宋云峰
1.伍迪·艾倫的電影主題與風(fēng)格
1935年出生的伍迪·艾倫現(xiàn)已年過(guò)八旬。20世紀(jì)50年代他以喜劇作家出道,60年代以表演單口相聲而出名,此后便一直從事喜劇電影的編劇、表演和導(dǎo)演工作,幾乎一年拍攝一部電影,逐漸形成了自己的主題和風(fēng)格。作為著名喜劇家,伍迪·艾倫的電影大都由自己編劇、執(zhí)導(dǎo)和出演,塑造了缺乏安全感、焦慮不安并喋喋不休的無(wú)能知識(shí)分子的獨(dú)特形象,與其本人現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的人格大相徑庭 [As a comedian, he developed the persona(人物角色)of an insecure, intellectual, fretful(焦躁的)nebbish(無(wú)能的人), which he maintains is quite different from his real-life personality]。
自20世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái),伍迪·艾倫開(kāi)始拍攝更多的犯罪劇情片,聚焦于犯罪人物的心理活動(dòng),其主題與風(fēng)格深受俄羅斯作家陀思妥耶夫斯基《罪與罰》(1866)的影響。《罪與罰》描寫了窮大學(xué)生拉斯柯?tīng)柲峥品颍≧askolnikov)受無(wú)政府主義思想毒害,認(rèn)為自己是個(gè)超人,可以為所欲為。為生計(jì)所迫,他殺死典當(dāng)鋪的老太婆阿廖娜和她無(wú)辜的妹妹麗扎韋塔,制造了一起震驚全俄的兇殺案。經(jīng)歷了內(nèi)心痛苦的懺悔后,他最終在基督徒索尼雅姑娘的規(guī)勸下投案自首,被判流放西伯利亞?!蹲锱c罰》聚焦于拉斯柯?tīng)柲峥品蛴?jì)劃犯罪、實(shí)施犯罪以及事后的自我開(kāi)脫等道德困境與心理活動(dòng),尤其是他以超人理論為自己開(kāi)脫,甚至自比拿破侖,認(rèn)為可以為了更高目的而殺人的自我辯護(hù)。
Crime and Punishment focuses on the mental anguish and moral dilemmas of Rodion Raskolnikov, an impoverished(窮困潦倒的)ex-student in Saint Petersburg who formulates and executes a plan to kill an unscrupulous(肆無(wú)忌憚的)pawnbroker(典當(dāng)商)for her cash. Raskolnikov, in an attempt to defend his actions, argues that with the pawnbrokers money he can perform good deeds to counterbalance the crime, while ridding the world of a vermin(害蟲(chóng),壞蛋). He also commits the murder to test a theory of his that dictates some people are naturally capable of such actions, and even have the right to perform them. Several times throughout the novel, Raskolnikov compares himself with Napoleon Bonaparte(拿破侖·波拿巴)and shares his belief that murder is permissible in pursuit of a higher purpose.
這樣的主題在伍迪·艾倫80年代以來(lái)的犯罪片中反復(fù)出現(xiàn),探討人在實(shí)施犯罪時(shí)的心理活動(dòng)以及事后的道德困境和良心拷問(wèn),從而進(jìn)一步審視人的本質(zhì)。
2. 《罪與錯(cuò)》(Crimes and Misdemeanors, 1989)
朱達(dá)(Judah)是一名事業(yè)有成的眼科醫(yī)生,他不僅在學(xué)術(shù)界取得了穩(wěn)固的地位,更是熱心于慈善事業(yè)。在外人眼中,朱達(dá)和妻子米利亞姆(Miriam)無(wú)疑是一對(duì)模范夫妻,兩人的婚姻長(zhǎng)久而穩(wěn)定,可是實(shí)際上,朱達(dá)多年來(lái)一直和一個(gè)名叫多羅瑞斯(Dolores)的女子保持著親密的關(guān)系。令朱達(dá)頭痛的是,多羅瑞斯已經(jīng)無(wú)法再忍受自己秘密情人的身份,咄咄逼人的她甚至向朱達(dá)發(fā)出了威脅,要把他們的關(guān)系公之于世。所以朱達(dá)不得不決定將多羅瑞斯除掉。雇人將多羅瑞斯除掉后,朱達(dá)陰差陽(yáng)錯(cuò)地逃過(guò)了法律的制裁,生活也歸于平靜,但他能否逃脫良心和道德的譴責(zé)?朱達(dá)認(rèn)為隨著時(shí)間的推移,任何危機(jī)都會(huì)過(guò)去;而劇中的另一個(gè)主要人物克里夫(Cliff)則認(rèn)為,一個(gè)人將永遠(yuǎn)為其所犯下的罪與錯(cuò)承受良心的不安,因?yàn)槊CS钪嬷惺谴嬖诠秸x(justice)的。這一陀思妥耶夫斯基式的命題在伍迪·艾倫之后的犯罪電影中反復(fù)出現(xiàn),其答案也不盡相同,表現(xiàn)了導(dǎo)演在這一問(wèn)題上的糾結(jié)。
Judah has worked through his guilt and is enjoying life once more; the murder had been blamed on a drifter(流浪漢)with a criminal record. Judah says that with time, any crisis will pass; but Cliff morosely(憂郁地)claims instead that one is forever fated to bear ones burdens for “crimes and misdemeanors”. The outline of Judahs moral dilemma—whether a person can continue everyday life with the knowledge of having committed murder—evokes(喚起)the pivotal(極為關(guān)鍵的)idea of the Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoyevskys Crime and Punishment (1866), despite suggesting a resolution nearly opposite to that of the novel. Allen would revisit the theme in his films Match Point, Cassandras Dream and Irrational Man(《賽末點(diǎn)》、《卡珊德拉之夢(mèng)》和《無(wú)理之人》).endprint
