龔雪文,劉 浩,劉東鑫,王灣灣,孫景生※
(1. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)田灌溉研究所/農(nóng)業(yè)部作物需水與調(diào)控重點(diǎn)開(kāi)放實(shí)驗(yàn)室,新鄉(xiāng) 453003;2. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院研究生院,北京 100081;3. 華北水利水電大學(xué)水利學(xué)院,鄭州 450000)
基于模糊算法的溫室番茄調(diào)虧滴灌制度綜合評(píng)判
龔雪文1,2,3,劉 浩1,劉東鑫3,王灣灣1,孫景生1※
(1. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)田灌溉研究所/農(nóng)業(yè)部作物需水與調(diào)控重點(diǎn)開(kāi)放實(shí)驗(yàn)室,新鄉(xiāng) 453003;2. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院研究生院,北京 100081;3. 華北水利水電大學(xué)水利學(xué)院,鄭州 450000)
該文研究利用改進(jìn)的模糊綜合評(píng)判模型在溫室滴灌番茄生長(zhǎng)、產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)和耗水進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判的可行性。于2015和2016年在中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院新鄉(xiāng)綜合試驗(yàn)基地的日光溫室內(nèi),以滴灌番茄為研究對(duì)象,參考20 cm標(biāo)準(zhǔn)蒸發(fā)皿的累積蒸發(fā)量,分別在開(kāi)花坐果期和成熟采摘期進(jìn)行充分灌溉、輕度虧缺和中度虧缺,采用改進(jìn)的模糊綜合評(píng)判模型,對(duì)調(diào)虧灌溉制度溫室番茄的生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)、產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)、耗水指標(biāo)和品質(zhì)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)。結(jié)果表明:不考慮階段水分虧缺條件下,番茄的生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)、產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)和蒸發(fā)蒸騰量指標(biāo)均隨灌水量的增大而增大,品質(zhì)指標(biāo)則相反。輕度虧缺對(duì)番茄品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的影響較?。▋烧叩钠焚|(zhì)綜合評(píng)判指數(shù)為0.135和0.138,0.125和0.124),采摘期輕度虧缺的生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)和產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)的綜合評(píng)判指數(shù)高于花果期輕度虧缺處理,且全生育期蒸發(fā)蒸騰量較低;花果期中度虧缺的產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)和品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的綜合評(píng)判指數(shù)與采摘期中度虧缺相近,但前者的總蒸發(fā)蒸騰量低于后者。因此,推薦水資源充足地區(qū)可采用在成熟采摘期輕度虧缺的灌溉模式,而水資源短缺地區(qū)采用在開(kāi)花坐果期中度虧缺的灌溉模式。研究可為溫室調(diào)虧滴灌制度的優(yōu)化提供參考。關(guān)鍵詞:溫室;土壤含水率;蒸發(fā)蒸騰量;模糊算法;調(diào)虧灌溉;專(zhuān)家預(yù)測(cè)法
模糊算法于1965年由美國(guó)自動(dòng)控制論專(zhuān)家扎德教授提出,后經(jīng)發(fā)展,已有多個(gè)子模塊,如模糊綜合決策、模糊聚類(lèi)分析、模糊模式識(shí)別以及模糊控制等。模糊綜合評(píng)判屬于模糊綜合決策的一種,即對(duì)多因素影響的既定目標(biāo)做出全面而有效的評(píng)比和判定。模糊算法在農(nóng)業(yè)水資源領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用主要集中在灌溉系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)[1-2]、水污染評(píng)價(jià)[3-4]、農(nóng)業(yè)土地資源評(píng)價(jià)[5-6]以及溫室環(huán)境控制[7-8]等,汪順生等[9]采用模糊綜合評(píng)判法對(duì)不同溝灌方式夏玉米耗水特性及產(chǎn)量進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià),評(píng)判結(jié)果與大田試驗(yàn)結(jié)果具有較好的一致性;張伶鳦等[10]結(jié)合模糊控制與調(diào)虧理論設(shè)計(jì)了寒地水稻智能灌溉策略,該策略可提高水分利用效率的20.5%??梢?jiàn),模糊算法不僅可用來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)灌水制度,而且與灌水理論相結(jié)合有助于制定合理的灌溉策略,在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐方面的應(yīng)用具有較大發(fā)展空間。
