楊 彬 關(guān) 鍵 嚴(yán)超貴 高瑞暉 何其舟 斯光晏 李子平
肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常與肝動(dòng)脈變異的MSCT相關(guān)性研究
楊 彬1關(guān) 鍵2嚴(yán)超貴2高瑞暉3何其舟1斯光晏1李子平2
目的:探究肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常與肝動(dòng)脈變異之間的相關(guān)性,以提高對(duì)肝動(dòng)脈變異的認(rèn)識(shí)。方法:篩查2015年06月-2015年12月上腹部雙期增強(qiáng)CT檢查的連續(xù)性病例1275例,所有病例均按照統(tǒng)一掃描方案行動(dòng)脈期、門(mén)靜脈期雙期掃描。收集肝左葉表現(xiàn)為葉段性分布的一過(guò)性灌注異常者,并記錄是否存在肝動(dòng)脈變異;按Hiatt分型進(jìn)行分類(lèi),分析肝動(dòng)脈變異與肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果:1275例連續(xù)性病例中33例符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn),肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常均呈肝葉或肝段分布,以多個(gè)肝段同時(shí)出現(xiàn)居多(30/33)。MSCT表現(xiàn)為動(dòng)脈期肝左葉或1~3個(gè)段均勻性密度增高,平掃及門(mén)靜脈期為等密度;其中肝S3分布2例(對(duì)應(yīng)血管變異為HiattⅣ型、腹腔干與腸系膜上動(dòng)脈共干各1例),肝S4分布1例(對(duì)應(yīng)血管變異為HiattⅡ型1例),肝S2加S3分布15例(對(duì)應(yīng)血管變異為HiattⅡ型9例,HiattⅤ型1例,肝左動(dòng)脈粗大2例,無(wú)血管變異3例),肝S2、S3及S4分布15例(對(duì)應(yīng)血管變異為HiattⅡ型6例,HiattⅢ型4例,HiattⅤ型2例,HiattⅣ型、肝左動(dòng)脈粗大、肝右動(dòng)脈起自于腹腔干各1例)。本組3例肝左動(dòng)脈粗大分別表現(xiàn)為直徑超過(guò)肝右動(dòng)脈17%、28%、40%。肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常與肝動(dòng)脈變異存在顯著相關(guān)性(χ2=35.9,P=0.022),以肝左動(dòng)脈變異為主(64%)。結(jié)論:肝左葉表現(xiàn)為葉段性分布的一過(guò)性灌注異常者常存在肝動(dòng)脈變異,該征象對(duì)CT診斷肝動(dòng)脈變異有提示作用。
肝左葉;分布;一過(guò)性灌注異常;動(dòng)脈變異;相關(guān)性
肝臟一過(guò)性灌注異常(transient hepatic attenuation difference, THAD),是一種由多種原因引起的肝臟血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的異常改變,該區(qū)域肝細(xì)胞本身無(wú)病理性改變,表現(xiàn)為肝實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)呈肝段或肝葉分布的密度增高或減低[1]。引起肝臟一過(guò)性灌注異常的原因以往文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道有病理性因素與生理性因素[1-9],但對(duì)肝動(dòng)脈變異引起的一過(guò)性灌注異常分析較少。筆者在實(shí)際工作中發(fā)現(xiàn)肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常多呈肝葉或肝段分布,且其中大多存在肝動(dòng)脈變異,因此筆者通過(guò)回顧性篩查上腹部雙期增強(qiáng)CT檢查的連續(xù)性病例,探究肝動(dòng)脈變異與肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常的相關(guān)性,以提高對(duì)肝動(dòng)脈變異的認(rèn)識(shí)。
回顧性篩查分析2015年06月-2015年12月在中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)影像科行上腹部雙期增強(qiáng)CT檢查的1275例連續(xù)性病例,所有病例均用Toshiba Aquillion 64層螺旋CT機(jī)掃描。掃描參數(shù):電壓120kV,電流350mA,掃描層厚10mm,層間距10mm,薄層1mm重組后,行最大密度投影成像(MIP)及容積成像(VR);對(duì)比劑采用優(yōu)維顯(300mg I/ml)80~100ml,注射流率3.0ml/s,注射后均行雙期增強(qiáng)掃描(25~30s動(dòng)脈期、70~75s門(mén)靜脈期)。