美國(guó)著名影評(píng)人羅杰·易伯特(Roger Ebert)高度評(píng)價(jià)《罪與錯(cuò)》,認(rèn)為該片創(chuàng)造了最好的懸念,因?yàn)楸M管觀眾對(duì)故事的發(fā)展了如指掌,但心理拷問(wèn)會(huì)將觀眾置于主人公的位置:在同樣的情況下你會(huì)怎么做?
The movie generates the best kind of suspense, because its not about what will happen to people—its about what decisions they will reach. We have the same information they have. What would we do? How far would we go to protect our happiness and reputation? How selfish would we be? Is our comfort worth more than another persons life? Allen does not evade(規(guī)避)this question, and his answer seems to be, yes, for some people, it would be.
3. 《賽末點(diǎn)》(Match Point, 2005)
窮小子威爾頓(Wilton)為改變自己的命運(yùn),從愛(ài)爾蘭來(lái)到倫敦當(dāng)網(wǎng)球教練,立誓要憑一身網(wǎng)球絕技混入對(duì)該運(yùn)動(dòng)情有獨(dú)鐘的上流社會(huì)。結(jié)識(shí)富家公子哥湯姆(Tom)后,他得到了機(jī)會(huì)。對(duì)方的妹妹克羅伊(Chloe)對(duì)他一見(jiàn)鐘情,其后,在克羅伊父親的相助下,威爾頓順利混入上流社會(huì)。正當(dāng)他要與克羅伊談婚論嫁時(shí),威爾頓邂逅了湯姆的女友、來(lái)自美國(guó)的女演員諾拉(Nora),后者同樣在為進(jìn)入上流社會(huì)做著不懈的努力,兩個(gè)人都有一種寄人籬下同病相憐之感,并發(fā)生了一夜情。不久,威爾頓與克羅伊結(jié)婚,而湯姆卻與諾拉分手。一段時(shí)間后,威爾頓與諾拉偶遇,與她又恢復(fù)了情人關(guān)系??肆_伊結(jié)婚后一直想要個(gè)孩子,可總是不能如愿,正當(dāng)威爾頓在善良而富有的妻子克羅伊和性感迷人的情人諾拉之間周旋時(shí),諾拉意外懷孕了。她拒絕墮胎,要求威爾頓必須將實(shí)情告訴克羅伊并與之分手。但威爾頓并不愛(ài)諾拉,他決定選擇優(yōu)越的生活而殺死諾拉。最終他殺死了諾拉和她的房東,并由于一系列巧合而順利擺脫了法律上的嫌疑。
《賽末點(diǎn)》被伍迪·艾倫視為自己最好的作品之一,其犯罪主題的動(dòng)因也比《罪與錯(cuò)》更加復(fù)雜,涉及道德、貪婪、性欲和運(yùn)氣(morality, greed, lust and luck)等。影片一開(kāi)始就將人生的命運(yùn)比做決定網(wǎng)球勝負(fù)的最后一球——賽末點(diǎn),全憑運(yùn)氣。借助威爾頓正在閱讀的《罪與罰》,影片明顯將其比做陀思妥耶夫斯基小說(shuō)中的主人公拉斯柯?tīng)柲峥品颉5箍聽(tīng)柲峥品蛟跉⑷撕笫艿搅夹牡淖l責(zé)而投案自首,最終受到懲罰而得到救贖——皈依上帝并得到愛(ài)情。而《賽末點(diǎn)》的主人公威爾頓則為了私利殺死了愛(ài)他的姑娘,沒(méi)有一絲的負(fù)罪感,并且靠運(yùn)氣逃過(guò)了法律的懲罰。與陀思妥耶夫斯基不同,伍迪·艾倫在這部影片中對(duì)命運(yùn)、忠誠(chéng)和人性持悲觀態(tài)度,認(rèn)為人世間既沒(méi)有上帝,也沒(méi)有懲罰,更沒(méi)有愛(ài)情提供救贖。
The film is a debate with Fyodor Dostoyevskys Crime and Punishment, which Wilton is seen reading early on, identifying him with the anti-hero Raskolnikov. That character is a brooding(憂思的)loner who kills two women to prove that he is a superior being, but is racked(折磨)by guilt and eventually admits all to a dogged sleuth(偵探), and he is finally redeemed(救贖)by punishment, the love of a poor girl, and the discovery of God. Wilton is a brooding loner who kills a poor girl who loves him because he considers his interests superior to those around him, knows little guilt, and avoids detection(被發(fā)現(xiàn))through luck. Offering a depressing view on fate, fidelity(忠貞), and the nature of man, Allen argues, unlike Dostoyevsky, that there is neither God, nor punishment, nor love to provide redemption.