調(diào)虧灌溉(regulated deficit irrigation,RDI)是一種高效節(jié)水灌溉制度,通過(guò)在作物特定生長(zhǎng)階段施加一定的水分脅迫,迫使光合產(chǎn)物向人們所需要的組織器官分配,且恢復(fù)正常灌水后仍可保證作物的正常生長(zhǎng),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)增產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)的效果[11]。RDI的增產(chǎn)機(jī)理是針對(duì)作物不同組織器官對(duì)水分的感知程度,進(jìn)行合理調(diào)控[12]。溫室合理的RDI制度不僅能提高果實(shí)的產(chǎn)量改善品質(zhì),而且能有效減少耗水量,實(shí)現(xiàn)水資源的最大化利用[13]。對(duì)于溫室梨棗樹(shù),在果實(shí)成熟期進(jìn)行水分虧缺(灌水定額為充分供水的1/2,土壤含水率為90%的田間持水率為充分供水)可顯著改善棗的品質(zhì),提高水分利用效率[14-15];劉煉紅等[16]利用灌溉頻率控制調(diào)虧灌溉水量,認(rèn)為溫室滴灌西瓜在苗期、開(kāi)花坐果期、果實(shí)膨大期和成熟期的灌水頻率依次為4、2、4和6 d時(shí)可提高坐果率,減少耗水量。大量研究表明,調(diào)虧灌溉在溫室番茄作物節(jié)水、改善品質(zhì)方面效果顯著[17-20]。目前評(píng)價(jià)調(diào)虧灌溉制度性能的研究多以產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)和水分利用率等實(shí)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)作為評(píng)價(jià)依據(jù),而應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)模型評(píng)價(jià)灌溉制度的研究卻比較少見(jiàn),尤其對(duì)于溫室栽培模式。為此,本文采用改進(jìn)的模糊綜合評(píng)判模型,對(duì)溫室滴灌番茄的生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)、產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)、品質(zhì)指標(biāo)和耗水指標(biāo)進(jìn)行了綜合評(píng)判,同時(shí)分析了各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)對(duì)調(diào)虧灌溉制度的響應(yīng),旨在為溫室滴灌番茄調(diào)虧灌溉制度的優(yōu)化提供借鑒。
1.1 試驗(yàn)區(qū)概況
本試驗(yàn)于2015和2016年的3—6月在中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院新鄉(xiāng)綜合試驗(yàn)基地的日光溫室內(nèi)進(jìn)行,該試驗(yàn)站位于新鄉(xiāng)縣七里營(yíng)鎮(zhèn)(35°9′N(xiāo),113°5′E,海拔 78.7 m),多年平均降水量為540 mm,蒸發(fā)量在1 910 mm左右,全年平均氣溫為14.5 ℃,年日照時(shí)數(shù)2 395 h,無(wú)霜期200 d。試驗(yàn)所用日光溫室坐北朝南,占地510 m2(60 m×8.5 m),下沉0.5 m,溫室采用鋼架結(jié)構(gòu)建造,覆蓋無(wú)滴聚乙烯薄膜。日光溫室后墻和山墻內(nèi)鑲嵌有60 cm厚的保溫材料,頂部用5 cm厚的保溫棉被覆蓋,以確保溫室內(nèi)平均溫度控制在20 ℃以上。本試驗(yàn)采用的小區(qū)0~80 cm土壤質(zhì)地為壤土,每20 cm為一層,土壤剖面容重依次為1.47、1.44、1.52和1.54 g/cm3,田間持水率依次為0.31、0.28、0.32和0.38 cm3/cm3,80~100 cm為砂壤土,容重和田間持水率分別為1.46 g/cm3和0.33 cm3/cm3。
1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
試驗(yàn)品種選用“金頂新星”,分別于2015年1月5日和2016年1月6日育苗,2015年3月8日和2016年3月9日移栽。供水方式采用滴灌(滴頭間距為33 cm, 滴頭流量為1.1 L/h),1帶2行布置,滴頭與植株對(duì)應(yīng),采用精度為0.001 m3的水表控制各小區(qū)的灌水量。參考20 cm標(biāo)準(zhǔn)蒸發(fā)皿的累計(jì)蒸發(fā)量(Ep)控制灌水量和灌水時(shí)間,當(dāng)Ep達(dá)到(20±2) mm時(shí)開(kāi)始灌水。灌水制度參考劉浩[21]對(duì)日光溫室滴灌番茄的研究結(jié)論制定,即分別在開(kāi)花坐果期和成熟采摘期設(shè)計(jì)充分灌溉(0.9Ep)、輕度虧缺(0.7Ep)和中度虧缺(0.5Ep)3種調(diào)虧水平。由于幼苗期需進(jìn)行蹲苗,因此苗期不做水分處理,各試驗(yàn)處理和全生育期灌水量如表1所示。試驗(yàn)小區(qū)單畦長(zhǎng)8.0 m,寬1.1 m,采用雙行種植模式,行距45 cm,株距33 cm。每個(gè)處理4次重復(fù),單畦定植50株,種植密度為5.7株/m2,試驗(yàn)小區(qū)采用完全隨機(jī)區(qū)組排列。各小區(qū)之間埋設(shè)60 cm深的塑料薄膜,防止水分側(cè)滲。幼苗移栽后,為確保成活率并加強(qiáng)其長(zhǎng)勢(shì),所有小區(qū)均以滴灌方式灌水20 mm,進(jìn)入開(kāi)花坐果期之前不再灌水。各處理施肥情況一致,移栽前施干雞糞(20 t/hm2)、三元復(fù)合肥(675 kg/hm2)、尿素(225 kg/hm2)作為底肥,番茄進(jìn)入坐果期后隨滴灌追施沃夫特水溶肥,單次追肥量為 75 kg/hm2,共追肥6次。