兩名高年資診斷醫(yī)師對(duì)肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常的形態(tài)、分布進(jìn)行觀察,并記錄是否存在肝動(dòng)脈變異。血管變異采用Hiatt分型[10],其中Ⅰ型肝動(dòng)脈正常;Ⅱ型替代肝左動(dòng)脈或副肝左動(dòng)脈起自于胃左動(dòng)脈;Ⅲ型替代肝右動(dòng)脈或副肝右動(dòng)脈起自于腸系膜上動(dòng)脈;Ⅳ型為替代肝左動(dòng)脈或副肝左動(dòng)脈與替代肝右動(dòng)脈或副肝右動(dòng)脈同時(shí)存在(Ⅱ型+Ⅲ型);Ⅴ型肝總動(dòng)脈起自于腸系膜上動(dòng)脈,Ⅵ型肝總動(dòng)脈起自于腹主動(dòng)脈。
按照以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)納入病例:①肝左葉存在一過(guò)性灌注異常而肝右葉表現(xiàn)正常;②肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常呈肝葉或肝段分布;③上腹部MSCT掃描時(shí)相統(tǒng)一;④對(duì)比劑均經(jīng)右上肢靜脈團(tuán)注;⑤上腹部無(wú)手術(shù)史;⑥年齡大于18歲。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①肝臟器質(zhì)性病變;②門(mén)靜脈或體循環(huán)障礙;③肝臟迷走靜脈:如包膜下靜脈或膽囊靜脈回流入肝內(nèi);④肝臟周?chē)∽儯焊沃芊e液、膽囊炎、肋骨壓迫等;⑤服用胺碘酮病史。
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件,完成對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的分析,對(duì)肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常與肝動(dòng)脈變異的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行卡方檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
1275例連續(xù)性病例中33例符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn),其中男25例,女8例,年齡26~84歲,平均57.9±14.9歲。33例肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常均呈葉段性分布,可表現(xiàn)為單一肝段(圖1~3)或多個(gè)肝段(圖4),以多個(gè)肝段同時(shí)出現(xiàn)為主,MSCT表現(xiàn)為動(dòng)脈期受累肝段密度均勻性增高,而門(mén)靜脈期肝臟表現(xiàn)為均一密度(圖1~4)。
肝動(dòng)脈變異分布情況具體見(jiàn)表1,包括HiattⅡ型16例(圖2、圖3)、Ⅲ型4例(圖1)、Ⅳ型2例、Ⅴ型3例,肝左動(dòng)脈(left hepatic artery,LHA)粗 大3例( 圖4), 肝 右 動(dòng) 脈(right hepatic artery,RHA)起自于腹腔干1例,腹腔干與腸系膜上動(dòng)脈(superior mesenteric artery,SMA)共干1例,無(wú)血管變異3例。
表1 肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常與肝動(dòng)脈變異分布
圖1 THAD。A.CT橫軸位動(dòng)脈期肝S2密度增高,強(qiáng)化較其他肝段明顯;B.同層面靜脈期肝臟呈均勻等密度,S2異常強(qiáng)化區(qū)消失。MIP冠狀位重組(C)和VR重組(D)均可見(jiàn)RHA單獨(dú)發(fā)自SMA,而LHA發(fā)自腹腔干,即HiattⅢ型。
圖 2 THAD。A.CT橫軸位動(dòng)脈期肝S2密度增高,強(qiáng)化較其他肝段明顯。B.同層面靜脈期肝臟呈均勻等密度,S2異常強(qiáng)化區(qū)消失。C、D.為MIP重組的不同冠狀位層面,示LHA直接起自腹腔干,RHA起自肝總動(dòng)脈,LHA的起始位置明顯高于RHA,即HiattⅡ型。
圖 3 THAD。A.CT橫軸位動(dòng)脈期肝S3密度增高,高于其他肝段。B.同層面靜脈期肝臟呈均勻等密度,S3異常強(qiáng)化區(qū)消失。C.MIP冠狀位重組和D.VR重組均可見(jiàn)LHA直接起自腹腔干,RHA起自肝總動(dòng)脈,LHA的起始位置明顯高于RHA,即HiattⅡ型。
圖4 THAD。A.CT橫軸位動(dòng)脈期肝S2和S3灌注異常,較其他肝段密度增高;箭示相對(duì)粗大的LHA。B.同層面靜脈期肝臟呈均勻等密度,S2和S3灌注異常消失。C.CT橫軸位動(dòng)脈期稍低層面,顯示肝左葉的灌注異常,密度較其他肝段增高;同時(shí)箭示RHA。D.MIP冠狀面重組示LHA直徑略大于RHA,且從肝總動(dòng)脈發(fā)出的位置稍早于RHA。
