郭志偉 潘靜也 錢忠東 程 千
(1.武漢大學(xué)水資源與水電工程科學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,武漢 430072; 2.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)田灌溉研究所,新鄉(xiāng) 453003)
帶可調(diào)式前置導(dǎo)葉軸流泵空化性能試驗(yàn)
郭志偉1潘靜也1錢忠東1程 千2
(1.武漢大學(xué)水資源與水電工程科學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,武漢 430072; 2.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)田灌溉研究所,新鄉(xiāng) 453003)
以一臺(tái)帶可調(diào)式前置導(dǎo)葉軸流泵為研究對(duì)象,在閉式試驗(yàn)臺(tái)上進(jìn)行了非額定工況的空化性能試驗(yàn),揭示了前置導(dǎo)葉對(duì)軸流泵空化性能及進(jìn)出口壓力脈動(dòng)的影響??栈阅芮€表明:安裝前置導(dǎo)葉后,水力損失增加,揚(yáng)程下降,但臨界汽蝕余量減小,空化性能得到改善;前置導(dǎo)葉由負(fù)角度向正角度調(diào)節(jié)時(shí),雖然揚(yáng)程逐漸降低,但抗汽蝕性能得到增強(qiáng)。壓力脈動(dòng)分析結(jié)果表明:空化初生時(shí),設(shè)置前置導(dǎo)葉后進(jìn)出口壓力脈動(dòng)幅值均增加,且峰值主要出現(xiàn)在葉頻及其諧頻處,臨界空化與空化嚴(yán)重時(shí),進(jìn)口壓力脈動(dòng)主要集中在低頻處,出口則呈現(xiàn)寬頻脈動(dòng)特性;流量降低時(shí),泵內(nèi)流態(tài)紊亂,前置導(dǎo)葉對(duì)壓力脈動(dòng)幅值影響較小,且脈動(dòng)峰值出現(xiàn)位置隨前置導(dǎo)葉角度變化而改變。
軸流泵; 前置導(dǎo)葉; 汽蝕余量; 壓力脈動(dòng)
軸流泵高效區(qū)較窄,故灌溉排水泵站無(wú)法長(zhǎng)期在高效區(qū)運(yùn)行而產(chǎn)生效率低下問(wèn)題[1]。為改善軸流泵非設(shè)計(jì)工況運(yùn)行條件,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者進(jìn)行了大量試驗(yàn)工作與數(shù)值模擬研究[2-10]。DOHMEN等[2]提出雙進(jìn)口噴嘴的設(shè)計(jì)方法。唐慧等[3-4]采用開(kāi)縫翼形、J型槽等方式提高軸流泵小流量下的水力性能。導(dǎo)葉調(diào)節(jié)作為旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)械中常見(jiàn)的調(diào)節(jié)方式,也逐漸運(yùn)用于軸流泵中。錢忠東等[5-6]提出后置導(dǎo)葉角度調(diào)節(jié)能夠拓寬水泵穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行區(qū)。FENG等[8-9]通過(guò)數(shù)值模擬研究了前置導(dǎo)葉對(duì)軸流泵水力性能的影響。
水力機(jī)械中的空化與壓力脈動(dòng)問(wèn)題也不容忽視,尤其非設(shè)計(jì)工況下,空化常帶來(lái)異常壓力脈動(dòng),導(dǎo)致機(jī)組振動(dòng)加劇,影響安全運(yùn)行,文獻(xiàn)[11-20]就此進(jìn)行了研究。TSUGAWA[13]通過(guò)試驗(yàn)研究了一種三維反設(shè)計(jì)軸流泵發(fā)生空化時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)軸振動(dòng)及輪緣壓力脈動(dòng)情況。張德勝等[15-16]分析了葉輪葉頂區(qū)空化特性,同時(shí)通過(guò)數(shù)值模擬研究了軸流泵空化現(xiàn)象及壓力脈動(dòng)分布情況。盧加興等[17]研究了離心泵小流量工況空化時(shí)的壓力脈動(dòng)特性。而目前關(guān)于前置導(dǎo)葉對(duì)軸流泵空化性能影響的研究較少。
本文采用試驗(yàn)的方法,研究非設(shè)計(jì)工況下帶可調(diào)式前置導(dǎo)葉軸流泵的空化性能,分析前置導(dǎo)葉角度對(duì)臨界汽蝕余量的影響,闡明壓力脈動(dòng)隨空化發(fā)展的變化情況。