4. 《卡珊德拉之夢(mèng)》(Cassandras Dreams, 2007)
故事的主人公是生活在倫敦的兩兄弟——伊恩(Ian)和特里(Terry)。一個(gè)沉溺賭博,負(fù)債累累;另一個(gè)則為漂亮女演員神魂顛倒,患得患失。兄弟倆用特里賽狗下注贏的錢低價(jià)買到一艘船,并將其命名為“卡珊德拉之夢(mèng)”,絲毫沒(méi)有意識(shí)到它將帶來(lái)的厄運(yùn)。兩兄弟都很需要錢,正當(dāng)他們對(duì)發(fā)財(cái)感到絕望的時(shí)候,家族英雄、富裕的霍華德叔叔突然來(lái)探望兩兄弟,他以親情和金錢為誘餌,勸誘兩人幫他解決掉一個(gè)自己的商業(yè)伙伴。兩兄弟經(jīng)過(guò)痛苦的思想掙扎,終于決定下手。事情進(jìn)展得很順利,錢已到手的兩兄弟開(kāi)著“卡珊德拉之夢(mèng)”,開(kāi)始享受陽(yáng)光和海風(fēng)。可是日子并不像他們所預(yù)期的那樣風(fēng)平浪靜,更多的煩惱隨后接踵而來(lái)。殺了人的特里一直內(nèi)心自責(zé),不敢面對(duì)自己殺人的現(xiàn)實(shí),猶豫著是否要向警察自首。伊恩得知消息,害怕特里自首會(huì)連累自己,于是找到叔叔霍華德,兩人開(kāi)始醞釀謀殺特里的計(jì)劃。在“卡珊德拉之夢(mèng)”游艇上,親情、金錢、良知開(kāi)始相互審判。最終兩兄弟同歸于盡。endprint
Ian plans to poison Terry during an outing on the boat. Ian cant bring himself to kill his own brother, and attacks him in a fit of rage(一時(shí)氣憤). In the chaos, Terry knocks Ian down the steps into the cabin, killing him. The boat is later discovered adrift by the police, and the audience learns that Terry snapped(失足)and drowned himself after killing his brother. The last shot is of Cassandras Dream, still in beautiful condition despite the tragedies it set in motion.
顯然,伍迪·艾倫關(guān)于罪與罰的主題在該片中得到再現(xiàn),尤以希臘神話人物卡珊德拉來(lái)象征人們?nèi)粘_x擇中的因果關(guān)系和因緣巧合。卡珊德拉是希臘神話中的預(yù)言家,但她對(duì)厄運(yùn)的預(yù)言往往被她身邊的人所忽略,或視為無(wú)稽之談。影片中兩兄弟用賭博贏來(lái)的錢購(gòu)買船只并命名為“卡珊德拉之夢(mèng)”早已預(yù)示著厄運(yùn)的降臨——為錢而殺人并最終導(dǎo)致人財(cái)兩失。
In modern usage the name of Cassandra is employed as a rhetorical device(修辭手法)to indicate someone whose accurate prophecies(預(yù)言)are not believed by those around them. After a greyhound(賽狗)that won Terry the money, the brothers buy a sailboat at an oddly low price, despite its near pristine(嶄新的)condition. They name it Cassandras Dream, knowing nothing of Greek mythology(希臘神話), unaware of the ominous(不詳?shù)模゛ntecedents(前因)of this name—the ancient prophetess(女預(yù)言家)Cassandra, whose prophecies of doom(厄運(yùn),死亡)went unheeded(被忽略的)by those around her.