表1 日光溫室滴灌番茄水分處理設(shè)計(jì)Table 1 Water treatment design of drip irrigation for tomato in solar greenhouse
1.3 試驗(yàn)觀測(cè)項(xiàng)目
1.3.1 氣象數(shù)據(jù)
日光溫室中部安裝有一套自動(dòng)氣象監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng),該系統(tǒng)包括凈輻射(NR LITE2, Kipp & Zonen, Delft,Netherlands)、總輻射(LI200X, Campbell Scientific Inc.,USA)、溫濕度(CS215, Campbell Scientific Inc., USA)和風(fēng)速傳感器(Wind Sonic, Gill, UK)。所有氣象數(shù)據(jù)每隔30 min由CR1000數(shù)據(jù)采集器(Campbell Scientific Inc.,USA)自動(dòng)記錄。采用20 cm ADM7標(biāo)準(zhǔn)蒸發(fā)皿(直徑20 cm,深11 cm)測(cè)定水面蒸發(fā)量,于每日7:30—8:00之間完成測(cè)量,蒸發(fā)皿置于冠層上方30 cm處,并隨冠層高度進(jìn)行調(diào)整,每次測(cè)量后更換蒸發(fā)皿中的蒸餾水,并重新添加到20 mm水位處。
1.3.2 耗水指標(biāo)
耗水指標(biāo)包括階段蒸發(fā)蒸騰量(evapotranspiration,ET)和蒸發(fā)蒸騰水分生產(chǎn)率(water production efficiency,WUE)。采用TRIME-IPH時(shí)域反射儀(micromodultechnik GmbH, Germany)測(cè)定0~100 cm土層含水率,為確保儀器測(cè)定的準(zhǔn)確性,定期采用取土烘干法對(duì)儀器進(jìn)行矯正。滴灌為局部灌溉,采用劉浩[21]推薦的最能反應(yīng)根區(qū)土壤水分狀況的位置進(jìn)行測(cè)量,即同一滴灌帶的 2個(gè)滴頭中間位置。由于幼苗期到開(kāi)花坐果期不做水分處理,這期間含水率每隔7~10 d測(cè)量1次,之后每7 d定期測(cè)量。采用水量平衡法[22]計(jì)算各處理的ET,
式中ET為蒸發(fā)蒸騰量(mm);Pr為降雨量(mm);Ir為灌水量(mm);U為地下水補(bǔ)給量(mm);D為深層滲漏量(mm);W0、Wt分別為時(shí)段初和時(shí)段末100 cm土層內(nèi)的儲(chǔ)水量(mm)。本試驗(yàn)中,溫室內(nèi)部無(wú)降雨,Pr=0;由于試驗(yàn)區(qū)地下水位在5.0 m以下,作物無(wú)法吸收利用,可忽略地下水補(bǔ)給量,U= 0;滴灌水量較小,不產(chǎn)生無(wú)深層滲漏,D= 0。
WUE為番茄產(chǎn)量與總蒸發(fā)蒸騰量的比值[23],%。
1.3.3 生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)
生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)包括番茄株高和葉面積指數(shù)(leaf area index,LAI)。株高采用直尺測(cè)量,每個(gè)重復(fù)固定5棵長(zhǎng)勢(shì)均勻的植株,每個(gè)處理測(cè)量20株,每隔7~10 d測(cè)定子葉到冠層頂部位置的高度,取20棵的平均值作為該處理的平均株高。LAI采用折減系數(shù)法進(jìn)行計(jì)算,具體方法見(jiàn)文獻(xiàn)[24],每個(gè)重復(fù)固定3棵長(zhǎng)勢(shì)均勻的植株,每個(gè)處理測(cè)量12株,取12棵的平均值作為該處理的平均LAI。
1.3.4 產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)
產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)包括番茄的總產(chǎn)量和平均單果質(zhì)量。為確保測(cè)量的準(zhǔn)確性,每個(gè)重復(fù)在畦田中間位置固定20株,每個(gè)處理共測(cè)量80株,采用精度為5 g的電子稱(chēng)單獨(dú)測(cè)產(chǎn),平均單果質(zhì)量為總產(chǎn)量與番茄總個(gè)數(shù)的比值。
1.3.5 品質(zhì)指標(biāo)
品質(zhì)指標(biāo)包括維生素C(vitamin C, VC)、可滴定酸(titration acid, TA)、可溶性糖(soluble sugar, SS)和糖酸比(SS/TA)。每個(gè)重復(fù)測(cè)量 3顆同一天開(kāi)花坐果的番茄,即每個(gè)處理測(cè)量 9個(gè)番茄的品質(zhì)。可滴定酸采用氫氧化鈉溶液滴定,以酚酞酒精溶液為指示劑;可溶性糖含量采用蒽酮比色法測(cè)定;VC采用2,6-二氯酚靛酚滴定法測(cè)定[25]。
1.4 模糊綜合評(píng)判方法