空化試驗(yàn)在武漢大學(xué)水資源與水電工程科學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的閉式試驗(yàn)臺(tái)上進(jìn)行,裝置系統(tǒng)如圖1所示。該閉式試驗(yàn)臺(tái)由水泵裝置、空化發(fā)生裝置和數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成。水泵裝置包括葉片角度可調(diào)節(jié)的前置導(dǎo)葉、葉輪和后置導(dǎo)葉,泵內(nèi)流量由管路中的電磁控制閘閥調(diào)節(jié)??栈l(fā)生裝置包括真空泵及調(diào)節(jié)閥,同時(shí),調(diào)節(jié)閥前端設(shè)有真空表以確定軸流泵進(jìn)口真空度。數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)連接著沿水泵進(jìn)出口斷面均勻布置的壓力傳感器,其不確定度小于0.66%;電磁流量計(jì)不確定度小于0.36%;以及電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)軸外側(cè)的HLD09型轉(zhuǎn)矩轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器不確定度小于0.54%。
圖1 試驗(yàn)裝置圖Fig.1 Setup of test rig1.水泵裝置 2.壓力傳感器 3.轉(zhuǎn)矩轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器 4.電磁流量計(jì) 5.電磁控制閘閥 6.真空泵 7.調(diào)節(jié)閥 8.壓力罐 9.穩(wěn)壓罐
模型泵如圖2所示,具體參數(shù)如下:葉輪直徑300 mm,葉輪葉片數(shù)Zr=3,后導(dǎo)葉片數(shù)Zs=5。在進(jìn)口導(dǎo)水錐外殼上設(shè)置前置導(dǎo)葉,其角度可調(diào)節(jié),葉片數(shù)Zi=4,當(dāng)葉片方向沿泵軸時(shí),角度為0°,葉片傾斜方向與葉輪旋轉(zhuǎn)方向一致時(shí),角度為正,反之,角度為負(fù),具體定義見(jiàn)文獻(xiàn)[8],前置導(dǎo)葉葉片可調(diào)角度為-10°、0°、10°。水泵主要設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)為:設(shè)計(jì)流量Qd=370.33 L/s,揚(yáng)程H=3.283 m,額定轉(zhuǎn)速n=1 450 r/min,為研究非設(shè)計(jì)工況不同流量下前置導(dǎo)葉角度對(duì)空化性能的影響,試驗(yàn)選擇0.85Qd、0.30Qd兩種流量進(jìn)行。
圖2 模型泵示意圖Fig.2 Model sketch of axial pump
機(jī)組啟動(dòng)前,檢查管路,通過(guò)空載試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)矩轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器的調(diào)零;同時(shí)確定數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)參數(shù)。試驗(yàn)時(shí),首先通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)電磁閘閥使管路內(nèi)流量達(dá)到試驗(yàn)要求,后打開(kāi)真空泵,改變調(diào)節(jié)閥開(kāi)度,真空表指數(shù)每下降0.005 MPa采集一次數(shù)據(jù),為確保安全運(yùn)行,當(dāng)揚(yáng)程陡降時(shí)停止該工況的測(cè)試。每次采集數(shù)據(jù)均重復(fù)進(jìn)行3~5次,以減小測(cè)量誤差。完成一個(gè)角度的性能測(cè)試后,調(diào)節(jié)前置導(dǎo)葉角度,重復(fù)進(jìn)行空化試驗(yàn)。運(yùn)行過(guò)程中,由于電路不穩(wěn)定等因素,轉(zhuǎn)速無(wú)法保持恒定,與額定轉(zhuǎn)速間存在差異,因此采用比例率定律對(duì)參數(shù)進(jìn)行換算[21]。
3.1 空化性能
圖3為0.85Qd工況前置導(dǎo)葉不同角度的空化性能曲線,從圖中可以看出,隨著汽蝕余量的減小,曲線均存在明顯的水平段、上升段、下降段。汽蝕余量較大時(shí),軸流泵揚(yáng)程保持不變,此時(shí)空化尚未對(duì)水泵性能產(chǎn)生顯著的影響;隨著汽蝕余量的減小,揚(yáng)程略微上升,這可能是因?yàn)殡S著空化的發(fā)展,空泡附著在葉片上,具有光順葉片表面的作用[22];汽蝕余量進(jìn)一步降低時(shí),揚(yáng)程急劇下降,這是由于空化迅速發(fā)展,空泡增多,堵塞流道所致。對(duì)比無(wú)前置導(dǎo)葉與前置導(dǎo)葉0°的曲線,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)置前置導(dǎo)葉后,揚(yáng)程降低了10%,這是因?yàn)閷?dǎo)葉葉片的存在增加了泵內(nèi)能量損失。同時(shí)可以發(fā)現(xiàn),前置導(dǎo)葉負(fù)角度向正角度調(diào)節(jié)時(shí),揚(yáng)程降低,可見(jiàn)負(fù)角度工況下水力性能較優(yōu),這是由于前置導(dǎo)葉角度改變了軸流泵進(jìn)口速度分布所致[8]。
