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牙周病與心肌梗死相關(guān)性的Meta分析

2017-12-15 11:18陳少華王朝陽訾豪鄭忠立李柄輝曾憲濤程冠昌
關(guān)鍵詞:橫斷面牙周病隊(duì)列

陳少華,王朝陽,訾豪,鄭忠立,李柄輝,曾憲濤,3,程冠昌

牙周病與心肌梗死相關(guān)性的Meta分析

陳少華1,2,王朝陽2,訾豪2,鄭忠立2,李柄輝2,曾憲濤2,3,程冠昌1,2

目的探討牙周病與心肌梗死的相關(guān)性。方法計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)和萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中公開發(fā)表的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),自建庫(kù)至2017年1月31日(2017年2月7日更新檢索)。對(duì)符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)提取和質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)后采用R 3.3.3軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果最終納入32項(xiàng)觀察性研究,其中5項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究、21項(xiàng)病例-對(duì)照研究及6項(xiàng)橫斷面研究?;谛U腗eta分析結(jié)果顯示牙周病增加心肌梗死發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)2.09倍(OR=2.09,95%CI:1.75~2.48,P<0.01),敏感性分析結(jié)果顯示穩(wěn)健性好。漏斗圖顯示存在明顯發(fā)表偏倚。結(jié)論牙周病很可能是心肌梗死的危險(xiǎn)因素。

牙周病;牙周炎;心肌梗死;危險(xiǎn)因素;Meta分析

心肌梗死是發(fā)病率和死亡率較高的心血管疾病[1],嚴(yán)重威脅人類的健康和生命。大量研究表明肥胖、糖尿病和高血壓及高脂血癥等是心肌梗死的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,但是控制這些危險(xiǎn)因素后仍不能降低心肌梗死的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。近年來,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)牙周病與心肌梗死共享一些常見的危險(xiǎn)因素,如吸煙、年齡、糖尿病等。越來越多的文獻(xiàn)表明牙周病可顯著增加心血管疾病或心肌梗死的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[2],有研究表明兩者之間呈正相關(guān)且可能存在一定的因果關(guān)系[3,4],而有研究卻得出二者之間毫無關(guān)聯(lián)的結(jié)論[5]。因此,本研究對(duì)公開發(fā)表的探討牙周病與心肌梗死相關(guān)性的隊(duì)列研究、病例-對(duì)照研究和橫斷面研究進(jìn)行Meta分析。

1 資料與方法

1.1 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

1.1.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ①研究類型為隊(duì)列研究、病例-對(duì)照研究和橫斷面研究,研究對(duì)象為人群;②研究主題為探討牙周病與心肌梗死的相關(guān)性,牙周病與心肌梗死均經(jīng)臨床醫(yī)生明確診斷,暴露因素為牙周?。虎劢Y(jié)局指標(biāo)為心肌梗死的發(fā)病率;④文獻(xiàn)中報(bào)告了比值比(OR)、相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度(RR)或風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比(HR)及其95%可信區(qū)間(CI),或能夠直接從文中提供的數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算得到;⑤ 中、英文語種發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)。

1.1.2 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ①不符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的研究;②信件、評(píng)論等;③數(shù)據(jù)不可用或缺乏全文的文獻(xiàn)。

1.2 文獻(xiàn)檢索

計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)和萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),搜集關(guān)于牙周病與心肌梗死相關(guān)性的隊(duì)列研究、病例-對(duì)照研究和橫斷面研究,檢索時(shí)限為建庫(kù)至2017年1月31日(2017年2月7日更新檢索)。此外,追溯納入研究的參考文獻(xiàn),以盡量增加相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量。檢索方法采取主題詞與自由詞相結(jié)合的方法進(jìn)行,中文檢索詞包括:牙周病、牙周炎、心肌梗死、心肌梗塞;英文檢索詞包括:“periodontal disease”、“periodontitis”、“periodontal”、“periodontal attachment loss”、“periodontal pocket”、“alveolar bone loss”、“myocardial infarct”、“myocardial infarction”、“acute myocardial infarction”。以PubMed為例,其具體檢索策略為:(“periodontal disease[MeSH Terms]” OR “periodontitis” OR “periodontal” OR“periodontal attachment loss” OR “periodontal pocket” OR “alveolar bone loss”) AND(“myocardial infarction[MeSH Terms]” OR“myocardial infarct” OR “acute myocardial infarction”)。

1.3 文獻(xiàn)篩選和資料提取

由2名研究者(陳少華、訾豪)嚴(yán)格按照納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獨(dú)立進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)的篩選及資料的提取工作,并交叉核對(duì),若遇爭(zhēng)議則通過討論解決。提取內(nèi)容包括納入研究的基本信息,如第一作者姓名、發(fā)表年份、研究設(shè)計(jì)類型等;研究對(duì)象的基線特征,包括各研究的樣本量、對(duì)照來源、校正因素、方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)資料及相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)等。

