惠騰++戴瑞彤++彭增起++喻倩倩++田曉靜
摘 要:研究外源豬背膘的整合添加對(duì)重組干腌火腿成熟過程中的脂質(zhì)氧化和蛋白質(zhì)氧化的影響。按照豬背膘的添加水平分別為0%、2%和4%制成生重組火腿,并經(jīng)過30 d產(chǎn)香成熟過程,制得重組干腌火腿。對(duì)整個(gè)成熟期間火腿的過氧化值(peroxide value,POV)、過氧化氫含量、硫代巴比妥酸反應(yīng)物質(zhì)(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs)值、游離自由基含量、蛋白質(zhì)羰基化合物和巰基化合物含量的變化進(jìn)行測(cè)定,并對(duì)重組干腌火腿成熟期間的脂質(zhì)氧化和蛋白質(zhì)氧化進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析。結(jié)果表明:在重組干腌火腿的整個(gè)成熟過程中,外源豬背膘水平從0%增加到4%能顯著促進(jìn)過氧化物、過氧化氫和丙二醛等脂質(zhì)氧化產(chǎn)物的生成(P<0.05);僅在4%豬背膘處理組重組干腌火腿成熟末期檢測(cè)到了游離自由基,說明重組干腌火腿成熟期間游離自由基的生成與成熟時(shí)間和脂肪含量有關(guān);蛋白質(zhì)氧化在火腿成熟前期并不顯著(P>0.05),其主要發(fā)生在成熟后期,并受脂肪含量的影響,外源豬背膘水平從0%增加到4%能顯著促進(jìn)火腿成熟后期蛋白質(zhì)羰基化合物的生成,降低巰基含量
(P<0.05);重組干腌火腿成熟期間的蛋白質(zhì)羰基化合物含量與H2O2含量(r=0.44,P<0.05)和TBARs值(r=0.94,
P<0.01)均有顯著的正相關(guān)性,說明火腿成熟過程中的脂質(zhì)氧化與蛋白質(zhì)氧化具有正相關(guān)性。
關(guān)鍵詞:重組干腌火腿;豬背膘;脂質(zhì)氧化;蛋白質(zhì)氧化;游離自由基
Lipid and Protein Oxidation in Restructured Dry Cured Ham during Ripening
HUI Teng1, DAI Ruitong1,*, PENG Zengqi2, YU Qianqian1, TIAN Xiaojing1
(1.College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; 2.National Center of
Meat Quality and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China)
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of incorporating pig back fat in restructured dry cured ham (RDCH) on the lipid and protein oxidation during ripening. Fresh raw ham butts were skinned, boned, and cut into meat cubes ((4–6) cm × (4–6) cm× (4–6) cm). The meat cubes were restructured with 0% (control), 2% and 4% pig back fat paste respectively into raw restructured ham. After 30 days of ripening, peroxide value (POV), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), free radical, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), carbonyl and sulfhydryl group (SH) were detected, and the correlation between lipid oxidation and protein oxidation was analyzed. Results indicated that the contents of peroxide, H2O2 and TBARs in RDCH increased with the increasing amount of added pig back fat level from 0% to 4%, and free radical was only detected in the 4% treatment group in the late period of ripening by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR), suggesting that the generation of free radical in RDCH was related to the ripening time and fat level. The oxidation of muscle protein in RDCH was mild in the early period of ripening; however it mainly occurred in the late period of ripening and was affected by fat level. The content of carbonyl groups and the reduction of SH groups in RDCH increased significantly with the increasing amount of added pig back fat level from 0% to 4% during the late period of ripening (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the carbonyl content in RDCH had significant positive correlations with both H2O2 (r = 0.44, P < 0.05) and TBARs (r = 0.94, P < 0.01), suggesting that lipid oxidation had a positive correlation with protein oxidation in RDCH during ripening.endprint
Key words: restructured dry cured ham; pig back fat; lipid oxidation; protein oxidation; free radical
DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-201709002
中圖分類號(hào):TS251.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1001-8123(2017)09-0007-07