對(duì)一個(gè)事件或事物的評(píng)價(jià),不僅要考慮單因素的評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果,更多的是對(duì)多指標(biāo)或多因素指標(biāo)的評(píng)價(jià),這就需要根據(jù)限定因素或指標(biāo),對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)象做一個(gè)涵蓋多因素的綜合評(píng)價(jià),即綜合評(píng)判。在模糊數(shù)學(xué)思想中,綜合評(píng)判是對(duì)多個(gè)因素影響的事件做出全面的評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果,具體步驟如下[26]:
1.4.1 建立評(píng)判因素集
根據(jù)影響番茄生長(zhǎng)、產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)和耗水指標(biāo)的主要因素,組成因素集U={u1,u2,u3,…,un},然后根據(jù)實(shí)際情況,確定生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)、產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)、品質(zhì)指標(biāo)和耗水指標(biāo)各自的因素集。
1.4.2 建立評(píng)判集
根據(jù)被評(píng)判的指標(biāo)因素,確立相應(yīng)的評(píng)判集。如果被評(píng)判的因素u有v1,v2,v3,…,vm種評(píng)判(m為有限值),則可確定評(píng)判集V={v1,v2,v3,…,vm},其中每種評(píng)判對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)模糊子集[9]。
1.4.3 單因素評(píng)判
根據(jù)評(píng)判因素集合評(píng)判集,可以建立U→V的模糊映射f:
式中i=1, 2,…,n;j=1, 2,…,m; 0≤rij≤1,rij表示某個(gè)被評(píng)判因素ui對(duì)評(píng)判vj的隸屬度,模糊矩陣R為單因素評(píng)判矩陣,如下:
進(jìn)行模糊綜合評(píng)判時(shí),需統(tǒng)一被評(píng)價(jià)數(shù)據(jù)的單位,對(duì)于單位不同的數(shù)據(jù),根據(jù)模糊數(shù)學(xué)中的平移標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差變換方法對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化處理,可根據(jù)下式進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化處理:
式中c為試驗(yàn)實(shí)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)。
1.4.4 確定被評(píng)判因素的模糊權(quán)重
一般情況下,被評(píng)價(jià)的n個(gè)u1,u2,u3,…,un重要程度是不同的,且各因素對(duì)總體的影響也不一樣,因此需要確定每個(gè)評(píng)判因素對(duì)總體的影響程度,本文采用專(zhuān)家預(yù)測(cè)法確定模糊權(quán)重,即權(quán)重A= (a1,a2,…,an)[27]。
1.4.5 模糊綜合評(píng)判模型的改進(jìn)
一般在模糊綜合評(píng)判決策中,采用 max-min合成運(yùn)算,即用模型M(∧,∨)計(jì)算B=A·R,其中
模糊綜合評(píng)判模型的改進(jìn)形式M(·, +)采用加權(quán)平均模型得到綜合評(píng)判結(jié)果[26],即
式中B是模糊評(píng)判指數(shù)。改進(jìn)的加權(quán)平均模型對(duì)所有因素依權(quán)重大小均衡兼顧,適用于考慮各因素起作用的情況。
2.1 對(duì)番茄生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)和產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)的模糊綜合評(píng)判
采用模糊綜合評(píng)判法對(duì)番茄的生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)和產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)主要選用的平均最大株高(hm)和平均最大葉面積指數(shù)(LAImax),產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)選用總產(chǎn)量(Y)和平均單果質(zhì)量(FW),采用專(zhuān)家預(yù)測(cè)法,選擇10位節(jié)水灌溉專(zhuān)家對(duì)各指標(biāo)進(jìn)行評(píng)判后,得到生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)和產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)的權(quán)重分別為A1=(0.5, 0.5)和A2=(0.7, 0.3),將數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,得到各指標(biāo)的綜合評(píng)判結(jié)果。由表2可知,T1處理的hm、LAImax和Y標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)值最大,2015年分別為0.154、0.155和0.152,2016年分別為0.168、0.161和0.158,而T6最小,2015年分別為0.131、0.119和0.133,2016年分別為0.131、0.121和0.129。