王建霞*,王宏偉*,楊錫琴,黃 忱,羅 蕓,金大智,馮曉燕,張賀秋
(1.河北大學生命科學學院,河北保定 071000;2.軍事醫(yī)學科學院基礎醫(yī)學研究所,北京 100850;3.浙江省疾病預防控制中心,浙江杭州 310051)
艱難梭菌毒素C蛋白的克隆表達和抗體制備
王建霞1,2*,王宏偉1*,楊錫琴2,黃 忱3,羅 蕓3,金大智3,馮曉燕2,張賀秋2
(1.河北大學生命科學學院,河北保定 071000;2.軍事醫(yī)學科學院基礎醫(yī)學研究所,北京 100850;3.浙江省疾病預防控制中心,浙江杭州 310051)
目的克隆艱難梭菌毒素C(tcdC)基因并構建TcdC蛋白的原核表達載體,制備多克隆抗體。方法從艱難梭菌標準株(ATCC43255)基因組DNA中擴增獲得tcdC基因的部分片段,連接到原核表達載體并轉(zhuǎn)化到大腸桿菌中,誘導表達GST-TcdC/L和IL1-TcdC/L融合蛋白,前者用作免疫抗原,后者用作檢測抗原。采用SDS-PAGE法鑒定融合蛋白的表達,并通過Ni柱純化IL1-TcdC/L融合蛋白,Q柱純化GST-TcdC/L融合蛋白。將純化的GST-TcdC/L融合蛋白于兔背部皮內(nèi)多點注射,每只1 mg,4周1次,共3次。最后1次免疫后2周,采血分離血清。用IL1-TcdC/L蛋白包被酶聯(lián)板,采用ELISA法檢測多抗血清效價;Western蛋白印跡法檢測多抗特異性。結(jié)果SDS-PAGE結(jié)果表明,所表達的2個融合蛋白與預期分子質(zhì)量一致。ELISA結(jié)果顯示,制備的TcdC多克隆抗體效價>1∶6.4×104。Western蛋白印跡實驗顯示,制備的TcdC/L多克隆抗體能特異性識別艱難梭菌中的TcdC蛋白。結(jié)論成功克隆了艱難梭菌tcdC/L基因并進行了原核表達,成功制備了其多克隆抗體,為后續(xù)研究tcdC基因在艱難梭菌致病過程中的作用及機制奠定了基礎。
艱難梭菌;毒素C蛋白;多克隆抗體
艱難梭菌(Clostridium difficile,CD)是革蘭陽性芽孢桿菌,1935年Hall和 O'Toole[1]首次從新生兒糞便中分離。該菌一般寄生在人腸道內(nèi),無莢膜,對環(huán)境抵抗力較弱,對氧極度敏感,是人類腸道感染的主要致病菌之一。CD感染是由產(chǎn)毒型CD在腸道過度增殖并大量釋放毒素引起的一系列感染性疾病[2]。
CD引起的臨床疾病與其攜帶的致病基因座(pathogenicity locus,PaLoc)相關。強毒力株的毒素分泌量與PaLoc中毒素A(toxin A,tcdA)和tcdB基因轉(zhuǎn)錄和(或)表達水平具有相關性[3],但PaLoc中其他基因,尤其是tcdC基因在毒素表達調(diào)控方面的作用機制尚不明確,存在較大爭議。因此,為了進一步確定tcdC基因是否在調(diào)控tcdA和tcdB基因表達方面發(fā)揮作用,就要首先了解TcdC蛋白的生物學功能,但目前尚無針對TcdC的商品化抗體。為滿足實驗需求,本研究克隆tcdC基因的部分片段,然后將其連接至表達載體構建原核表達系統(tǒng),并獲得純度較高的TcdC融合蛋白,免疫制備相應的多克隆抗體,為后續(xù)tcdC基因功能及作用機制的研究奠定基礎。
原核表達質(zhì)粒pBVGST和pBVIL1及大腸桿菌DH5α和HB101為本課題組構建;CD(ATCC43255)菌株由浙江省疾病預防控制中心提供;限制性內(nèi)切酶XhoⅠ,XbaⅠ以及T4 DNA連接酶由大連寶生物工程有限公司生產(chǎn);2×Power Taq PCR MasterMix、質(zhì)粒提取試劑盒及膠回收試劑盒均購自北京百泰克生物技術有限公司;引物合成及序列測定由北京中美泰和生物技術有限公司完成;IPTG、弗氏佐劑購自美國Sigma公司;辣根過氧化物酶(HRP)標記的山羊抗兔IgG抗體(二抗)購自北京中杉金橋生物技術公司;PVDF膜購自美國Millipore公司;Super-ECL Plus超敏發(fā)光液購自北京普利萊基因技術有限公司。PCR擴增儀(S1000 TM thermal cycler)、UV凝膠成像分析儀(Gel Doc XR+)購自美國Bio-rad公司;電泳儀(DYY-6 C型)購自北京六一儀器廠;離心機(LEGEND MICRO17)和溫箱(培養(yǎng)箱)(HERACELL 240i)購自美國Thermo公司;自動化酶聯(lián)免疫分析儀(SM-3)購自北京天石天力醫(yī)療器械有限公司。