圖3 0.85Qd工況空化性能曲線Fig.3 Cavitation performance curves under 0.85Qd
以揚(yáng)程下降3%對(duì)應(yīng)的汽蝕余量作為臨界汽蝕余量[23],無(wú)前置導(dǎo)葉以及前置導(dǎo)葉-10°、0°、10°時(shí)計(jì)算結(jié)果分別為5.11、5.18、4.65、4.23 m。由此可知,0.85Qd工況時(shí),與無(wú)前置導(dǎo)葉相比,前置導(dǎo)葉0°的臨界汽蝕余量明顯降低,說(shuō)明前置導(dǎo)葉具有改善軸流泵空化性能的作用;前置導(dǎo)葉-10°向10°調(diào)節(jié)時(shí),臨界汽蝕余量減小,說(shuō)明前置導(dǎo)葉正角度調(diào)節(jié)能夠進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)水泵抗汽蝕性能。
圖4 0.30Qd工況空化性能曲線Fig.4 Cavitation performance curves under 0.30Qd
0.30Qd工況前置導(dǎo)葉不同角度的空化性能曲線如圖4所示,由圖可知,前置導(dǎo)葉負(fù)角度時(shí)軸流泵水力性能同樣優(yōu)于正角度,這與0.85Qd工況的規(guī)律一致;同時(shí)可以發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著汽蝕余量的減小,揚(yáng)程只維持了極短的水平段,隨后迅速下降,這是因?yàn)樾×髁勘脙?nèi)流態(tài)紊亂,對(duì)空化敏感,空化一旦發(fā)生水力性能急劇惡化。
3.2 壓力脈動(dòng)
為研究空化時(shí)前置導(dǎo)葉對(duì)軸流泵壓力脈動(dòng)的影響,選擇空化初生、臨界空化及空化嚴(yán)重3種情況進(jìn)行分析,以第1測(cè)點(diǎn)(軸流泵進(jìn)口壓力最大的試驗(yàn)點(diǎn))作為空化初生點(diǎn);以臨界汽蝕余量對(duì)應(yīng)的工況點(diǎn)作為臨界空化點(diǎn);以揚(yáng)程下降15%對(duì)應(yīng)工況點(diǎn)作為空化嚴(yán)重點(diǎn)。采用快速傅里葉變換對(duì)進(jìn)出口相同監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)壓力脈動(dòng)進(jìn)行分析。以壓力系數(shù)Cp表征監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)處壓力脈動(dòng),其計(jì)算公式為
(1)
式中p——監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)壓力,Pa
ρ——流體密度,kg/m3
Utip——葉輪葉頂圓周速度,m/s
以葉頻倍數(shù)Zr=f/fn表征頻率無(wú)量綱參數(shù),其中f為測(cè)點(diǎn)脈動(dòng)頻率,fn為泵軸旋轉(zhuǎn)頻率,其公式為
(2)
圖5為0.85Qd工況運(yùn)行一段時(shí)間后,4個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)周期內(nèi)軸流泵進(jìn)口壓力脈動(dòng)時(shí)域圖。由圖可知,空化初生時(shí),前置導(dǎo)葉的存在增大了壓力脈動(dòng)幅值,且由負(fù)角度向正角度調(diào)節(jié)時(shí),幅值進(jìn)一步增大,可見(jiàn)正角度工況水泵進(jìn)口受不良流動(dòng)因素干擾較嚴(yán)重。臨界空化與空化嚴(yán)重時(shí),有無(wú)前置導(dǎo)葉與前置導(dǎo)葉不同角度間壓力脈動(dòng)幅值時(shí)域差異較小。
圖6 0.85Qd工況出口壓力脈動(dòng)時(shí)域圖Fig.6 Unsteady pressure pulsation of outlet sensor under 0.85Qd
圖6為0.85Qd工況運(yùn)行一段時(shí)間后,4個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)周期內(nèi)軸流泵出口壓力脈動(dòng)時(shí)域圖。從圖中可以發(fā)現(xiàn),空化初生時(shí),無(wú)前置導(dǎo)葉與前置導(dǎo)葉0°出口壓力脈動(dòng)幅值差異較小,但前置導(dǎo)葉10°與-10°時(shí)脈動(dòng)幅值均有所增大,10°時(shí)幅值增大尤其明顯。臨界空化時(shí)與空化嚴(yán)重時(shí),設(shè)置前置導(dǎo)葉均降低了出口壓力脈動(dòng)幅值,但前置導(dǎo)葉正負(fù)角度調(diào)節(jié)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的影響不同。