1.4 文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)

對(duì)納入的隊(duì)列研究和病例-對(duì)照研究的方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)采用NOS量表進(jìn)行偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估[6,7]。對(duì)橫斷面研究采用Combie橫斷面研究工具進(jìn)行,包括“是”、“否”、“不清楚”3個(gè)判斷,7條指標(biāo),7個(gè)給分點(diǎn);每項(xiàng)研究最多7分,Combie評(píng)分<4、4-5.5和6-7分別表示低、中和高質(zhì)量。

1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析

首先采用CochraneQ檢驗(yàn)對(duì)納入研究進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)(檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)為α=0.1),同時(shí)結(jié)合I2定量判斷異質(zhì)性的大小[8],即P≤0.1或I2≥50%表明各研究間存在異質(zhì)性較大,使用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型;若P>0.1且I2<50%時(shí),表明各研究間存在的異質(zhì)性在可接受范圍內(nèi),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析。根據(jù)可能出現(xiàn)的異質(zhì)性因素進(jìn)行亞組分析,并采用敏感性分析檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果的穩(wěn)定性。同時(shí),采用漏斗圖判斷發(fā)表偏倚,并進(jìn)一步采用Baujat圖進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。在行Meta分析之前,將納入的5項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究的RR/HR直接等效于OR。所有分析采用R3.3.3軟件進(jìn)行,以O(shè)R及其95%CI表示效應(yīng)量。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果

初檢相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)300篇,最終納入32項(xiàng)合格研究[9-38],包括中文文獻(xiàn)2篇,英文文獻(xiàn)30篇。其中5項(xiàng)為隊(duì)列研究、21項(xiàng)為病例-對(duì)照研究、6項(xiàng)為橫斷面研究。文獻(xiàn)篩選流程及結(jié)果見圖1。

2.2 納入研究的基本特征及質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)

納入研究的一般情況及質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)如表1所示。其中5項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究的隨訪時(shí)間為2.9~12.3年,隊(duì)列研究和病例-對(duì)照研究的NOS平均得分為6.15±1.08,橫斷面研究的Combie平均得分為5.83±0.37。

圖1 納入研究的流程及結(jié)果圖

2.3 Meta分析結(jié)果

因納入研究間異質(zhì)性較大(P<0.01,I2=86%),故采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行合并。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示牙周病增加心肌梗死發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)2.09倍(OR=2.09,95%CI:1.75~2.48,P<0.01,圖2)。對(duì)納入研究采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行敏感性分析結(jié)果顯示無實(shí)質(zhì)性的變化,提示Meta分析結(jié)果穩(wěn)健性好(圖3)。

按照研究類型、對(duì)照組來源、測(cè)量指標(biāo)、研究質(zhì)量、種族及是否進(jìn)行傳統(tǒng)危險(xiǎn)因素校正進(jìn)行亞組分析(圖4,表2),結(jié)果顯示所有亞組分析異質(zhì)性仍較高;其中病例-對(duì)照研究與亞洲人群暴露于牙周病發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著增高,分別可增加心肌梗死發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)2.86倍(OR=2.86,95%CI:2.18~3.75,P<0.01)和2.52倍(OR=2.52,95%CI:1.17~5.46,P<0.02)。此外,進(jìn)行傳統(tǒng)危險(xiǎn)因素校正后,暴露于牙周病仍能增加心肌梗死發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)1.80倍(OR=1.80,95%CI:1.55~2.10,P<0.01)。

2.4 發(fā)表偏倚

對(duì)納入的32個(gè)研究,基于隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型漏斗圖分析結(jié)果顯示左右明顯不對(duì)稱,剪補(bǔ)法校正(圖5)結(jié)果顯示缺失文獻(xiàn)為12篇,在一定程度上導(dǎo)致了該研究的發(fā)表偏倚。此外,行Baujat法[39](圖6)結(jié)果顯示Revert等[17]的研究異質(zhì)性最大且對(duì)總體效應(yīng)影響最大,其余各研究異質(zhì)性均較低,對(duì)總體效應(yīng)影響較小。經(jīng)剔除Revert等的研究后,牙周病仍能增加心肌梗死發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)1.89倍(OR=1.89,95%CI:1.62~2.22,P<0.01)。

3 討論

本研究共納入32篇文獻(xiàn),NOS量表和Combie量表平均得分較高。歐洲和美國(guó)等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家發(fā)表的英文文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量較亞洲發(fā)展中國(guó)家文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量高。為避免其它混雜因素可能對(duì)結(jié)果的影響,絕大部分研究均對(duì)傳統(tǒng)危險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行了校正。并且報(bào)告了對(duì)照組來源,以區(qū)分醫(yī)院人群和普通健康人群??傮w而言,大部分的納入研究設(shè)計(jì)科學(xué),研究目的明確,數(shù)據(jù)收集和方法合理。