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常與肝動(dòng)脈變異之間存在顯著相關(guān)性(χ2=35.9,P=0.022),以肝左動(dòng)脈變異為主(64%,21/33)。
肝臟是雙重供血器官,肝動(dòng)脈占血供的20%~25%,門(mén)靜脈占血供的75%~80%,二者之間相互獨(dú)立、相互溝通,保持一定的平衡性,即肝實(shí)質(zhì)血供保持相對(duì)穩(wěn)定性,如果某區(qū)域門(mén)靜脈血流量減少或肝動(dòng)脈血流量增加,均可導(dǎo)致該區(qū)域肝臟一過(guò)性灌注異常的出現(xiàn),這是肝臟一過(guò)性灌注異常的解剖學(xué)基礎(chǔ)[7-9]。
綜合國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[1-9],肝臟一過(guò)性灌注異??稍斐筛闻K病變的測(cè)量偏大、誤診與漏診等。造成肝臟一過(guò)性灌注異常的原因包括病理性與生理性因素,其中病理性因素為良惡性腫瘤、炎癥性病變、肝門(mén)靜脈或體循環(huán)障礙、動(dòng)靜脈瘺等,生理性因素為肝臟鄰近組織結(jié)構(gòu)壓迫、肝臟迷走血供(副膽囊靜脈、迷走胃右靜脈、包膜下靜脈、腹壁-附臍靜脈)等。上述均可使肝臟局部血流量增加,即一過(guò)性灌注異常,但對(duì)存在肝動(dòng)脈變異時(shí)肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常文獻(xiàn)敘述較少,而不均勻性脂肪肝、肝硬化及服用胺碘酮時(shí)肝臟亦可表現(xiàn)為平掃與動(dòng)脈期密度均勻性增高[10],易混淆。
筆者在實(shí)際工作中,觀察到動(dòng)脈期肝左葉一過(guò)性按葉或段分布的密度均勻性增高的情況,常常不能找到相關(guān)病理因素,追蹤肝動(dòng)脈卻發(fā)現(xiàn)血管變異的比例很高。由于肝動(dòng)脈變異對(duì)于外科手術(shù)、介入治療等有重要意義,因此了解肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常與肝動(dòng)脈變異之間的相關(guān)性具有臨床價(jià)值。因此,筆者篩查了6個(gè)月內(nèi)所有行上腹部MSCT雙期增強(qiáng)掃描的病例,按照一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)納入,并設(shè)立相關(guān)排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),分析肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常與肝動(dòng)脈變異之間的相關(guān)性。
肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常的MSCT表現(xiàn)為肝左葉動(dòng)脈期的異常強(qiáng)化,呈肝葉或肝段性分布,可表現(xiàn)為單一肝段、多個(gè)肝段或整個(gè)肝左葉,而平掃及門(mén)靜脈期密度表現(xiàn)為與正常肝臟實(shí)質(zhì)相一致,并且無(wú)占位效應(yīng),其內(nèi)血管走行自然[2-3];本組病例的MSCT表現(xiàn)與此相符,且以多個(gè)肝段分布為主,且本組病例絕大多數(shù)可觀察到肝動(dòng)脈變異,而Hiatt等[11]及Michels[12]分型是研究肝動(dòng)脈變異的分型標(biāo)準(zhǔn),二者均有敘述替代性肝動(dòng)脈與副肝動(dòng)脈,其中替代肝動(dòng)脈是指肝動(dòng)脈分支正常解剖缺如,其血供來(lái)源于異常起源的動(dòng)脈;副肝動(dòng)脈是指肝動(dòng)脈分支正常解剖存在,同時(shí)伴有異常起源的動(dòng)脈參與肝臟供血[13],本研究采用相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的Hiatt分型。
因Hiatt分型未考慮到血管管徑的影響,而正常LHA直徑要小于RHA,即LHA血流量要小于RHA[14];當(dāng)LHA直徑大于RHA時(shí),肝左葉血流量相對(duì)增加,也可引起肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常,因此本研究中將LHA粗大視為肝動(dòng)脈變異的一種。