圖7、8分別為0.30Qd工況運(yùn)行一段時(shí)間后,4個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)周期內(nèi)軸流泵進(jìn)、出口壓力脈動(dòng)時(shí)域圖。與0.85Qd相比,小流量時(shí)進(jìn)出口壓力脈動(dòng)幅值均增大。同時(shí)可以發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然前置導(dǎo)葉各角度壓力脈動(dòng)幅值差異較小,但隨著空化發(fā)展,進(jìn)、出口壓力脈動(dòng)幅值均有所上升。
圖7 0.30Qd工況進(jìn)口壓力脈動(dòng)時(shí)域圖Fig.7 Unsteady pressure pulsation of inlet sensor under 0.30Qd
圖8 0.30Qd工況出口壓力脈動(dòng)時(shí)域圖Fig.8 Unsteady pressure pulsation of outlet sensor under 0.30Qd
圖9 0.85Qd工況壓力脈動(dòng)頻域圖Fig.9 Frequency spectrums of unsteady pressure pulsation under 0.85Qd
圖10 0.30Qd工況壓力脈動(dòng)頻域圖Fig.10 Frequency spectrums of unsteady pressure pulsation under 0.30Qd
圖9為0.85Qd工況軸流泵進(jìn)、出口壓力脈動(dòng)頻域圖。由圖可知,對(duì)于水泵進(jìn)口,空化初生時(shí),設(shè)置前置導(dǎo)葉后壓力脈動(dòng)幅值明顯升高,且幅值隨著角度增大而增大,這與時(shí)域圖規(guī)律一致;同時(shí),壓力脈動(dòng)峰值主要出現(xiàn)在葉頻及其倍數(shù)處,可見(jiàn)葉輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)對(duì)上游流場(chǎng)的影響。臨界空化與空化嚴(yán)重時(shí),壓力脈動(dòng)均以低頻脈動(dòng)為主,可能是受到了葉片背面流動(dòng)分離及空泡脫落的影響。對(duì)于水泵出口,空化初生時(shí),與進(jìn)口相似,前置導(dǎo)葉增加了壓力脈動(dòng)幅值,同時(shí)可以發(fā)現(xiàn),葉頻處均出現(xiàn)了較大的脈動(dòng)峰值,這體現(xiàn)了葉輪旋轉(zhuǎn)對(duì)水泵出口流場(chǎng)的影響。臨界空化時(shí),無(wú)前置導(dǎo)葉與前置導(dǎo)葉10°均出現(xiàn)了較大范圍的寬頻脈動(dòng);空化嚴(yán)重時(shí),這種寬頻脈動(dòng)同樣出現(xiàn)在前置導(dǎo)葉-10°與0°工況下,并且在幅值和范圍上進(jìn)一步加劇,這可能是由于空泡大量產(chǎn)生和潰滅,對(duì)出口造成干擾所致。
圖10為0.30Qd工況軸流泵進(jìn)、出口壓力脈動(dòng)頻域圖。從圖中可以發(fā)現(xiàn),不同空化程度下,進(jìn)口壓力均呈現(xiàn)寬頻脈動(dòng)特征,峰值出現(xiàn)位置因前置導(dǎo)葉角度而異。對(duì)于出口,壓力脈動(dòng)主要分布在低頻區(qū),且峰值隨著空化程度加劇而增大。
(1)小流量工況下,與無(wú)前置導(dǎo)葉相比,前置導(dǎo)葉0°時(shí)軸流泵水力損失增加,揚(yáng)程下降,但抗汽蝕性能增強(qiáng);且隨著前置導(dǎo)葉向正角度調(diào)節(jié),臨界汽蝕余量降低,前置導(dǎo)葉10°時(shí)空化性能最優(yōu)。
(2)通過(guò)壓力脈動(dòng)時(shí)域圖發(fā)現(xiàn),空化初生時(shí),前置導(dǎo)葉增大了軸流泵進(jìn)、出口壓力脈動(dòng)幅值;隨著空化的發(fā)展,不同前置導(dǎo)葉角度間進(jìn)口壓力脈動(dòng)幅值差異縮小,同時(shí),前置導(dǎo)葉的存在明顯降低了出口壓力脈動(dòng)幅值。流量降低時(shí),前置導(dǎo)葉對(duì)泵內(nèi)壓力脈動(dòng)時(shí)域的影響變小。
(3)通過(guò)壓力脈動(dòng)頻域圖發(fā)現(xiàn),空化初生時(shí),受葉輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的影響,軸流泵進(jìn)、出口壓力脈動(dòng)峰值主要出現(xiàn)在葉頻及其諧頻處;隨著空化的發(fā)展,葉頻及其諧頻處峰值逐漸消失,進(jìn)口壓力脈動(dòng)以低頻為主,出口壓力則呈現(xiàn)寬頻脈動(dòng)。流量降低時(shí),壓力脈動(dòng)在不同前置導(dǎo)葉角度下均以寬頻脈動(dòng)為主。