從不同生育期水分虧缺程度對(duì)番茄生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)和產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)的影響結(jié)果來(lái)看,采摘期輕度虧缺(T2)的hm、LAImax和Y均高于花果期輕度水分虧缺處理(T5),而除hm指標(biāo)外,采摘期中度虧缺(T3)的LAImax和Y亦高于花果期中度水分虧缺處理(T7)。從生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)和產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)的綜合評(píng)判指數(shù)來(lái)看,T1處理的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)最大,2 a的生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)(GI)分別為0.155和0.164,產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)(YI)分別為0.151和0.159,而T6最小,2 a的GI分別為0.125和0.126,YI分別為0.136和0.129。從階段調(diào)虧水平來(lái)看,無(wú)論是花果期或是采摘期,輕度水分虧缺的GI和YI均高于中度水分虧缺處理(T2>T3,T5>T7),采摘期進(jìn)行輕度水分虧缺的 GI和YI高于花果期(T2>T5),而中度水分虧缺條件下,對(duì)YI的影響不大(T3≈T7)。
2.2 對(duì)番茄品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的模糊綜合評(píng)判
采用模糊綜合評(píng)判法對(duì)番茄品質(zhì)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),品質(zhì)指標(biāo)選用VC、TA、SS和SS/TA,采用專(zhuān)家預(yù)測(cè)法,隨機(jī)選取10位節(jié)水灌溉方向的專(zhuān)家,得到品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的權(quán)重為A3=(0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2),將數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,得到各指標(biāo)的綜合評(píng)判結(jié)果(表3)。由表3可知,不考慮階段水分虧缺條件下,即對(duì)于處理 T1、T4、T6,番茄的品質(zhì)指標(biāo)(除SS/TA外)隨灌水量增加而降低,T6處理的綜合評(píng)判指數(shù)最大,而 T1最小。從不同階段水分虧缺(T2、T3、T5、T7)對(duì)番茄品質(zhì)的影響程度來(lái)看,在花果期輕度虧缺的VC大于采摘期輕度虧缺VC(T5>T2),而TA和SS則為采摘期輕度虧缺處理與花果期輕度虧缺大致持平;花果期中度虧缺的 SS略高于采摘期(T7>T3),而VC和TA則相反。從品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的綜合評(píng)判指數(shù)來(lái)看,不考慮階段水分虧缺時(shí)表現(xiàn)為 T6>T4>T1,考慮階段水分虧缺時(shí),無(wú)論是在開(kāi)花坐果期或是成熟采摘期進(jìn)行中度水分虧缺的綜合評(píng)判指數(shù)均高于輕度水分虧缺處理(T7>T5,T3>T2),而相同水分虧缺水平條件下,無(wú)論是在花果期或是采摘期進(jìn)行輕、中度水分虧缺,其綜合評(píng)判指數(shù)相差不大(T2≈T5,T3=T7)。
表2 日光溫室滴灌番茄生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)和產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)及其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化Table 2 Growth and yield index and its standardization of tomato under drip irrigation in solar greenhouse
表3 日光溫室滴灌番茄品質(zhì)指標(biāo)及其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化Table 3 Quality index and its standardization of tomato under drip irrigation in solar greenhouse
2.3 對(duì)番茄階段蒸發(fā)蒸騰量指標(biāo)的模糊綜合評(píng)判