利用生物信息學軟件BIOSUN對TcdC蛋白的氨基酸序列的B細胞表位分布進行分析。根據(jù)已報道的CD(ATCC43255)菌株的基因組序列,設計tcdC基因的引物,從基因組DNA中擴增獲得相應目的基因,命名為tcdC/L。引物序列如下:上游引物tcdC/L,5′-GCCTCGAGTGTTCTGAAGACCATGAGGAGGTC-3′;下 游 引 物tcdC/L,5′-GCTCTAGAATTAATTTTCTCCACAGCGATGCCTGG-3′。以提取的CD基因組DNA為模板,利用上述引物擴增獲得目的基因,PCR反應條件為94℃預變性5 min;94℃變性30 s,58℃退火30 s,72℃延伸40 s,進行30個循環(huán);結(jié)束后72℃終延伸10 min。將純化后的PCR產(chǎn)物分別連接入pBVGST和pBVIL1載體,構建表達質(zhì)粒pBVGST-TcdC/L和pBVIL1-TcdC/L并進行測序,將含有測序正確目的基因的大腸桿菌菌株進行42℃誘導表達,SDS-PAGE電泳鑒定GSTTcdC/L和IL1-TcdC/L融合蛋白的表達。
GST-TcdC/L蛋白的純化:將測序正確的菌落誘導,離心收集并超聲破碎(冰?。┚w,用溶解液〔Tris-EDTA(TE)緩沖液25 mmol·L-1、1%β-巰基乙醇和脲8 mol·L-1,pH 8.5〕溶解包涵體,收集樣品進行Ni柱純化。上樣結(jié)束后分別用含咪唑25和250 mmol·L-1的洗脫緩沖液洗脫并收集目的蛋白,SDS-PAGE電泳鑒定純化后的蛋白。
IL1-TcdC/L蛋白的純化:收集的菌體超聲裂解后,提取的包涵體用TE緩沖液溶解,樣品進行Q柱純化。上樣結(jié)束后,用含梯度NaCl的TE緩沖液進行洗脫,收集各洗脫液。將上樣前樣品、穿過液、梯度NaCl洗脫液進行SDS-PAGE電泳鑒定。取G50柱100 mL柱體,G50平衡液平衡約3個柱體積,根據(jù)上述電泳結(jié)果將收集純化的目的蛋白過柱,收集第一個洗脫峰即為脫鹽的目的蛋白,將收集的目的蛋白用Tris-HCl緩沖液(pH 8.5)5倍體積透析48 h后進行SDS-PAGE電泳鑒定。
為了排除空載體上融合蛋白的影響,本實驗表達了GST-TcdC/L和IL1-TcdC/L 2個融合蛋白,其中GST-TcdC/L蛋白為免疫抗原,用于制備多抗,IL1-TcdC/L蛋白為檢測抗原,用于抗體效價測定。取純化后的GST-TcdC/L抗原免疫新西蘭大白兔。初次免疫前取血作為陰性對照,取抗原(1 g·L-1)與完全弗氏佐劑按1∶1的比例混勻乳化,于兔背部皮內(nèi)多點注射,每只注射GST-TcdC/L融合蛋白1 mg;4周后,取抗原與不完全弗氏佐劑混勻乳化后進行第2次免疫。再于4周后,進行第3次加強免疫。第3次免疫2周后耳緣靜脈取血,分離血清,測定抗體效價。若效價≥1∶10 000則隔天進行心臟取血,離心分離血清,分裝后置于-20℃保存。
ELISA法檢測多抗血清的效價。取兔血清,首次稀釋500倍,采用倍比稀釋法進行稀釋,陰性血清作為對照,加入到包被有IL1-TcdC/L檢測抗原(2.5 mg·L-1)的包被板中,37℃孵育30 min后洗板拍干;加入HRP標記的山羊抗兔IgG二抗(1∶10000),37℃孵育20 min后洗板拍干;加入A和B顯色液,37℃避光10 min后加入終止液,在450 nm波長處測定吸光度(A450nm)值。
利用Montege?Antibody purification pRosop?-G試劑盒純化抗體,SDS-PAGE電泳檢測純化的抗體,并用分光光度計檢測抗體的蛋白含量。
將免疫用抗原和檢測用抗原進行常規(guī)SDSPAGE電泳分離;電泳完畢后轉(zhuǎn)到PVDF膜上,轉(zhuǎn)膜條件為4℃,200 mA電轉(zhuǎn)1 h;取出PVDF膜,用含5%脫脂奶粉的TBST室溫封閉1 h;加入制備的多克隆抗體(1∶3000稀釋),4℃孵育過夜;TBST洗膜后,加入HRP標記的山羊抗兔IgG(1∶2000稀釋),室溫孵育1 h;TBST洗膜后,化學發(fā)光顯色(ECL)并拍照,鑒定抗原抗體的反應。