表1 納入研究的一般情況及質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)

圖2 牙周病與心肌梗死發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)性總體人群的森林圖

圖3 牙周病與心肌梗死發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)性總體人群的敏感性分析圖

表2 整體人群及亞組Meta分析結(jié)果

圖4 牙周病與心肌梗死發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)性研究類型的亞組分析森林圖

圖5 牙周病與心肌梗死發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)性總體研究剪補(bǔ)法漏斗圖

圖6 牙周病與心肌梗死總體研究的Baujat圖

本研究結(jié)果與Shi等[40](OR=2.531,95%CI:1.927~3.324)和Xu等[41](OR=2.02,95%CI:1.59~2.57)的Meta分析研究結(jié)果相一致。Shi等的Meta分析僅納入了17項(xiàng)病例-對(duì)照研究;Xu等納入了4項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究、12項(xiàng)病例-對(duì)照研究、6項(xiàng)橫斷面研究,共22項(xiàng)觀察性研究。顯然,本Meta分析納入了更多的文獻(xiàn),統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)把握度更高;此外,還報(bào)告了暴露因素的測(cè)量方法。

牙周病是一種由細(xì)菌誘導(dǎo)的牙周支持組織慢性感染性疾病[42],全球發(fā)病率高達(dá)90%[43]。自從1989年芬蘭的Mattila等[44]學(xué)者首次報(bào)道了牙周病與急性心肌梗死存在相關(guān)性之后,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者開展大量研究紛紛表明牙周病與心肌梗死之間存在潛在聯(lián)系。目前牙周病增加心肌梗死發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的機(jī)制尚未完全闡明。有研究認(rèn)為牙周病可通過多途徑損傷冠狀動(dòng)脈血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,其存在的可能機(jī)制[42,45]為:①口腔內(nèi)的牙周病原體或其產(chǎn)生的成分釋放入血;②誘發(fā)全身炎性反應(yīng);③誘發(fā)全身免疫應(yīng)答反應(yīng);④影響血清脂質(zhì)代謝。因此,由牙周病引起的炎癥-纖維增生性反應(yīng)可能通過體內(nèi)的血液循環(huán)損傷血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞導(dǎo)致冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,從而引發(fā)急性心肌梗死的發(fā)生。

本研究的局限性在于納入研究的異質(zhì)性在整體分析和亞組分析中均較高;此外,大部分文獻(xiàn)未報(bào)告牙周病和心肌梗死的具體測(cè)量方法。然而,本Meta分析結(jié)果提示心血管病醫(yī)師應(yīng)注重牙周病患者口腔狀況,并開展牙周病干預(yù)對(duì)心肌梗死結(jié)局影響的研究。

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Meta-analysis of the association between periodontal disease and myocardial infarction


Chen Shaohua*,Wang Chaoyang, Zi Hao, Zheng Zhongli, Li Binghui, Zeng Xiantao, Cheng Guanchang.
*Department of Cardiology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China.
Corresponding author: Zeng Xiantao, E-mail:zengxiantao1128@163.com; CHENG Guanchang, E-mail:hndxhhyycgc@126.com

ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between periodontal disease and myocardial infarction.MethodsThe PubMed, CNKI and WanFang Databases were retrieved for collecting the relevant literature up to January 31, 2017 (February 7, 2017 update search). Meta-analysis was performed using R 3.3.3 software after data extraction and quality assessment of included studies.ResultsFinally, 32 observational studies were included: 5 cohort studies, 21 case-controlled studies, and 6 cross-sectional studies. All of them were high quality. Result of adjusted meta-analysis showed that periodontal disease increased risk of myocardial infarction 2.09 times (OR=2.09,95%CI:1.75~2.48, P<0.01), and result of sensitivity analysis showed good stability. The funnel graph showed a significant publication bias.ConclusionPeriodontal disease is likely to be a risk factor for myocardial infarction.

Periodontal disease; Periodontitis; Myocardial infarction; Risk factors; Meta-analysis

R542.22

A

1674-4055(2017)11-1294-06

河南大學(xué)健康體檢數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的建立與應(yīng)用項(xiàng)目(20150217)

1475000 開封,河南大學(xué)淮河醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科;2475000 開封,河南大學(xué)淮河醫(yī)院循證醫(yī)學(xué)中心 河南大學(xué)循證醫(yī)學(xué)中心;3430071武漢,武漢大學(xué)中南醫(yī)院循證與轉(zhuǎn)化醫(yī)學(xué)中心

曾憲濤,E-mail:zengxiantao1128@163.com;程冠昌,E-mail:hndxhhyycgc@126.com

10.3969/j.issn.1674-4055.2017.11.03

翁鴻,田國(guó)祥

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