同樣采用模糊綜合評(píng)判法對(duì)番茄階段蒸發(fā)蒸騰量指標(biāo)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),采用專(zhuān)家預(yù)測(cè)法,隨機(jī)選取10位專(zhuān)家對(duì)溫室滴灌番茄幼苗期、開(kāi)花坐果期和成熟采摘期的蒸發(fā)蒸騰量進(jìn)行評(píng)判,得到各階段的權(quán)重為A4=(0.2,0.5, 0.3),將各階段蒸發(fā)蒸騰量的數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,得到各指標(biāo)的綜合評(píng)判結(jié)果(表4)。全生育期蒸發(fā)蒸騰量的綜合評(píng)判指數(shù)表現(xiàn)為 T1最高,2a分別為 0.155和0.163,T6最低,2a分別為 0.128和 0.121,即全生育期 T1的水分消耗量最大而 T6最小。由于本試驗(yàn)從開(kāi)花坐果期開(kāi)始劃分水分處理,花果期和采摘期輕度虧缺處理的綜合評(píng)價(jià)指數(shù)均高于中度虧缺處理(T2>T3,T5>T7)。從輕度虧缺水平來(lái)看,花果期進(jìn)行虧缺的評(píng)判指數(shù)高于采摘期(T5>T2),這可能是由于營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)期進(jìn)行水分虧缺抑制了番茄的耗水性能(如氣孔開(kāi)度、葉片發(fā)育以及根系生長(zhǎng)等),進(jìn)而影響了植株在生殖生長(zhǎng)時(shí)期的耗水量[28]。從中度虧缺水平來(lái)看,則表現(xiàn)為采摘期進(jìn)行虧缺的綜合評(píng)判指數(shù)高于花果期(T3>T7),與總蒸發(fā)蒸騰量相反,出現(xiàn)該結(jié)果的原因與階段蒸發(fā)蒸騰量的大小和權(quán)重因子有關(guān),由于在花果期T3處理的蒸發(fā)蒸騰量大于T7處理,而在采摘期二者相近,且花果期的權(quán)重大于采摘期,是導(dǎo)致T3綜合評(píng)判指數(shù)高于T7的主要原因。權(quán)重的確定在一定程度上影響著評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果[29]。
綜上,從品質(zhì)綜合評(píng)判指數(shù)來(lái)看,處理T6>T3(T4、T7)>T5(T2)>T1;從產(chǎn)量和生長(zhǎng)來(lái)看,T1>T2>T5>T7(T3、T4)>T6;從耗水來(lái)看,T1>T5>T2>T3(T4)>T7>T6??梢?jiàn),處理難以兼顧所有指標(biāo):充分灌水產(chǎn)量最高,但耗水和品質(zhì)最差;2生育期全部調(diào)虧灌溉(T4和T6)中,T6可降低耗水,增加品質(zhì),但產(chǎn)量也極低,而且T4耗水高于T7處理;部分生育期調(diào)虧灌溉處理中(T2、T3、T5、T7),T2優(yōu)于T5,T7優(yōu)于T3。所以,若實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,若強(qiáng)調(diào)節(jié)水、品質(zhì),則可選擇T7處理,若強(qiáng)調(diào)產(chǎn)量,可選擇T2處理。
表4 日光溫室滴灌番茄階段蒸發(fā)蒸騰量指標(biāo)及其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化Table 4 Evapotranspiration and its standardization of tomato at different stages under drip irrigation in solar greenhouse
本文以日光溫室滴灌番茄為研究對(duì)象,采用改進(jìn)的模糊綜合評(píng)判模型對(duì)番茄的生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)、產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)、品質(zhì)指標(biāo)和階段蒸發(fā)蒸騰量指標(biāo)進(jìn)行了綜合評(píng)判,從各指標(biāo)的評(píng)判結(jié)果來(lái)看,改進(jìn)的模糊綜合評(píng)判模型在一定程度上實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)調(diào)虧灌溉制度的優(yōu)化選擇,該方法為合理選擇溫室滴灌作物調(diào)虧灌溉制度提供了可能。在對(duì)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)和階段蒸發(fā)蒸騰量的評(píng)判方面,改進(jìn)的模糊綜合評(píng)判法的評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果與實(shí)測(cè)結(jié)果一致性較好。主成分分析法也可用于番茄綜合品質(zhì)的評(píng)價(jià),如王峰等[30]應(yīng)用主成分分析法對(duì)溫室番茄品質(zhì)進(jìn)行了綜合評(píng)價(jià),并提出平均品質(zhì)綜合主成分的概念;岳冬等[31]運(yùn)用主成分分析法評(píng)價(jià)了不同性狀的櫻桃番茄和普通番茄各9個(gè)品種的品質(zhì)指標(biāo)。此外,主成分分析法還用于蘋(píng)果酒香氣質(zhì)量的評(píng)價(jià)[32],以及灌水參數(shù)方式的優(yōu)化[33]等。孫雷[29]對(duì)比分析了主成分分析法和模糊綜合分析法的區(qū)別,認(rèn)為二者在對(duì)水質(zhì)的評(píng)價(jià)方面結(jié)果大致相同。主成分分析法是對(duì)多指標(biāo)的綜合評(píng)判結(jié)果,即將多個(gè)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)混合在一起進(jìn)行最終評(píng)價(jià),而模糊算法可以實(shí)現(xiàn)分類(lèi)比較的效果,從多角度方面得到最終的評(píng)判結(jié)果,更具有說(shuō)服力。但該方法也有不足之處,需要人為地給評(píng)價(jià)指數(shù)賦予權(quán)重,這在一定程度上會(huì)影響最終評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果[29]。另外,對(duì)于溫室獨(dú)特小氣候環(huán)境,該方法未能充分考慮溫濕度變化以及長(zhǎng)波輻射轉(zhuǎn)化等因素對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果的影響程度,因此,在今后的研究中需進(jìn)一步考慮該模型的多層次性和多因素性對(duì)模型評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果的影響。