取CD(ATCC43255)菌株,加入裂解液,冰上裂解20 min,然后4℃,3000×g離心20 min,收集上清即為全蛋白。將全蛋白經(jīng)SDS-PAGE電泳分離,封閉后用多克隆抗體(1∶200稀釋)4℃孵育過夜;洗膜,加入HRP標記的山羊抗兔IgG(1∶1000稀釋),室溫孵育1 h;洗膜后化學發(fā)光顯色(ECL)并拍照,鑒定制備的抗體是否可檢測到菌中的TcdC蛋白。
本研究利用BIOSUN生物信息學軟件分析TcdC蛋白B細胞表位分布情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)該結(jié)構域(30~50 aa)為高疏水性區(qū)域,與文獻[9]報道的其結(jié)構中含有跨膜結(jié)構域(30~50 aa)一致,抗原性較弱;而50~232 aa區(qū)域親水性較強,為優(yōu)勢表位抗原區(qū)段(圖1)。因此,選取峰值較高的表位區(qū)域即TcdC蛋白的50~232 aa抗原區(qū)段(TcdC/L)進行克隆表達。
Fig.1 BlOSUN software analysis of toxin C(TcdC)protein epitope in pathogenicity locus of Clostridium difficile(CD).Above the blue line for hydrophilic protein fragments,while hydrophobic fragments under the blue line.
以CD(ATCC43255)基因組DNA為模板,采用tcdC基因引物進行PCR擴增,瓊脂糖電泳鑒定。結(jié)果顯示,獲得了相應長度目的基因條帶,基因長度約為549 bp(圖2)。
Fig.2 Electrophoretic profile of PCR product of tcdC gene.The tcdC/L gene was amplified using tcdC/L primers from the chromosomal DNA of CD.The PCR product was separated on 2%gel electrophoresis.M:DNA molecular mass marker;lane 1:amplified product of tcdC/L gene(549 bp).
將tcdC抗原基因連接至表達載體,選取測序正確的重組表達質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)化于大腸桿菌誘導表達,收集菌體,并進行SDS-PAGE電泳鑒定。結(jié)果顯示,GST-TcdC/L和IL1-TcdC/L融合蛋白均獲得了表達,經(jīng)過柱純化后獲得純化融合蛋白,其中GSTTcdC/L約為45 ku,IL1-TcdC/L約為39 ku(圖3)。
Fig.3 SDS-PAGE analysis of expressed GST-TcdC/L(A)and lL1-TcdC/L(B)fusion proteins.Recombinant proteins were separated on 15%SDS-PAGE gel and stained with Coomassie blue.A:the bands show GST-TcdC/L protein was approximately 45 ku.Lane 1:pBVGST-TcdC/L was inducted at 42℃;lane 2:the lysate supernatant;lane 3:purified GST-TcdC/L protein;M:protein molecular mass marker.B:the bands show IL1-TcdC/L protein was approximately.Lane 1:pBVIL1-TcdC/L was inducted at 42℃;lane 2:the lysate supernatant;lane 3:purified IL1-TcdC/L protein.