5. 《無(wú)理之人》 (Irrational Man, 2015)
影片講述了一起大學(xué)校園里的謀殺案。阿貝(Abe)是新英格蘭某大學(xué)一名滿腹經(jīng)綸又酗酒亂性的哲學(xué)教授,與崇拜他的女學(xué)生吉爾(Jill)關(guān)系非同尋常。一次,吉爾與阿貝在一家餐館吃飯,偶然聽(tīng)到一個(gè)女人抱怨她遭到法官不公正裁決,將失去孩子的監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)。阿貝很同情那個(gè)女人,決定主持正義,幫她把法官除掉。事實(shí)上,阿貝把“完美謀殺”當(dāng)成了解決自身存在主義危機(jī)的出路。經(jīng)過(guò)“理性”的分析,他認(rèn)為自己與這起案件毫無(wú)聯(lián)系,所以別人不會(huì)懷疑到他。阿貝從學(xué)校實(shí)驗(yàn)室偷來(lái)了氰化物,放進(jìn)有橙汁的杯子里,偷偷與法官的杯子做了調(diào)換。果然他很快得逞了,法官隨后中毒身亡,警方破案則沒(méi)有頭緒。隨著案件的進(jìn)展,吉爾發(fā)現(xiàn)了該案的一些破綻,找到阿貝詰問(wèn),阿貝不得不承認(rèn)了犯罪的事實(shí),但卻拒絕為此承擔(dān)責(zé)任,因?yàn)樗麣⑷说膭?dòng)機(jī)是為了主持“正義”。吉爾威脅要告發(fā)阿貝。為此,阿貝不得不決定除掉吉爾,但卻掉進(jìn)了自己設(shè)計(jì)的死亡陷阱。
Jill confronts Abe and accuses him of the murder. Abe then admits his guilt and explains his motive. Jill decides to break off their relationship but promises not to turn him in(告發(fā)他). However, after an innocent man is accused of the crime, she presses Abe to go to the police, warning him that otherwise she will report him. Abe, who has only recently started enjoying life, is determined to stay out of jail. He attempts to kill Jill by pushing her into an elevator shaft(電梯井), but, instead, he stumbles(踉蹌)backward and falls down the shaft to his death. Jill then begins repairing her life.
《無(wú)理之人》除了延續(xù)了伍迪·艾倫罪與罰的主題之外,還對(duì)知識(shí)分子的虛偽和雙重道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行了辛辣的諷刺。在影片中,大學(xué)教授阿貝以知名哲學(xué)家自居,占據(jù)道德高地,在課堂上大談康德、薩特、波伏娃,很享受學(xué)生(尤其是女學(xué)生)對(duì)自己的崇拜,但私下卻毫無(wú)道德可言,同時(shí)與女同事和女學(xué)生發(fā)生關(guān)系。當(dāng)吉爾揭穿了他的殺人事實(shí)后,阿貝的權(quán)威形象蕩然無(wú)存,但仍竭力為自己的犯法和不道德行為辯解。在吉爾逼迫他去自首時(shí),阿貝狗急跳墻,決定將吉爾除掉。具有諷刺意味的是,阿貝作為哲學(xué)教授在課堂上大談理性和選擇,但自己在生活中的所作所為卻非常不理性,導(dǎo)致了自我毀滅的悲劇。伍迪·艾倫似乎在暗示,人性(由理性和感性兩個(gè)方面組成)對(duì)每個(gè)人都是公平的,你的選擇就決定了你的命運(yùn)。endprint
《無(wú)理之人》精彩臺(tái)詞
Jill: What do you plan to do about this?
Abe: I dont know.
Jill: You dont know. Surely, youre not gonna let an innocent man take the rap for(代人受罰)you, Abe.
Abe: Ive been up and back over this since I heard the news.
Jill: “Up and back”? What does that mean?
Abe: I mean that I tried to bring off(完成)the perfect crime, and apparently, I succeeded all too well.
Jill: Okay, well, what about all your talk about moral high ground?
Abe: Look, I need to think this out, all right?
Jill: What is there to think about? An innocent man is about to have his life ruined.
Abe: Okay, Ill give myself up(自首). Is that what you want?
Jill: Isnt that what you want? I mean, all this talk, talk, talk, about doing the right thing, and whats best, and…
Abe: Okay, if they dont see that theyre making a mistake and let him go(放了那個(gè)被冤枉的人)in a few days, then Ill just… Ill fuckin, Ill turn myself in(自首).
Jill: I havent been able to live with myself(心安理得)as it is! And this is a… Were talking about an innocent man thats gonna be prosecuted(起訴)for this!
Abe: I know, I agree! Let me just see if my luck holds out, and they come to realize that they made a mistake, you know? Because I mean… Look at me! Im not gonna fuckin make it!
Jill: I know, I understand. I get… You have to do it by Monday, though, Abe. You got to do it by Monday, or else Im gonna have to do it. Im gonna have to do it.endprint