朱 冰,樊佳佳,白俊杰,姜 鵬,馬冬梅,李勝杰
金草魚肌肉品質(zhì)和營養(yǎng)成分分析及評價(jià)
朱 冰1,2,樊佳佳1,白俊杰1,姜 鵬1,馬冬梅1,李勝杰1
(1.中國水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院珠江水產(chǎn)研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部熱帶亞熱帶水產(chǎn)資源利用與養(yǎng)殖重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣州 510380;2.上海海洋大學(xué)水產(chǎn)與生命學(xué)院,上海 201306)
為了評價(jià)金草魚(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肌肉品質(zhì)和營養(yǎng)成分,對同塘養(yǎng)殖的金草魚和普通草魚肌肉品質(zhì)和營養(yǎng)成分進(jìn)行比較分析及評價(jià)。結(jié)果顯示:金草魚和草魚的含肉率分別為70.57%和73.13%,肌肉水分含量分別為78.60%和78.40%,粗蛋白含量分別為19.55%和19.95%,粗灰分含量分別為1.80%和1.45%,粗脂肪含量分別為0.39%和0.50%。金草魚肌肉的冷凍滲出率和蒸煮失重率低于草魚,貯存損失為2.64%,顯著低于草魚的4.87%。金草魚肌肉系水力大于草魚,保水性更好。金草魚與草魚肌肉中氨基酸組成合理,必需氨基酸含量豐富,分別為5.45%和5.35%,必需氨基酸/總氨基酸分別為35.16和35.21,必需氨基酸指數(shù)為58.88和56.85;不飽和脂肪酸含量豐富,分別占總脂肪酸的73.44%和70.43%。綜合分析表明,金草魚與草魚均為高蛋白、低脂肪的食品,具有較高的營養(yǎng)價(jià)值。金草魚肌肉的系水力、必需氨基酸含量和不飽和脂肪酸含量大于草魚。
草魚;肌肉;含肉率;系水力;營養(yǎng)評價(jià)
金草魚(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)又名金絲鯇、俄羅斯金草魚等,隸屬鯉形目(Cypriniformes),鯉科(Cyprinidae)、雅羅魚亞科(Leuciscinae)、草魚屬,是20世紀(jì)90年代佛山市順德區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)水產(chǎn)站從日本轉(zhuǎn)道俄羅斯引進(jìn)我國,目前主要養(yǎng)殖于我國廣東和福建地區(qū),它體表呈金黃色,形態(tài)體型與普通草魚相似[1-2],引進(jìn)后養(yǎng)殖規(guī)模逐漸擴(kuò)大,除了食用外,還有一定的觀賞作用。目前對金草魚的研究主要集中在養(yǎng)殖技術(shù)[1-2]和種質(zhì)資源方面[3],其養(yǎng)殖方式與普通草魚相同,并有生長快、抗病力強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn);在遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)上,金草魚與我國養(yǎng)殖的普通草魚差別較大,屬于一個(gè)分支的地理種群[3]。有關(guān)金草魚與草魚在營養(yǎng)成分方面的差異還未見有報(bào)導(dǎo),在肉質(zhì)上金草魚的肉質(zhì)細(xì)嫩、味道鮮美,與草魚有很大差別。本研究擬在肌肉品質(zhì)和營養(yǎng)成分方面對金草魚和草魚進(jìn)行分析和評價(jià),以期為其養(yǎng)殖推廣和生產(chǎn)加工提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)材料
金草魚親本取自南海通威水產(chǎn)科技有限公司,草魚親本取自中國水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院珠江水產(chǎn)研究所高要基地,在2015年5月,兩批草魚進(jìn)行群體內(nèi)交配繁殖,在魚苗3 cm時(shí)同塘混養(yǎng),全程投喂人工配合飼料。2016年7月各挑選5 ind用于實(shí)驗(yàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)前禁食1 d,金草魚和草魚的平均體質(zhì)量分別為(1 385.1±151.9)g和(1 406.0±123.6)g。
1.2 含肉率的測定
參考黃峰等[4]的方法測定含肉率,魚體擦干后,測量其體質(zhì)量(W1),分別去除血液、鰓、鱗片、皮膚和內(nèi)臟后稱質(zhì)量(W2),然后放入蒸鍋內(nèi)蒸至肉和骨骼完全分離,去除肌肉等可食部分,洗凈骨骼和鰭條,濾紙吸干后稱質(zhì)量(W3)。含肉率的計(jì)算公式:
1.3 pH值的測定
參考趙亮[5]的方法測定pH,取背部白肌5 g,剪碎后放入勻漿管,加45 mL蒸餾水,置于冰上勻漿后靜置10 min,然后用pH計(jì)(Mettler Toledo PE-20)測定pH值,每尾魚取3個(gè)樣,每個(gè)樣重復(fù)測定3次。
1.4 肌肉系水力的測定
選取背部白肌,首先將肌肉切成大小適當(dāng)方塊,每個(gè)方塊質(zhì)量約5 g左右,每尾魚選取3個(gè)肌肉方塊,用濾紙吸干表面水分后準(zhǔn)確稱質(zhì)量,然后分別放入自封袋,一份放入4℃冰箱中24 h后取出用濾紙吸干表面水分后稱質(zhì)量;一份放入-20℃冰箱中24 h后取出待解凍后用濾紙吸干表面水分后稱質(zhì)量;一份放入沸水中煮5 min,濾紙吸干表面水分后稱質(zhì)量;根據(jù)質(zhì)量的變化計(jì)算肌肉的貯存損失、冷凍滲出率和蒸煮失重率[6]。
1.5 常規(guī)營養(yǎng)成分及礦物元素測定