據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)綜合報(bào)道[1-9]:引起肝臟一過(guò)性灌注異常的機(jī)制包括腫瘤引起的“虹吸或盜血現(xiàn)象”、炎癥性充血、肝內(nèi)-動(dòng)靜脈瘺、門(mén)靜脈或體循環(huán)障礙引起的肝動(dòng)脈血流量相對(duì)性增加,迷走血管或肝實(shí)質(zhì)受壓引起局部實(shí)質(zhì)血流量增加等;且多段性一過(guò)性灌注異常累及肝臟一葉或大部分,通常是由于肝動(dòng)脈血流增加造成,且與動(dòng)脈血流分布密切相關(guān)[7,15]。本組所有病例對(duì)比劑均由右上肢靜脈團(tuán)注,經(jīng)上腔靜脈、肺循環(huán)、體循環(huán)、腹腔干、肝總動(dòng)脈、肝固有動(dòng)脈、肝左右動(dòng)脈進(jìn)入肝臟。筆者推測(cè)其造成肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常的機(jī)制可能為:①替代性或副肝左動(dòng)脈均起源于腹腔干或胃左動(dòng)脈近腹腔干起始部,對(duì)比劑進(jìn)入肝左葉的行徑路程較正常起源肝左動(dòng)脈短,且起始位置較RHA高,因而對(duì)比劑先到達(dá)肝左葉,造成肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常;②LHA粗大,其血流量較RHA增大,肝左葉血流量也相應(yīng)增加,從而造成肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常;③RHA起源于SMA時(shí),其起源位置明顯低于LHA,對(duì)比劑需經(jīng)SMA、替代性或副肝右動(dòng)脈進(jìn)入肝右葉,造成肝右葉血流灌注較左葉延遲,肝右葉灌注相對(duì)左葉減低,表現(xiàn)為肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常;④RHA直接起自腹腔干,但其行徑路程長(zhǎng),而LHA行程短,即肝右葉灌注遲于肝左葉,動(dòng)脈期肝左葉密度相對(duì)增高,即一過(guò)性灌注異常。
臨床意義:①肝左葉出現(xiàn)一過(guò)性灌注異常時(shí),未發(fā)現(xiàn)病理性因素存在時(shí),應(yīng)仔細(xì)尋找是否存在肝動(dòng)脈變異,防止漏誤診;②肝左葉表現(xiàn)為肝段或葉分布的灌注異常時(shí),肝左動(dòng)脈的變異相關(guān)度高,應(yīng)注意分辨,并能較好的解釋灌注異常的表現(xiàn);③正確認(rèn)識(shí)肝左葉一過(guò)性灌注異常,可為未來(lái)可能的介入或外科手術(shù)提供準(zhǔn)確解剖信息。
現(xiàn)有研究的不足之處:①本組病例沒(méi)有綜合個(gè)人因素,如體重指數(shù)(BMI)、心率等;②本文連續(xù)性篩查病例數(shù)及納入病例數(shù)不夠大;③納入病例無(wú)復(fù)查片對(duì)照,未通過(guò)改變掃描時(shí)間以驗(yàn)證一過(guò)性灌注異常的正確性;④缺乏DSA對(duì)照。
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Correlation Study between Transient Attenuation Differences in Left Hepatic Lobe and Hepatic Artery Variation by MSCT
YANG Bin1, GUAN Jian2, YAN Chao-gui2, GAO Rui-hui3, HE Qi-zhou1, SI Guang-yan1, LI Zi-ping2
Purpose:To explore the correlation between the transient attenuation differences in left hepatic lobe and hepatic artery variation in order to improve the understanding of the variation of hepatic artery.Methods:One thousand two hundred and seventy- fi ve patients who were undergone double phase enhanced CT from June to December 2015 in our hospital were screened. The patients with transient attenuation differences in left hepatic lobe whose distribution was localized at lobe or segment were enrolled. The incidence of hepatic artery variation which was classified by Hiatt classification was recorded, and the correlation between hepatic artery variation and the transient attenuation differences in left hepatic lobe was analyzed.Results:In 1275 cases, there were 33cases met the inclusion criteria, of which the distribution were all hepatic lobes or hepatic segments, and multiple hepatic segments distribution