本文權(quán)重的確定采用的是專(zhuān)家預(yù)測(cè)法,該方法具有較強(qiáng)的主觀性,通過(guò)選取10位節(jié)水灌溉專(zhuān)家進(jìn)行評(píng)判,得到了各評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)的權(quán)重,該方法受地域和環(huán)境條件的限制,評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果難免會(huì)出現(xiàn)判斷誤差,但該方法在評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)象的性質(zhì)和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)等方面表現(xiàn)出較好的判斷效果。汪順生等[9]采用該方法確定的溝灌夏玉米產(chǎn)量和耗水指標(biāo)權(quán)重系數(shù),同樣取得了良好的評(píng)價(jià)效果;金貴等[5]結(jié)合專(zhuān)家評(píng)價(jià)法構(gòu)建了綜合指數(shù)模型,從而克服了單純數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)或知識(shí)驅(qū)動(dòng)方法的不足??梢?jiàn),專(zhuān)家預(yù)測(cè)法在模糊綜合評(píng)判模型中具有一定的優(yōu)越性,但該方法在權(quán)重確定方面仍然存在諸多不確定性,這種不確定性不僅來(lái)源于周?chē)h(huán)境因子的變化,而且作物自身生理特性的影響也占主要部分。因此,若能結(jié)合環(huán)境因素以及作物自身生理特性建立一個(gè)適用性更廣機(jī)理性更全面的預(yù)測(cè)模型,將會(huì)進(jìn)一步提升模糊綜合評(píng)判法的準(zhǔn)確性。
本文采用改進(jìn)的模糊算法進(jìn)行溫室番茄調(diào)虧滴灌制度的綜合評(píng)價(jià),結(jié)果表明:
1)不考慮階段水分虧缺條件下,全生育期水分供應(yīng)量越大,番茄的平均最大株高、平均最大葉面積指數(shù)和產(chǎn)量的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)以及蒸發(fā)蒸騰量綜合評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)就越大,而品質(zhì)指標(biāo)則相反,說(shuō)明充分灌水增加了番茄的形態(tài)和產(chǎn)量指標(biāo),但卻降低了品質(zhì)指標(biāo)。
2)成熟采摘期進(jìn)行輕度水分虧缺(T2)與開(kāi)花坐果期輕度水分虧缺(T5)相比,兩者的品質(zhì)綜合評(píng)判指數(shù)接近(0.135和0.138,0.125和0.124),但前者的生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)和產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)高于后者(T2>T5),且蒸發(fā)蒸騰量低(T2<T5)。因此,在水資源較充足地區(qū),推薦采用成熟采摘期輕度虧缺的灌溉模式(T2),在不減少果實(shí)品質(zhì)和產(chǎn)量的前提下實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)水的效果。
3)在開(kāi)花坐果期進(jìn)行中度水分虧缺(T7)與成熟采摘期中度水分虧缺(T3)相比,二者的產(chǎn)量指標(biāo)和品質(zhì)指標(biāo)接近,但后者的總蒸發(fā)蒸騰量高于后者(T3>T7),因此,對(duì)于水資源比較貧乏的地區(qū),推薦采用開(kāi)花坐果期中度水分虧缺的灌溉模式(T7),保證產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的前提下實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)水灌溉的目的。
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Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation on regulated deficit irrigation scheduling of tomato drip irrigated in solar greenhouse
Gong Xuewen1,2,3, Liu Hao1, Liu Dongxin3, Wang Wanwan1, Sun Jingsheng1※
(1.Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang453003,China; 2.Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing100081,China; 3.