分別采用直接干燥法(GB 5009.3—2010/第一法)測定水分;重量法(GB 5009.4—2010)測定灰分;索氏提取法(GB/T 5009.6—2003/第一法)測定粗脂肪;凱氏定氮法(GB 5009.5—2010/第一法)測定粗蛋白?;鹧姘l(fā)射光譜法測定鉀(K)和鈉(Na)(GB/T 5009.91-2003);分光光度法測定磷(P)(GB/T 5009.87-2003/第一法);原子吸收分光光度法測定鈣(Ca)(GB/T 5009.92-2003)、鐵(Fe)、錳(Mn)和鎂(Mg)(GB/T 5009.90-2003);原子吸收光譜法測定鋅(Zn)(GB/T 5009.14-2003/第一法)和銅(Cu)(GB/T 5009.13-2003/第一法 火焰法);氫化物原子熒光光譜法測定硒(Se)(GB 5009.93-2010/第一法)。氨基酸和脂肪酸的組成和含量參照GB/T 18654.11-2008、GB/T 9695.2-2008的方法進(jìn)行測定。樣品重復(fù)測定3次。
1.6 營養(yǎng)品質(zhì)評價(jià)
根據(jù)聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織/世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO/FAO)1973年建議的氨基酸評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式[7]和全雞蛋蛋白質(zhì)的氨基酸模式[8],分別按以下公式計(jì)算氨酸酸評分(AAS)、化學(xué)評分(CS)以及必需氨基酸指數(shù)(EAAI)[9]:
式中:n為比較的必需氨基酸數(shù)量;A、B、C···J為草魚肌肉蛋白質(zhì)中必需氨基酸的含量/(mg/g pro);AE、BE、CE···JE為全雞蛋蛋白質(zhì)中同種氨基酸含量/(mg/g pro)。
1.7 數(shù)據(jù)處理
采用Excel 2010軟件處理實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),用SPSS 17.0軟件的單因素方差(One-way ANOVA)分析模塊對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行顯著性檢驗(yàn)。
2.1 肌肉品質(zhì)和一般營養(yǎng)成分
金草魚與草魚的主要品質(zhì)及營養(yǎng)指標(biāo)見表1,從表1可知:金草魚肌肉的pH和水分略高于草魚;粗蛋白、粗脂肪、貯藏?fù)p失和蒸煮失重率略低于草魚,但差異均不顯著(P>0.05)?;曳帧⒑饴屎屠鋬鰸B出率顯著低于草魚(P<0.05)。金草魚的貯存損失、冷凍滲出率和蒸煮失重率均低于草魚,其中冷凍滲出率顯著低于草魚(P<0.05),由此可知金草魚肌肉的系水力更好。
2.2 礦物質(zhì)元素含量
所檢測的礦物元素見表2,共檢測了5種常量元素和6種微量元素,常量元素中含量由高到低依次為鉀、磷、鈣、鎂和鈉,微量元素中含量最高的是鋅,含量最低的是鉻。金草魚與草魚之間無論是常量元素還是微量元素差異均不顯著(P>0.05)。
表1 金草魚與草魚的品質(zhì)及營養(yǎng)指標(biāo)Tab.1 Quality and nutrition components of gold grass carp and grass carp
表2 金草魚和草魚肌肉中的礦物元素含量(鮮樣)Tab.2 Contents of mineral elements in the muscle of gold grass carp and grass carp(fresh)(mg·kg-1)
2.3 氨基酸組成
金草魚與草魚肌肉氨基酸組成見表3,研究中采用酸水解法預(yù)處理樣品,色氨酸(Typ)被水解破壞而未能檢測出,共檢測出16種氨基酸,分析結(jié)果顯示,金草魚與草魚肌肉中各氨基酸含量差異均不顯著(P>0.05),16種氨基酸中谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高,異亮氨酸(Ile)含量最低。金草魚肌肉中必需氨基酸(EAA)含量、非必需氨基酸(NEAA)含量、呈味氨基酸(DAA)含量、總氨基酸(TAA)含量均略大于草魚,但差異不顯著(P>0.05)。金草魚和草魚肌肉中氨基酸總量分別為15.49%和15.20%,必需氨基酸占氨基酸總量的35.16%和35.21%,與非必須氨基酸的比值分別為64.55%和64.69%;呈味氨基酸分別占總氨基酸的42.16%和42.17%,差異均不顯著(P>0.05)。
表3 金草魚與草魚肌肉中氨基酸組成及含量(鮮樣)Tab.3 Composition and contents of amino acids in the muscle of gold grass carp and grass carp(fresh)(%)
2.4 肌肉營養(yǎng)價(jià)值評定
根據(jù)所測氨基酸含量及WHO/FAO建議的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和全雞蛋蛋白質(zhì)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),分別計(jì)算金草魚和草魚的必需氨基酸評分、化學(xué)評分和必需氨基酸指數(shù)值,結(jié)果見表4。結(jié)果表明金草魚的氨基酸評分、化學(xué)評分和必需氨基酸指數(shù)值均大于草魚。氨基酸評分和化學(xué)評分均顯示,金草魚和草魚的第一限制性氨基酸是纈氨酸(Val),第二限制性氨基酸是異亮氨酸(Ile)。
2.5 脂肪酸組成
