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超聲及微泡介導(dǎo)干細(xì)胞治療心肌梗死的研究進(jìn)展

2017-09-22 15:30張杰穆玉明
關(guān)鍵詞:微泡超聲心肌梗死

張杰+穆玉明

[摘要] 利用干細(xì)胞修復(fù)梗死心肌的方法極具潛力,但單純外源性移植存在免疫排斥、病原體傳播、儲(chǔ)存、包裝等問(wèn)題,更重要的是,干細(xì)胞無(wú)法高效歸巢到靶區(qū)。而超聲靶向微泡破壞技術(shù)憑借其非侵入性、低免疫原性、可重復(fù)性、靶向性等優(yōu)點(diǎn)成為一種新型基因傳遞體系,在干細(xì)胞趨化和基因治療的研究中被廣泛應(yīng)用。本文就超聲及微泡輔助干細(xì)胞治療心肌梗死的方法進(jìn)行綜述。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 超聲;微泡;干細(xì)胞治療;心肌梗死

[中圖分類號(hào)] R542.2 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2017)08(b)-0029-04

[Abstract] The method of using stem cells to repair infarcted myocardium has great potential. But there are a series of questions with simple exogenous transplantation, such as immunological rejection, transmission of pathogens, storage, packing and more, the stem cells can′t home to the targeted area efficiently. As a novel gene delivery system, ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction has been widely used for recruiting stem cells and gene therapy for its advantages of noninvasiveness, low immunogenicity, repeatability, spatial target specificity, etc. This article reviewes the methods of ultrasound and microbubble mediated stem cell in the treatment of myocardial infarction.

[Key words] Ultrasound; Microbubble; Stem cell therapy; Myocardial infarction

隨著全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅猛發(fā)展,城市化和生活方式的改變使心血管疾病患病率與日俱增,盡管新的研究成果已經(jīng)開始用于診斷和治療,但在很多國(guó)家,心血管疾病仍是主要的致死原因[1],因此,利用干細(xì)胞替代、修復(fù)和改善受損心肌的方法前景廣闊[2]。事實(shí)上,心肌梗死后機(jī)體本身釋放的趨化因子可誘導(dǎo)外周骨髓干細(xì)胞自發(fā)歸巢,修復(fù)受損的心肌組織,通過(guò)外力作用放大此種效應(yīng)無(wú)疑可起到治療心肌梗死的作用。但是,“軸向移動(dòng)”效應(yīng)[3]使毛細(xì)血管中的干細(xì)胞主要位于血管中軸附近,嚴(yán)重限制了干細(xì)胞向內(nèi)皮組織的靶向黏附能力。

自Imada等[4]首次利用超聲聯(lián)合微泡干預(yù)的方法增效干細(xì)胞移植治療缺血骨骼肌以來(lái),超聲微泡開始在細(xì)胞、基因治療方面倍受關(guān)注。超聲輻照微泡通過(guò)聲孔效應(yīng)使周圍組織的生物屏障通透性增加,有利于移植細(xì)胞向缺血區(qū)的遷移和浸潤(rùn);同時(shí)使血管內(nèi)容物外滲產(chǎn)生炎性反應(yīng)、通過(guò)旁分泌作用增加內(nèi)源性細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生,改變局部微環(huán)境,促進(jìn)新生血管形成,促進(jìn)干細(xì)胞的歸巢、黏附、增殖、分化,增強(qiáng)移植干細(xì)胞的增殖活性和靶向性,修復(fù)受損心肌組織[5-7]。因此,本文對(duì)超聲及微泡介導(dǎo)干細(xì)胞治療心肌梗死的方法進(jìn)行綜述。