School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou450000,China)
This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of improved fuzzy comprehensive method in the evaluation of regulated deficit drip irrigation scheduling in solar greenhouse. An experiment was conducted in a solar greenhouse from March to July, 2015 and 2016 at Xinxiang Comprehensive Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences(35°9′ N, 113°5′ E and altitude 78.7 m). The experimental soil was loam at 0-80 cm and sandy loam at 80-100 cm. The solar greenhouse frame had a steel frame, covering an area of 510 m2(60 m by 8.5 m). The roof of solar greenhouse was covered with 2.5-cm thick cotton wadding and the heat-insulating materials were embedded in the wall to maintain the interior temperature. Irrigation scheduling was determined based on the accumulated evaporation in a standard pan in the diameter of 20 cm. The experiment was designed with full irrigation (0.9 times of the accumulated pan evaporation), mild water deficit(0.7 times of the accumulated pan evaporation) and moderate water deficit (0.5 times of the accumulated pan evaporation) in the flowering and fruit setting stage and the mature picking stage. There were 18 plots, and the plot area was 8.8 m2(8.0 m by 1.1 m). The crop growth index, yield index, water consumption index and quality index of drip-irrigated tomato were evaluated by using the improved fuzzy comprehensive method. The weight was obtained by 10 expert’s scores. The results showed that the crop growth index, yield index and water consumption index of tomato increased with the irrigation amount without considering the water deficit at different stages, but the quality index was decreased. Effect of the mild water deficit on quality index was weak, and the comprehensive evaluation index of growth index and yield index in the mature picking stage was higher than that in the flowering and fruit setting stage, while the crop evapotranspiration and irrigation amount over the whole growth stage of the former was lower. For the mild deficit irrigation for both growing stages, the quality comprehensive evaluation index was similar (0.135 and 0.138, and 0.125 and 0.124). For the moderate water deficit, the comprehensive evaluation index of growth index, yield index and quality index in the flowering and fruit setting stage was similar to that in the mature picking stage, but the crop evapotranspiration over the whole growth stage of the latter was lower. Therefore, for the drip-irrigated tomato in solar greenhouse, the mild water deficit in the mature picking stage should be recommended to the region with abundant water resource, while for the region with limited water resource, the moderate water deficit in the flowering and fruit setting stage should be applied. The improved fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was recommended as a basis for evaluating regulated deficit irrigation system of drip-irrigated tomato in solar greenhouse.
greenhouse; soil moisture; evapotranspiration; fuzzy algorithm; regulated deficit irrigation; expert forecast method
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.14.020
S275.6; S11+7
A
1002-6819(2017)-14-0144-08
龔雪文,劉 浩,劉東鑫,王灣灣,孫景生. 基于模糊算法的溫室番茄調(diào)虧滴灌制度綜合評(píng)判[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2017,33(14):144-151.
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.14.020 http://www.tcsae.org
Gong Xuewen, Liu Hao, Liu Dongxin, Wang Wanwan, Sun Jingsheng. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation on regulated deficit irrigation scheduling of tomato drip irrigated in solar greenhouse[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(14): 144-151. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.14.020 http://www.tcsae.org
2017-01-12
2017-06-10
中央級(jí)科研院所基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)(中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)田灌溉研究所);河南省科技攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目(162102110017)
龔雪文,男,河南安陽(yáng)人,博士生,主要從事作物水分生理與高效利用方面的研究。新鄉(xiāng) 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)田灌溉研究所,453003。
Email: gxw068@126.com
※通信作者:孫景生,男,遼寧建平人,研究員,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事節(jié)水灌溉和作物高效用水技術(shù)方面的研究。新鄉(xiāng) 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)田灌溉研究所,453003。Email: jshsun623@163.com