金草魚和草魚肌肉中的脂肪酸組成及含量見表5。金草魚和草魚肌肉中共檢測出23種脂肪酸,其中飽和脂肪酸(SFA)7種,不飽和脂肪酸(UFA)16種,不飽和脂肪酸(UFA)中含有5種單不飽和脂肪酸(MUFA)和 11種多不飽和酸(PUFAs)。分析顯示,除不飽和脂肪酸總量有顯著差異外(P<0.05),其余均無顯著性差異。金草魚肌肉中飽和脂肪酸含量小于草魚,單不飽和脂肪酸含量和多不飽和酸含量大于草魚。
表4 金草魚與草魚肌肉必需氨基酸組成與評價(jià)Tab.4 Essential amino acids composition and evaluation in gold grass carp and grass carp
表5 金草魚和草魚肌肉中脂肪酸的組成及含量Tab.5 Composition and contents of fatty acids in the muscle of gold grass carp and grass carp (w,%)
3.1 含肉率
含肉率的計(jì)算中多采用可食部分(或肌肉)質(zhì)量與體質(zhì)量的比值[10-16],也有使用魚肉質(zhì)量與魚體凈質(zhì)量的比值來計(jì)算[17-18]。魚類含肉率的多少與體形、生長環(huán)境、餌料來源、規(guī)格和飽食程度等因素有關(guān)。本研究中,選取同塘養(yǎng)殖的金草魚和草魚,含肉率的差異可能是種類的特異性造成的。筆者通過對金草魚和草魚可量性狀的測定發(fā)現(xiàn),金草魚的體長與體高的比值顯著大于草魚,體長與頭長的比值顯著小于草魚,由此可以看出金草魚的體形比草魚更修長,頭部所占比例更大,魚體是肌肉生長的主要部位,因此金草魚的含肉率比草魚低與它們的體形存在較大差異有關(guān)。本研究中,用可食部分質(zhì)量與體質(zhì)量的比值計(jì)算含肉率,與使用同樣方法測定草魚[10]含肉率的結(jié)果相近(71.40%),與其它使用相同方法測定含肉率的 魚 類 相 比,與 鯉 (Cyprinus carpio)[10](72.54%)、 翹 嘴 鲌 (Culter alburnus)[10](70.42%)相近,高于鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)[11](57.73%)、 華 鯪 (Sinilabeo rendahli)[12](60.65%)、匙 吻 鱘 (Polyodon spathula)[13](62.72%)和黃顙魚 (Pelteobagrus fulvidsco)[4](67.53%),低于虹鱒(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[14](75.61%)、長 吻 鮠 (Leiocassis longirostris)[15](75. 69%)和 鳡 (Elopichthys bambusa)[16](77.61%)。
3.2 系水力
系水力是指肌肉通過自身的物理化學(xué)特性對水分的束縛能力,水分的流失會(huì)導(dǎo)致可溶性蛋白和可溶性風(fēng)味物質(zhì)的流失,也會(huì)造成有色物質(zhì)的損失而影響肉色[19]。因此,系水力對肌肉的物理形態(tài)、風(fēng)味、肉色等都有重要的影響。系水力的測定方法較多[20],本研究中采用貯存損失、冷凍滲出率和蒸煮失重率3種方法來測定系水力,可以對肌肉系水力進(jìn)行較好的評價(jià)。肌肉系水力的大小與品種、特定基因型、年齡、體重、肌肉部位和飼養(yǎng)管理等因素有關(guān),而影響肌肉系水力的本質(zhì)取決于肌細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)和完整性、蛋白質(zhì)的空間結(jié)構(gòu)[21],遺傳上的基因突變會(huì)影響蛋白質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能進(jìn)而影響相關(guān)生長特性[22],金草魚與草魚在遺傳上的差異可能導(dǎo)致一些與肌肉系水力相關(guān)的蛋白在結(jié)構(gòu)上存在差異,使得金草魚的系水力更好。
3.3 肌肉營養(yǎng)成分
通過比較之前對草魚肌肉一般營養(yǎng)成分的研究[23-27]發(fā)現(xiàn),草魚肌肉的一般營養(yǎng)成分變化較大,水分介于76.10%~81.02%之間,粗蛋白介于15.86% ~19.64%之間,粗脂肪介于 0.43% ~4.76%之間,對前人的實(shí)驗(yàn)材料分析可以發(fā)現(xiàn),草魚規(guī)格、餌料種類、生長環(huán)境、檢測部位及檢測方法等因素是造成營養(yǎng)成分變化較大的原因。本研究中金草魚和草魚的水分和粗蛋白在已研究的結(jié)果范圍內(nèi),而金草魚肌肉粗脂肪含量低于前人的研究結(jié)果,草魚肌肉脂肪含量也不高,推測認(rèn)為本研究中草魚的檢測部位不同是導(dǎo)致粗脂肪含量偏低的重要原因,王雪鋒等[23]和別鵬等[25]選取的是背部肌肉與腹部肌肉混合后檢測;李小勤等[27]選取的是背部肌肉檢測,但是并未對取樣部位進(jìn)行詳細(xì)說明。通過對魚體不同部位的組織研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腹部肌肉比背部肌肉具有更高的脂肪含量[28],鳙 (Aristichthys nobilis)[29]、奧 尼 羅 非 魚(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)[30]和尼羅羅非魚(Oreochromis niloticus)[30]腹部肉脂肪含量分別是背部肉脂肪含量的2.86、7.53、5.83倍;對吉富羅非魚(Oreochromis niloticus)[31]和泥鰍(Misgurni anguillicaudati)[32]的研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),紅肌的脂肪含量高于白肌,其中泥鰍紅肌脂肪含量是白肌的1.44~2.98倍。去皮后的背部肌肉包含白肌和紅肌等成分,因此肌肉組織的取樣部位不同會(huì)導(dǎo)致實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果存在差異。本研究中選取草魚肌肉中含量最多的背部白肌為研究對象可能是造成脂肪含量偏低的主要原因。
