shè)為陰性組,兩組基礎(chǔ)資料差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 影像學檢查 所有患者均行頭顱CT檢查排除腦出血,并行頭顱MRI檢查,成像序列包括T1加權(quán)成像,T2加權(quán)成像,彌散加權(quán)成像,頭顱MRA和HRMRI。本研究采用3.0T磁共振機進行影像學檢查。首先行MRA檢查,然后取與MCA、BA長軸的垂直平面的HRMRI掃描檢查。
1.2.2 評價測量指標 圖像由兩位有經(jīng)驗的神經(jīng)影像科醫(yī)師在工作站上共同評價。如梗死灶、血管管腔和管壁等圖像顯示不清晰,則不納入本研究。觀察項目包括管壁、斑塊、位置及大小等,分別測量大腦中動脈和基底動脈管壁并計算最窄處血管面積/參考處血管面積的指數(shù),比較陰性和陽性改變的斑塊面積,斑塊負荷等特點。
1.3統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計學軟件對各實驗數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計學分析。組間比較采用t 檢驗,計數(shù)資料采用頻數(shù)、百分比表示,兩組間比較采用χ2檢驗或Fisher精確檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1 影像學情況
在44例中MRA檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)狹窄14例分別在中動脈8例、基底動脈6例,而HRMRI均發(fā)現(xiàn)有不同程度的偏心斑塊形成。T2WI上斑塊信號變化表現(xiàn)為等信號,高信號為主,絕大多數(shù)斑塊顯示為不均質(zhì)信號,如果結(jié)合T1發(fā)現(xiàn)高信號考慮斑塊內(nèi)出血,甚至結(jié)合增強斑塊強化考慮活動性斑塊。對HRMRI上發(fā)現(xiàn)有狹窄的44例患者,測量最窄層面的面積,計算面積用USCUBE醫(yī)學影像軟件手動測量(圖1),參考層面:?。ú∽兘亩苏用?遠心端正常層面)/2的數(shù)值結(jié)果作為參考層面,有助于降低人為因素選擇參考面對指數(shù)的影響。
2.2 陰性組和陽性組的管壁特點
計算改變指數(shù)(最窄處血管面積比參考處血管面積)(圖2、3),<0.95為陰性,在0.95~1.05之間為無改變,>1.05為陽性改變。結(jié)果是陰性改變10例,無改變10例,陽性改變24例。在陰性組的指數(shù)為(0.81±0.12)和陽性組的指數(shù)為(1.29±0.21),差異具有顯著性。結(jié)果陽性組在最窄層面的血管面積、斑塊面積、斑塊負荷均大于陰性組,差異具有顯著性。在參考層面,兩組的管壁特點及最窄層面兩組管腔面積,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
3討論
本研究顯示HRMRI可清晰地顯示大腦中動脈[6]及基底動脈管壁結(jié)構(gòu)斑塊情況[7-10]。而常規(guī)的MRA檢查有一些血管管腔未明顯狹窄,但確實發(fā)生腦梗死,以前病因歸為原因不明或其他原因等,還有一部分患者出現(xiàn)進展性卒中,以前根據(jù)梗死的形態(tài)及分布推測病因或尸體解剖證實,活體內(nèi)無法證實,但現(xiàn)有HRMRI后,可對這些活體患者檢查,明確病因,已在另一個研究里證實斑塊的分布與進展性卒中存在密切的關(guān)系。對常規(guī)檢查管腔未明顯狹窄的患者,經(jīng)3.0T HRMRI檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)這些患者的血管已有斑塊形成,認為存在血管重構(gòu)現(xiàn)象,發(fā)生向內(nèi)或向外的重構(gòu),并且認為這種重構(gòu)與腦梗死存在密切的關(guān)系。因此有必要進行本研究,結(jié)果如下:本研究44例有癥狀患者均有顱內(nèi)動脈的斑塊形成,斑塊在HRMRI表現(xiàn)為偏心型斑塊為多,而30例在MRA圖像顯示為正常管腔,HRMRI比MRA對顱內(nèi)血管顯示更清楚,而且能夠顯示管壁結(jié)構(gòu);一般常規(guī)影像只顯示管腔是不能滿足臨床需要的,并且對23例大腦中動脈和21例基底動脈粥樣斑塊患者計算血管改變指數(shù)(計算公式改變指數(shù)=最窄處血管面積/參考處血管面積),如果指數(shù)<0.95為陰性改變,指數(shù)在0.95~1.05之間為無改變,指數(shù)>1.05為陽性改變,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)陽性改變共24例(中動脈陽性10例,基底動脈陽性14例),陰性改變共10例,無改變10例。腦梗死患者中陽性改變占54%,陰性改變和無改變約為23%,經(jīng)統(tǒng)計分析腦梗死和血管陽性改變有密切的關(guān)系,分析原因顱內(nèi)動脈的這種血管結(jié)構(gòu)改變,可能與血液在血管內(nèi)流動的力學作用有關(guān),以血管向外膨脹性生長為主,所以認為高分辨率磁共振檢查能發(fā)現(xiàn)血管結(jié)構(gòu)的改變,另本研究數(shù)據(jù)顯示發(fā)現(xiàn)腦梗死患者以陽性改變?yōu)橹?,且陽性改變的血管斑塊的負荷面積更大(負荷計算公式=最窄層面斑塊面積/最窄層面血管面積),分析原因與血管膨脹性生長動脈粥樣硬化斑塊負荷面積大容易斑塊脫落阻塞遠端血管導致梗死的發(fā)生,在國內(nèi)有文獻報道:有動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的大腦中動脈狹窄進行微栓子監(jiān)測,存在陽性的病變??梢娝ㄗ用撀洌崾景邏K不穩(wěn)定[11-12]。另有報道利用HRMRI檢查能明確煙霧病和動脈粥樣硬化的血管壁結(jié)構(gòu)改變[13]。因此使用HRMRI可以明確腦梗死的病因病理機制[14],也能發(fā)現(xiàn)易損斑塊,預(yù)測梗死的發(fā)生[15-18]或可能加重進展,對臨床有重要的指導意義,另由于存在血管的陽性改變在行介入時可以引導支架植入防止“雪犁效應(yīng)”,而阻塞穿支動脈[19-20]。endprint
綜上可知,HRMRI能清晰顯示顱內(nèi)動脈血管壁的改變,通過該檢查能明確一些臨床上表現(xiàn)為腦梗死但常規(guī)血管檢查未見明顯血管狹窄患者的病因,彌補其他檢查的不足,對指導治療和預(yù)防是具有重要臨床意義。不足之處是本研究樣本量少,取血管平面帶有部分主觀性,望在以后研究中彌補這些不足,但本研究的數(shù)據(jù)真實客觀仍具有一定代表性。
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(收稿日期:2017-05-07)endprint