用GST-TcdC/L免疫家兔,在最后1次免疫2周后耳緣靜脈取血,分離出血清進行抗體效價測定。用IL1-TcdC/L抗原包被酶聯(lián)板,間接ELISA法檢測抗體效價,抗體血清首次稀釋500倍,然后采用倍比稀釋法進行稀釋。以免疫前的陰性血清作為對照。結(jié)果顯示,抗體效價>1∶6.4×104(圖4),可用于后續(xù)實驗研究。
Fig.4 Titer determination of rabbit antiserum against GST-TcdC/L was used as an fusion protein.Purified GST-TcdC/L fusion protein was used as an antigen to immunize rabbits.The rabbit antiserum was harvested two weeks after the third booster immunizations.Indirect ELISA assay demonstrated that the titer of the antiserum was above 1∶6.4 ×104.
利用Montege?Antibody purification pRosop?-G試劑盒進行純化得到純化后多克隆抗體,多克隆抗體主要抗體形式為IgG,基本結(jié)構是由4條多肽鏈(二硫鍵連接的2條重鏈和2條輕鏈)組成的糖基化蛋白[4],經(jīng)過變性處理后,二硫鍵打開,IgG解離成重鏈(50 ku)和輕鏈(25 ku),純化結(jié)果如圖5。紫外分光光度法檢測TcdC/L多克隆抗體濃度為4 g·L-1。
Fig.5 SDS-PAGE analysis of purified anti-TcdC/L polyclonal antibody.See Fig.4 for the preparation of antiserum.The antibody was purified by Montege? Antibody Purification pRosop?-G Kit.Lane 1:purified anti-TcdC/L polyclonal antibody.
利用制備得到的多克隆抗體對抗原及CD(ATCC43255)菌株進行Western蛋白印跡檢測,以過量蛋白封閉掉的抗體作為陰性對照。圖6A和B結(jié)果顯示,制備的多克隆抗體可與免疫抗原在相對分子質(zhì)量約45 ku處出現(xiàn)明顯的雜交條帶,也可與檢測抗原IL1-TcdC/L反應并在39 ku處產(chǎn)生雜交條帶,而陰性對照組中條帶消失,說明制備的抗體可特異性識別TcdC蛋白區(qū)段抗原,是針對TcdC抗原區(qū)段的特異性抗體。
Fig.6 Specificity and determination of TcdC/L polyconal antibody by Western blotting.A:purified TcdC/L polyconal antibody that recognized GST-TcdC/L and IL1-TcdC/L proteins;lanes 1 and 3:IL1-TcdC/L;lanes 2 and 4:GST-TcdC/L;lanes 1 and 2:unblocked by antigen;lanes 3 and 4:blocked by antigen.B:determination of TcdC/L polyclonal antibody by recognizing TcdC protein from CD.Lane 1:unblocked by antigen;lane 2:blocked by antigen.