蛋白質(zhì)的質(zhì)量通常使用氨酸酸評分(AAS)、化學(xué)評分(CS)以及必需氨基酸指數(shù)(EAAI)進(jìn)行評價(jià),參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要是WHO/FAO標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式和全雞蛋蛋白質(zhì)模式(1973)[34-35]。金草魚在氨基酸組成、含量及比例上與草魚均無明顯差異,兩者均含有豐富的必需氨基酸,根據(jù)FAO/WHO提出的蛋白參考模式,必需氨基酸含量應(yīng)占氨基酸總量的40%左右,必需氨基酸與非必需氨基酸的比值應(yīng)該大于0.6[33],金草魚與草魚肌肉氨基酸組成符合該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。從氨基酸評分可以看出,金草魚和草魚肌肉必需氨基酸組成也基本滿足WHO/FAO模式標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。魚肉中含有較高的不飽和脂肪酸[36],不飽和脂肪酸對人有預(yù)防心腦血管病、降血脂、降血壓、抑癌、抑過敏、抗炎和抗衰老等作用[37],金草魚和草魚肌肉中不飽和脂肪酸含量分別占脂肪酸總量的73.44%和70.43%,因此金草魚和草魚均是不飽和脂肪酸含量豐富的食品。
綜上所述,金草魚與草魚都具有蛋白質(zhì)含量高、必需氨基酸含量豐富、脂肪酸種類豐富、不飽和脂肪酸含量高等特點(diǎn),都是營養(yǎng)價(jià)值高、味道鮮美的經(jīng)濟(jì)魚類。其中金草魚肌肉系水力高于草魚,更適合加工和冷藏運(yùn)輸。
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Comparison and analysis of nutritional composition in gold grass carp and grass carp muscle
ZHU Bing1,2,F(xiàn)AN Jia-jia1,BAI Jun-jie1,JIANG Peng1,MA Dong-mei1,LI Sheng-jie1
(1.Key Laboratory of Tropical&Subtropical Fishery Resource Application&Cultivation,Ministry of Agriculture,Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences,Guangzhou 510380;2.College of Fisheries and Life Science,Shanghai Ocean University,Shanghai 201306,China)
Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella is one of the commonest farmed fish species in China,and its production reached 5.67 million tons in 2015.Because of herbivory,easy rearing,fast growing and delicious taste,it has been introduced to 109 counties for aquaculture and biological control.Gold grass carp,a yellow strain of grass carp,had been introduced to China as a farming fish in the 1990s.Fujian and Guangdong are the key breeding provinces in China.At present,there are a few studies of gold grass carp in the growth and genetics,but no studies on nutrition.To improve the basic data of the quality and nutritional composition of the muscle in this species,the artificial propagation of gold grass carp and grass carp were bred in the same pond and fed artificial feed until reaching commodity specifications after 15 months,when gold grass carp reached 1.38kg and grass carp 1.40 kg.The gold grass carp and grass carp were selected respectively to do comparison analysis and evaluation by biochemical analysis method.The indexes of the flesh rate,pH,mineral elements content and the water binding capacity were determined by conventional methods.The composition and