appeared in the majority (30/33). In these cases, the left hepatic lobe or 1-3 segment of it were shown as high density in the arterial phase, and is o-density in plain scan and portal venous phase; 2 cases were with liver S3 distribution (corresponding vascular variation: Hiatt type IV and celiac and superior mesenteric artery 1 case each, respectively), 1 case was with liver S4 distribution (corresponding vascular variation: Hiatt typeⅡ 1 case), 15 cases with liver S2 and S3 distribution (corresponding vascular variation: Hiatt type Ⅱ 9 cases, Hiatt type Ⅳ 1 case, Hiatt type V 2 cases, no artery variation 3 cases ), 15 cases with liver S2, S3 and S4 distribution(corresponding vascular variation: Hiatt type Ⅱ 6 cases, Hiatt type Ⅲ 4 cases, Hiatt type Ⅴ 2 cases, Hiatt typeⅣ,large diameter of the left hepatic artery, right hepatic artery from the celiac trunk 1 case each, respectively). In this group,3 cases of left hepatic artery were found with diameter larger than right hepatic artery 17%, 28% and 40%, respectively. There was correlation between transient attenuation differences in left hepatic lobe and hepatic artery variation (χ2=35.9,P= 0.022) ,and the left hepatic artery variation was accounted for the most (64%).Conclusion:Patients with transient attenuation difference are mostly with hepatic artery variation, and this sign may prompt the CT diagnosis of hepatic artery variation.
Left hepatic lobe; Distribution; Transient attenuation difference; Artery variation; Correlation
R445.3
A
1006-5741(2017)-05-0412-06
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)成像雜志,2017,23:412-417
1西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬中醫(yī)醫(yī)院放射影像科
2中山大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)影像科
3廣東省中山市火炬開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)醫(yī)院放射科
通信地址:四川省瀘州市春暉路16號(hào) , 瀘州 646000
關(guān)鍵(電子郵箱:usefulkey0077@163.cm)
Chin Comput Med Imag,2017,23:412-417
1 Department of Radiology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Southwest Medical University
2 Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhongshan University
3 Department of Radiology, Torch Development Zone Hospital,Zhongshan Guangdong
Address:16 Chunhui Rd.,Luzhou 646000,P.R.C.
Address Correspondence to GUAN Jian (E-mail: usefulkey0077@163.cm)
2016.07.26;修回時(shí)間:2016.08.25)