1 超聲、微泡對(duì)心肌梗死組織預(yù)處理后行干細(xì)胞移植

鑒于心肌微環(huán)境在干細(xì)胞移植中的決定性作用[8],許多研究者將超聲輻照微泡對(duì)心肌微環(huán)境的影響作為研究重點(diǎn),在經(jīng)冠脈干細(xì)胞移植前利用超聲靶向微泡破壞技術(shù)(ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction,UTMD)對(duì)心梗組織預(yù)處理,通過(guò)刺激炎性反應(yīng)、改變局部心肌微環(huán)境,促進(jìn)骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)向心肌歸巢、分化[9-11],同時(shí)促進(jìn)歸巢干細(xì)胞的存活[12],提高治療效果。隨著聚焦超聲(focused ultrasound,F(xiàn)US)的發(fā)展[13],Ghanem等[14]用發(fā)射能量較低的高強(qiáng)度聚焦超聲介導(dǎo)的微泡刺激(highly focused ultrasound-mediated stimulation of microbubbles,fh-UMS)代替普通的UTMD,對(duì)大鼠梗死心肌預(yù)處理后經(jīng)主動(dòng)脈根部導(dǎo)管注射BMSCs增強(qiáng)了內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的靶向黏附能力,促進(jìn)了干細(xì)胞移植??紤]到不同的超聲輻照參數(shù)產(chǎn)生的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)不同,較弱的炎性反應(yīng)有助于干細(xì)胞的動(dòng)員和歸巢,但過(guò)度的炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)可能會(huì)使干細(xì)胞凋亡和壞死,不利于細(xì)胞治療,Ling等[15]以犬為研究對(duì)象,利用不同參數(shù)UTMD對(duì)梗死心肌預(yù)處理后經(jīng)冠狀動(dòng)脈注射間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs),證明此方法治療心肌梗死的同時(shí),亦得出一組較佳的超聲輻照參數(shù):頻率1 Hz,脈沖超聲強(qiáng)度1 W/cm2。通過(guò)對(duì)最佳超聲輻照參數(shù)的研究,UTMD得到進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展,通過(guò)改變局部心肌微環(huán)境,誘導(dǎo)干細(xì)胞歸巢,增強(qiáng)了干細(xì)胞治療心肌梗死的效果。

2 超聲、微泡對(duì)干細(xì)胞預(yù)處理后行干細(xì)胞移植

隨著UTMD的不斷成熟,一些研究者開始對(duì)超聲輻照微泡(ultrasound-exposed microbubbles,UM)預(yù)處理的干細(xì)胞進(jìn)行移植,探究其對(duì)心肌梗死的治療效果。經(jīng)冠脈注射UM預(yù)處理的BMSCs較注射未預(yù)處理的BMSCs可明顯增加向受損心肌歸巢的干細(xì)胞數(shù)量,促進(jìn)新生血管形成,改善心功能[16]。對(duì)BMSCs進(jìn)行UM預(yù)處理可以促使BMSCs向基質(zhì)細(xì)胞衍生因子-1(stromal derived factor-1,SDF-1)濃度遷移、向缺血的大鼠心肌靶向歸巢[17-18],Gu等[19]檢測(cè)BMSCs內(nèi)CXCR4的轉(zhuǎn)染和表達(dá)以及鈣離子的含量,證明外源性移植經(jīng)UM預(yù)處理的干細(xì)胞可增強(qiáng)干細(xì)胞移植效果,其機(jī)制可能與UM-鈣離子-CXCR4軸有關(guān)。至此,超聲及微泡介導(dǎo)干細(xì)胞治療心肌梗死的研究層次得到提高。endprint

3 干細(xì)胞移植后注射微泡行超聲輻照

將UTMD與干細(xì)胞移植相結(jié)合治療心肌梗死的方法很多,為了探求一個(gè)最佳的結(jié)合方法,也有研究者對(duì)心肌梗死的新西蘭兔經(jīng)靜脈MSCs移植后注射微泡進(jìn)行超聲輻照,發(fā)現(xiàn)此方法亦可誘導(dǎo)局部新生血管形成,改善心肌灌注,同時(shí)抑制心肌纖維化和心肌重構(gòu)[20],改善心功能。通過(guò)進(jìn)一步分析SDF-1/CXCR4的表達(dá)、計(jì)數(shù)向心梗區(qū)域歸巢的MSCs,Li等[7]提出,此方法促使經(jīng)靜脈注射的MSCs向SD大鼠缺血心肌歸巢的機(jī)制與UTMD上調(diào)SDF-1/CXCR4軸有關(guān)。超聲及微泡介導(dǎo)干細(xì)胞治療心肌梗死的作用通過(guò)SDF-1/CXCR4軸得到印證。

4 超聲、微泡與其他方法相結(jié)合對(duì)干細(xì)胞預(yù)處理后進(jìn)行移植

單純UTMD介導(dǎo)干細(xì)胞移植的作用有限,眾多研究者開始在體外將UTMD與其他方法相結(jié)合對(duì)干細(xì)胞進(jìn)行預(yù)處理,共同促進(jìn)干細(xì)胞移植。UTMD與去甲基化藥物5-氮雜胞苷(5-Azacytine,5-Aza)聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,5-Aza誘導(dǎo)MSCs向心肌分化的效果增強(qiáng)[21];UTMD(t = 30 s,A = 0.6 W/cm2,MB = 106/mL)與低氧誘導(dǎo)(hypoxic preconditioning,HP)(1%O2,94%N2,5%CO2,24 h)相結(jié)合(HP-MB),SDF-1/CXCR4軸的表達(dá)上調(diào),MSCs向心肌梗死區(qū)的趨化能力提高[22]。UTMD與其他方法聯(lián)合應(yīng)用預(yù)處理干細(xì)胞促進(jìn)其歸巢的作用得到證實(shí)。