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ExperimentonCavitationPerformanceofAxialPumpwithAdjustableInletGuideVanes
GUO Zhiwei1PAN Jingye1QIAN Zhongdong1CHENG Qian2
(1.StateKeyLaboratoryofWaterResourcesandHydropowerEngineeringScience,WuhanUniversity,Wuhan430072,China2.FarmlandIrrigationResearchInstitute,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Xinxiang453003,China)
In order to reveal the influences of variable inlet guide vanes (IGVs) on cavitation performance of axial pump under off-design conditions, experiment was conducted in a closed test rig at the Pump Station Laboratory of Wuhan University.Both the operating conditions with and without IGVs and the situations when the angles of IGVs were changed were researched.The angles of IGVs were adjusted by bolts.The cavitation performances were obtained and the unsteady pressure pulsations collected by pressure sensors which installed in pump inlet and outlet were analyzed based on fast Fourier transform.The results showed that when the pump device was assembled with IGVs, pump head was reduced due to more energy losses were induced.However, the cavitation performance was improved.At the same time, the critical net positive suction head was decreased and the cavitation performance was enhanced as the angles of IGVs were adjusted from negative to positive values.The pressure pulsation results showed that when cavitation occurred, pressure amplitude was magnified both in pump inlet and outlet when IGVs were set up, and the pressure peak appeared mainly in blade frequency and its harmonic frequencies as a result of the influence of rotating of impeller.With the development of cavitation, pressure pulsation aggregated in low frequency in inlet and appeared broadband feature in outlet.When mass flow rate was decreased, the pressure amplitude discrepancy shrank and the pressure peak depended on the angles of IGVs.
axial pump; inlet guide vane; net positive suction head; pressure pulsation
10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2017.10.014
TH312
A
1000-1298(2017)10-0115-06
2017-01-16
2017-03-09
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(51422906、51609177)
郭志偉(1985—),男,副教授,博士,主要從事水力機(jī)械系統(tǒng)研究,E-mail:GuoZW1985@outlook.com