content of the amino acids in muscle was determined by acid-hydrolysis method,and the composition and content of the fatty acids was determined by gas chromatography method.Amino acid score(AAS),chemical score(CS)and essential amino acid index(EAAI)were used to evaluate amino acids,and the reference patterns used were those established by WHO/FAO(1973)and whole hen’s egg protein.The results were as follows:1)The general nutrients:the flesh rate,moisture,crude protein,crude fat,and crude ash content of gold and common grass carp were 70.57%and 73.13%,78.60%and 78.40%,19.55%and 19.95%,0.39%and 0.50%,1.80%and 1.45%,respectively;2)The water holding capacity:compared with grass carp,the flesh leaching loss and liquid loss of gold grass carp was lower with 2.64%drip loss(less than grass carp’s 4.87%),which indicated that the water binding capacity of gold grass carp’s muscle was much higher and gold grass carp possessed a better water retention capacity;3)The amino acid composition:Both grass carp and gold grass carp had reasonable amino acids composition and rich in essential amino acids.The percentages of essential amino acids in gold grass carp and grass carp were 5.45%and 5.35%,respectively.The rates of essential amino acids to total were 35.16%and 35.21%in gold grass carp and grass carp,with the essential amino acid index(58.88 and 56.85,respectively);4)The fatty acid composition:the content of unsaturated fatty acids of the two groups was rich with the percentage of 73.44%and 70.43%in total fatty acids,respectively.All these results show that the difference of the general nutritional composition between gold grass carp and grass carp is not significant,both of which are high protein and low fat food with high nutritional value.And gold grass carp owns higher water binding capacity,essential amino acids and unsaturated fatty acid content than grass carp.
Ctenopharyngodon idellus;muscle;flesh content;water holding capacity;nutritional evaluation
S 965.1
A
1004-2490(2017)05-0539-09
2016-11-10
國家大宗淡水魚產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)“華南草魚選育與分子輔助育種”(CARS-46-03);廣東省海洋漁業(yè)科技與產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展專項(xiàng)科技攻關(guān)與研發(fā)項(xiàng)目“快長草魚新品種選育關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究”(A201401A03);中國水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院中央級公益性科研院所基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)資金資助(2016HY-JC0307)
朱 冰(1991-),男,四川瀘州人,碩士研究生,主要從事水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物遺傳育種工作。Tel:020-81616127,E-mail:zhub.tang@foxmail.com
白俊杰,研究員。Tel:020-81616129,E-mail:jjbai@163.net