5 超聲輻照經(jīng)修飾的微泡促進(jìn)干細(xì)胞移植

除了聯(lián)合其他方法對(duì)干細(xì)胞進(jìn)行預(yù)處理外,對(duì)微泡進(jìn)行修飾也可以提高移植效率:超聲輻照NO微泡可通過(guò)增加SDF-1和血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)的表達(dá)促進(jìn)經(jīng)靜脈注射的干細(xì)胞向大鼠梗死心肌歸巢、誘導(dǎo)新生血管形成,改善心功能[23-24];利用UTMD將銅-微泡傳遞至新西蘭兔缺血心肌,可通過(guò)激活銅相關(guān)低氧誘導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1,HIF-1)重建BMSCs歸巢的信號(hào)通路,促進(jìn)經(jīng)靜脈注射的BMSCs歸巢[25]。

6 超聲輻照微泡-干細(xì)胞復(fù)合體促進(jìn)干細(xì)胞移植

為了進(jìn)一步提高干細(xì)胞移植的效率,Naaijkens等[26]將CD90抗體與CD54抗體同時(shí)偶聯(lián)到微泡表面,制成干細(xì)胞-微泡復(fù)合體(stem bells),通過(guò)CD90抗體使雙重靶向微泡與脂肪源性干細(xì)胞(adipose derived stem cells,ASCs)結(jié)合,通過(guò)抗ICAM-1的CD54抗體促使經(jīng)靜脈注射的ASCs向兔心肌梗死區(qū)靶向運(yùn)動(dòng),進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)了干細(xì)胞移植的靶向性。Kokhuis等[27]則通過(guò)活體顯微鏡直接在雞胚胎中對(duì)超聲輻照stem bells產(chǎn)生的效應(yīng)進(jìn)行光學(xué)觀察,證實(shí)了聯(lián)合應(yīng)用UTMD和stem bells定向傳遞干細(xì)胞的可行性和高效性:增加干細(xì)胞靶向歸巢的同時(shí)將侵襲性降到最低,并在體外鑒定stem bells在超聲暴露下的活性以及對(duì)聲輻射的敏感性之后,在Wistar大鼠體內(nèi)證實(shí)了超聲輻照經(jīng)靜脈注射的stem bells來(lái)促進(jìn)干細(xì)胞歸巢的安全性[28]。至此,超聲介導(dǎo)微泡-干細(xì)胞聯(lián)合治療心肌梗死以其較強(qiáng)的靶向性正吸引著越來(lái)越多的研究者。

7 UTMD介導(dǎo)的基因治療促進(jìn)內(nèi)源性干細(xì)胞移植

除了干細(xì)胞移植效率的問(wèn)題外,外源性干細(xì)胞移植還存在著分離、純化、免疫排斥等問(wèn)題,均限制了干細(xì)胞移植的應(yīng)用。因此,促進(jìn)內(nèi)源性干細(xì)胞移植的研究應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。一些研究者[29-32]首先在體外證實(shí),UTMD不但可提高基因轉(zhuǎn)染效率,還能保持干細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染后的增殖活性和分化能力。在體內(nèi)研究中,Du等[33]利用UTMD介導(dǎo)與功能恢復(fù)有關(guān)的GDF11[34]轉(zhuǎn)染促進(jìn)了老年大鼠自身內(nèi)皮祖細(xì)胞(endothelial progenitorcells,EPCs)歸巢和心臟干細(xì)胞(cardiac stem cells,CSCs)增殖,改善了心功能;Fujii等[35]將UTMD與VEGF、干細(xì)胞因子(stem cell factor,SCF)基因治療相結(jié)合,通過(guò)基因轉(zhuǎn)染促進(jìn)C57BL/6小鼠自體干細(xì)胞[VEGF受體2+和SCF受體(c-kit)+]向心臟歸巢,之后又通過(guò)重復(fù)治療(至少6次)增強(qiáng)了治療效果[36]。因其廣闊的應(yīng)用前景,UTMD介導(dǎo)基因轉(zhuǎn)染促內(nèi)源性干細(xì)胞歸巢治療心肌梗死的研究日益增多。

8 小結(jié)和展望

超聲及微泡輔助干細(xì)胞移植治療心肌梗死的效果已得到證實(shí),是一種極具潛力的治療方法。但迄今為止,UTMD的研究還只停留在體外和小動(dòng)物模型等臨床前實(shí)驗(yàn)的階段,在靶基因選擇、超聲輻照參數(shù)、微泡濃度和成分以及微泡和干細(xì)胞或基因的比例等顯著影響移植效率的重要方面[37]均無(wú)明確標(biāo)準(zhǔn),考慮到安全性的問(wèn)題,要將超聲及微泡輔助干細(xì)胞移植的方法真正用于心肌梗死的臨床治療,仍需進(jìn)一步研究。

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