對CD菌體進行檢測(圖6C)發(fā)現(xiàn),在相對分子質(zhì)量約25.5 ku處可見明顯特異性條帶,而陰性對照組中條帶消失,說明制備的抗體識別CD中的天然全長TcdC蛋白,可用于后續(xù)實驗研究。
CD是人與動物偽膜性腸炎及抗生素相關性腹瀉的主要病原菌。CD感染已成為基礎研究、公共衛(wèi)生和臨床治療等多個領域廣為關注的問題[5]。產(chǎn)毒型CD含有1個約19.6 kb的PaLoc基因座,含有tcdA,tcdB,tcdC,tcdE和tcdR5個開放式閱讀框及cdu-2和cdd-3等插入序列。tcdA和tcdB基因編碼毒素A和B,毒素A為腸毒素,毒素B為細胞毒素[6]。tcdE基因位于tcdA和tcdB基因之間,tcdE基因編碼膜孔蛋白(holin)協(xié)助CD毒素分泌至外環(huán)境[7]。
tcdC基因編碼的蛋白TcdC由232 aa組成,相對分子質(zhì)量約為25.5 ku。Govind等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn),大部分TcdC蛋白存在于細胞質(zhì)膜中。van Leeuwen等[9]采用生物信息學方法,發(fā)現(xiàn)TcdC蛋白結(jié)構包括跨膜結(jié)構域(30~50 aa)、二聚體結(jié)構域(90~130 aa)和可結(jié)合寡核苷酸的C端。目前傳統(tǒng)觀點認為tcdB基因編碼一種反ε因子,反ε因子和ε因子及其他一些未知轉(zhuǎn)錄因子通過一種復雜的方式對tcdA和tcdB基因的表達進行調(diào)控[10]。但也有一些研究結(jié)果得出不同結(jié)論,Cartman等[11]選取tcdC基因缺失18 bp片段的CD(R20291)與攜帶有完整tcdC基因的CD(630)為對照,發(fā)現(xiàn)2株菌之間產(chǎn)毒量差異不顯著。Vohra 等[12]在分析 CD(VPI10463)和 CD(630)的PaLoc中各基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平時發(fā)現(xiàn),tcdC基因轉(zhuǎn)錄水平升高的同時,tcdA和tcdAB毒素基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平和產(chǎn)毒量也隨之升高。由此可知,對于tcdC基因的功能及其在致病過程中所起的作用仍不明確,并存在較大的爭議,需要進行更加細致地探索研究,為CD感染的控制提供更加有效的基礎支撐。
為了更加深入地研究tcdC基因及其蛋白在毒素調(diào)節(jié)方面的作用,首先要了解TcdC蛋白在CD中的表達特征,因此需要制備能高效識別該蛋白的抗體。本研究將tcdC基因中編碼50~232 aa區(qū)段的151~699 bp基因片段克隆至原核表達載體,轉(zhuǎn)化到大腸桿菌中,分別誘導表達了GST-TcdC/L蛋白和IL1-TcdC/L蛋白。然后以純化的GST-TcdC/L蛋白作為抗原免疫制備了多克隆抗體。用IL1-TcdC/L蛋白包被酶聯(lián)板,ELISA方法檢測制備的多克隆抗體,其效價>1∶6.4×104。Western蛋白印跡結(jié)果顯示,制備的TcdC/L多克隆抗體可與免疫抗原GSTTcdC/L和檢測抗原IL1-TcdC/L發(fā)生特異性結(jié)合并產(chǎn)生雜交條帶。該多克隆抗體能夠特異性識別CD中的TcdC蛋白,為后續(xù)研究TcdC蛋白在CD中的表達、定位分布及其對TcdA和TcdB表達調(diào)節(jié)的作用機制奠定了基礎。
[1] Hall IC,O′Toole E.Intestinal flora in new-born infants:With a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe,Bacillus difficilis[J].Am J Dis Child,1935,49(2):390-402.
[2] Curry SR,Marsh JW,Muto CA,O'Leary MM,Pasculle AW,Harrison LH.TcdC genotypes associated with severe TcdC truncation in an epidemic clone and other strains ofClostridium difficile[J].J Clin Microbiol,2007,45(1):215-221.
[3] Kociolek LK,Gerding DN.Clinical utility of laboratory detection ofClostridium difficilestrain BI/NAP1/027[J].J Clin Microbiol,2016,54(1):19-24.
[4] Yang ZY.Cloning,prokaryotic expression of goat PTHrP,and its antibody preparation(山羊PTHrP基因的克隆、原核表達和多克隆抗體制備)[D].Xi′an:Northwest A&F University(西北農(nóng)林科技大學),2010.
[5]Sattar A,Thommes P,Payne L,Warn P,Vickers RJ.SMT19969 forClostridium difficileinfection(CDI):in vivoefficacy compared with fidaxomicin and vancomycin in the hamster model of CDI[J].J Antimicrob Chemother,2015,70(6):1757-1762.
[6] Chen YB,Gu SL,Wei ZQ,Shen P,Kong HS,Yang Q,et al.Molecular epidemiology ofClostridium difficilein a tertiary hospital of China[J].J Med Microbiol,2014,63(Pt 4):562-569.