引文格式:
惠騰, 戴瑞彤, 彭增起, 等. 重組干腌火腿加工過程中脂質(zhì)與蛋白質(zhì)的氧化[J]. 肉類研究, 2017, 31(9): 7-13. DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-201709002. http://www.rlyj.pub
HUI Teng, DAI Ruitong, PENG Zengqi, et al. Lipid and protein oxidation in restructured dry cured ham during ripening[J]. Meat Research, 2017, 31(9): 7-13. DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-201709002. http://www.rlyj.pub
脂質(zhì)氧化是肉制品加工與貯藏過程中一種重要的生物化學(xué)變化,干腌肉制品的脂質(zhì)氧化過程能夠形成許多揮發(fā)性化合物,它們對(duì)干腌肉制品的香味起著重要作用,是干腌肉制品形成獨(dú)特風(fēng)味不可或缺的途徑,但脂質(zhì)氧化也會(huì)引起肉制品的酸敗,形成不愉快的味道[1-2]。在干腌火腿的加工過程中,鹽含量、溫度以及它們的交互作用對(duì)脂質(zhì)氧化有顯著影響[1],高溫和長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的成熟過程均能促進(jìn)脂質(zhì)氧化。其他影響脂質(zhì)氧化的因素包括原料肉的pH值、高壓處理、肌肉類型和硝化細(xì)菌的添加等[3-6]。
作為肌肉組織的主要成分,蛋白質(zhì)對(duì)肉制品的感官、營養(yǎng)和加工特性起著重要作用,蛋白質(zhì)的變化對(duì)肉制品的質(zhì)構(gòu)、顏色、香味等質(zhì)量特性有重要影響[7-9]。肌肉蛋白質(zhì)氧化會(huì)導(dǎo)致蛋白質(zhì)發(fā)生多種物理化學(xué)變化,包括氨基酸修飾、溶解性降低、活性消失及消化率降低等[10],進(jìn)而影響肉制品質(zhì)量。蛋白質(zhì)氧化受溫度、加工條件、催化劑和抑制劑等因素的影響[7],巰基含量[11]和蛋白質(zhì)羰基含量[12-13]
往往用于評(píng)價(jià)肉類制品中蛋白質(zhì)的氧化程度。
Lorenzo等[14]的研究表明,在香腸中添加外源脂質(zhì)能夠促進(jìn)香腸中的脂質(zhì)氧化;Viljanen等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)脂質(zhì)氧化很容易通過一系列反應(yīng)過渡到蛋白質(zhì)氧化;Utrera等[16]的研究表明,牛肉餅凍藏過程中的脂肪含量與蛋白質(zhì)氧化顯著相關(guān),高脂肪含量的牛肉餅凍藏過程中的蛋白質(zhì)氧化更劇烈。重組干腌火腿是將外源脂肪整合進(jìn)入瘦肉中成型,再經(jīng)過較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的成熟產(chǎn)香制得。脂肪對(duì)于重組干腌火腿成熟過程中香味的形成起著重要作用,但較高的脂質(zhì)含量會(huì)引起脂質(zhì)與蛋白質(zhì)的過度氧化,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致火腿質(zhì)量下降。本研究對(duì)外源豬背膘的添加對(duì)重組干腌火腿成熟過程中脂質(zhì)與蛋白質(zhì)氧化的影響進(jìn)行探究,并對(duì)火腿成熟過程中脂質(zhì)氧化與蛋白質(zhì)氧化的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行分析。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料與試劑
杜長(zhǎng)大三元雜交豬豬后腿15 條。三元雜交豬來自于集中飼養(yǎng),屠宰平均月齡7 個(gè)月,體質(zhì)量100 kg左右。
N-叔丁基-α-苯基硝酮(N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone,PBN,純度98%)、2-(N-嗎啡啉)乙磺酸(2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid,MES,純度98%)、硫代巴比妥酸(純度99%) 美國Sigma-Aldrich
公司;A06-1過氧化氫試劑盒 南京建成科技有限公司;5,5-二硫雙(2-硝基苯甲酸)(5,5-dithio-bis
(2-nitrobenzoic acid),DTNB,純度≥99%)、
2,4-二硝基苯肼(2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine,DNPH,純度98%) 上海邁瑞爾化學(xué)技術(shù)有限公司;谷氨酰胺轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(100 U/g) 江蘇一鳴生物股份有限公司;其他試劑均為國產(chǎn)分析純。所用添加劑均為食品級(jí)。
1.2 儀器與設(shè)備
BJBJ-60攪拌機(jī) 杭州愛博食品機(jī)械有限公司;UMC 5斬拌機(jī) 德國Stephan公司;Binder KBF 720恒溫恒濕箱 上海捷滬儀器儀表有限公司;DU 730紫外-可見分光光度計(jì) 美國Beckman Coulter公司;A300-10/12電子順磁共振波譜儀 德國Bruker公司;BD115電熱恒溫培養(yǎng)箱 德國Binder公司。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
參考Hui等[17-18]的方法。每個(gè)生重組火腿的質(zhì)量均為2 kg,外源脂肪添加水平分別為0%(對(duì)照組)、2%和4%;生重組火腿經(jīng)過脫水和成熟產(chǎn)香后得重組干腌火腿;成熟階段結(jié)束后,將整個(gè)重組干腌火腿絞碎,混合均勻,用于各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)測(cè)定。
1.3.2 重組干腌火腿的制備
1.3.2.1 原料肉處理
在4 ℃條件下將15 條豬后腿去皮、去骨,修掉可見的結(jié)締組織,豬背膘取自相應(yīng)生豬。
豬背膘處理:將豬背膘切成小塊,分別稱取0.04、0.08 kg(對(duì)應(yīng)于豬背膘添加水平分別為2%和4%的生重組火腿),置于斬拌機(jī)中,均添加60 g蒸餾水和20 g酪蛋白酸鈉,4 ℃、2 400 r/min條件下斬拌8 min,備用。
將豬后腿肉切成(4~6) cm×(4~6) cm×(4~6) cm的肉塊,分別稱取2.00、1.96、1.92 kg,加入相應(yīng)質(zhì)量的豬背膘,使豬背膘的添加水平分別為0%、2%和4%;將各組豬后腿肉和豬背膘分別放入攪拌機(jī)中,均添加80 g氯化鈉和0.30 g亞硝酸鈉,4 ℃、12 r/min條件下攪拌10 min,備用。endprint