[7] Cao B,Li XP,Cheng Y.Clostridium difficilevirulence factors inducing anti-infection response and its gene functions[J].Immunol J(免疫學雜志),2013,29(4):357-360.
[8] Govind R,Dupuy B.Secretion ofClostridium difficiletoxins A and B requires the holin-like protein TcdE[J].PLoS Pathog,2012,8(6):e1002727.
[9] van Leeuwen HC,Bakker D,Steindel P,Kuijper EJ,Corver J.Clostridium difficileTcdC protein binds four-stranded G-quadruplex structures[J].Nucleic Acids Res,2013,41(4):2382-2393.
[10] Mani N,Dupuy B.Regulation of toxin synthesis inClostridium difficileby an alternative RNA polymerase sigma factor[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2001,98(10):5844-5849.
[11] Cartman ST,Kelly ML,Heeg D,Heap JT,Minton NP.Precise manipulation of theClostridium difficilechromosome reveals a lack of association between the tcdC genotype and toxin production[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,2012,78(13):4683-4690.
[12] Vohra P,Poxton IR.Comparison of toxin and spore production in clinically relevant strains ofClostridium difficile[J].Microbiology,2011,157(Pt 5):1343-1353.
*Co-first author.
2017-02-03 接受日期:2017-07-12)
(本文編輯:齊春會)
Cloning and expression of toxin C gene of Clostridium difficile and its polyclonal antibody preparation
WANG Jian-xia1,2*,WANG Hong-wei1*,YANG xi-qin2,HUANG Chen3,LUO Yun3,JIN Da-zhi3,FENG Xiao-yan2,ZHANG He-qiu2
(1.College of Life Sciences,Hebei University,Baoding 071000,China;2.Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,Academy of Military Medical Sciences,Beijing 100850,China;3.Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Hangzhou 310051,China)
OBJECTlVETo clone and express toxin C(tcdC)gene pathogenicity locus ofClostridium difficile(CD),and prepare the polyclonal antibody against TcdC protein.METHODSThetcdCgene was amplified from CD(ATCC43255)strain genome DNA and inserted into prokaryotic expression vectors.The correct recombinant plasmids were transformed intoE.coliwhich was induced to express the GSTTcdC/L and IL1-TcdC/L fusion protein.Meanwhile,the fusion proteins were respectively purified through Ni-NTA agarose affinity chromatography and Q-Sepharose Fast Flow.The purified GST-TcdC/L fusion protein was used as an antigen to inoculate rabbits to produce antiserum.Two weeks after the final immunization,the rabbits were sacrificed and serum was collected.The titer of the serum was determined by ELISA and the reactivity of the polyclonal antibody was identified by Western blotting.RESULTSThe SDS-PAGE result showed that GST-TcdC/L and IL1-TcdC/L fusion proteins were expressed at the size of 45 ku and 39 ku.The titer of TcdC/L polyclonal antibody was over 1∶6.4×104.Western blotting detection demonstrated that the TcdC/L polyclonal antibody recognized the TcdC protein in CD(ATCC43255).CONCLUSlONThe tcdC/L gene is cloned and the polyclonal antibody against TcdC/L is prepared,which will contribute to studing the function and mechanism of tcdC gene in pathogenicity locus.
Clostridium difficile;toxin C proteins;polyclonal antibody
The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81471998);Science and Technology Medicine and Healthcare of Zhejiang Province(WKJ-ZJ-1507);and Post-graduate′s Innovation Fund Project of Hebei University(X2016072)
FENG Xiao-yan,Tel:(010)66931397,E-mail:xyfeng2002@126.com;JIN Da-zhi,Tel:(0571)87115299,E-mail:dzjin@cdc.zj.cn
R967
A
1000-3002-(2017)07-0760-06
DOl:10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2017.07.009
國家自然科學基金(81471998);國家衛(wèi)生和計劃生育委員會科學研究基金-浙江省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生重大科技計劃(WKJ-ZJ-1507);河北大學研究生創(chuàng)新項目(X2016072)
王建霞,女,碩士研究生,主要從事生物疾病診斷研究;王宏偉,女,教授,主要從事水生生物疾病診斷研究。
馮曉燕,E-mail:xyfeng2002@126.com,Tel:(010)66931397;金大智,E-mail:dzjin@cdc.zj.cn,Tel:(0571)87115299
*共同第一作者。