綠色農(nóng)業(yè)

2018-01-02 08:10:09

中國學(xué)術(shù)期刊文摘 2017年24期

關(guān)鍵詞：現(xiàn)狀對策

Kromp, B

Natural products in crop protection

Dayan, Franck E; Cantrell, Charles L; Duke, Stephen O

The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products

Mekonnen, MM; Hoekstra, AY

Bringing ecosystem services into economic decision-making: Land use in the United Kingdom

Bateman, Ian J; Harwood, Amii R;Mace, Georgina M; et al.

綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與未來展望

王德勝

我國微生物肥料研究現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢

吳建峰，林先貴

綠色農(nóng)業(yè)

·編者按·

黨的十八大以來，黨中央國務(wù)院高度重視綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展。習(xí)近平總書記多次強(qiáng)調(diào)，綠水青山就是金山銀山。十九大報告指出，我們要建設(shè)的現(xiàn)代化是人與自然和諧共生的現(xiàn)代化。2017年9月，中共中央辦公廳、國務(wù)院辦公廳印發(fā)了《關(guān)于創(chuàng)新體制機(jī)制推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展的意見》，其目標(biāo)任務(wù)是：把農(nóng)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展擺在生態(tài)文明建設(shè)全局的突出位置，全面建立以綠色生態(tài)為導(dǎo)向的制度體系，基本形成與資源環(huán)境承載力相匹配、與生產(chǎn)生活生態(tài)相協(xié)調(diào)的農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展格局，努力實現(xiàn)耕地數(shù)量不減少、耕地質(zhì)量不降低、地下水不超采，化肥、農(nóng)藥使用量零增長，秸稈、畜禽糞污、農(nóng)膜全利用，實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展、農(nóng)民生活更加富裕、鄉(xiāng)村更加美麗宜居。

當(dāng)前，我國正在由中等收入國家向高收入國家邁進(jìn)，顯著的特點(diǎn)就是消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)升級，由過去的吃得飽向吃得好、吃得健康轉(zhuǎn)變。綠色農(nóng)業(yè)是指通過增加、使用自然和可持續(xù)的養(yǎng)分投入、多樣化作物輪作以及畜牧業(yè)和種植業(yè)一體化來恢復(fù)和提高土壤肥力的技術(shù)減少化肥使用，通過采用將生物防治和雜草管理相結(jié)合的實踐，減少化學(xué)農(nóng)藥和除草劑使用。綠色農(nóng)業(yè)不再狹隘地視農(nóng)業(yè)只是提供食品、纖維、原材料等經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)業(yè)，而是認(rèn)為其具有多種價值和功能，是人類回歸自然的必然之路，是反映人類與自然是否和諧的指示劑。推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展為我們提升現(xiàn)有農(nóng)業(yè)資源的可承載性、擴(kuò)展農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的空間指明了方向。

本專題得到王德勝教授（中國石油大學(xué)（華東））的大力支持。

·熱點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)排行·

截至2017年11月20日，中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）和Web of Science（WoS）的數(shù)據(jù)報告顯示，以“綠色農(nóng)業(yè)（green agriculture）”為詞條可以檢索到的期刊文獻(xiàn)分別為條1668與2832條，本專題將相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)按照：研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)、作者發(fā)文數(shù)、期刊發(fā)文數(shù)、被引用頻次進(jìn)行排行，結(jié)果如下。

研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

研究機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WoS）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

作者發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WoS）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（CNKI）

期刊發(fā)文數(shù)量排名（WoS）

根據(jù)中國知網(wǎng)（CNKI）數(shù)據(jù)報告，以“綠色農(nóng)業(yè)（green agriculture）”為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

根據(jù)Web of Science統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，以“綠色農(nóng)業(yè)（green agriculture）”為詞條為詞條可以檢索到的高被引論文排行結(jié)果如下。

國外數(shù)據(jù)庫高被引論文排行

·經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)推薦·

基于Web of Science檢索結(jié)果，利用Histcite軟件選取LCS（Local Citation Score，本地引用次數(shù)）TOP50文獻(xiàn)作為節(jié)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析，得到本領(lǐng)域推薦的經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)如下。

來源出版物：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011, 180(50)：20260-20264

Carabid beetles in sustainable agriculture:A review on pest control efficacy, cultivation impacts and enhancement

Kromp, B

Abstract:This review article an carabids in sustainable agro-ecosystems of the temperate Northern hemisphere presents a compilation of the available knowledge on the significance of carabids for natural pest control and the effects of cultivation methods (except pesticides) and landscape structural elements. Field carabids are species rich and abundant in arable sites, but are affected by intensive agricultural cultivation. For sampling, fenced pitfall trapping or pitfall trapping is recommended according to the type of study. Many of the assumed beneficial pest control activities of carabids are still based on laboratory feeding records. In the field, carabids have been demonstrated to reduce cereal and sugar beet aphid populations in their early colonization phase, mainly by foraging on aphids that have fallen from the vegetation.Egg predation on Dipteran eggs, e.g. the cabbage root fly,has been overestimated in earlier literature. Scattered data indicate carabidforaging on certain coleopteran pest larvae.In North America, some evidence has been found for control of pest lepidopterans. Larger carabids, e.g. Abax parallelepipedus, can effectively control slugs in greenhouses. Because of their spermophagous feeding habits, certain species of Harpalus and Amara could have some potential for biological weed control. As a result of their sensitive reaction to anthropogenic changes in habitat quality, carabids are considered of bioindicative value for cultivation impacts. Carabids seem to be negatively affected by deep ploughing and enhanced by reduced tillage systems. No negative effects have been found for mechanical weed control and flaming. Carabid recruitment is enhanced by proper organic fertilization and green manuring. Intensive nitrogen amendment might indirectly affect carabids by altering crop density and microclimate.Field carabid assemblages are not bound to a certain crop type, but shift in dominance according to the crop-specific rhythmicity of cultivation measures and changes in crop phenology and microclimate. Crop rotation effects could also be influenced by held-size dependent recolonization capability of carabids. They are enhanced by crop diversification in terms of monocrop heterogeneity and weediness as well as by intercropping and the presence of field boundaries, although corresponding increases in their pest reduction efficacy have not yet been evidenced.

關(guān)鍵詞：carabids; review; sustainable agriculture; pest control; cultivation impacts; field boundaries

來源出版物：Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,1999, 71(1-3)：187-228

Natural products in crop protection

Dayan, Franck E; Cantrell, Charles L; Duke, Stephen O

Abstract:The tremendous increase in crop yields associated with the ‘green’ revolution has been possible in part by the discovery and utilization of chemicals for pest control. However, concerns over the potential impact of pesticides on human health and the environment has led to the introduction of new pesticide registration procedures,such as the Food Quality Protection Act in the United States. These new regulations have reduced the number of synthetic pesticides available in agriculture. Therefore, the current paradigm of relying almost exclusively on chemicals for pest control may need to be reconsidered.New pesticides, including natural product-based pesticides are being discovered and developed to replace the compounds lost due to the new registration requirements.This review covers the historical use of natural products in agricultural practices, the impact of natural products on the development of new pesticides, and the future prospects for natural products-based pest management.

關(guān)鍵詞：natural pesticide; sustainable agriculture; natural herbicide; natural fungicide; natural insecticide; essential oils; biological control; triketone; corn gluten;momilactone; sorgoleone; bialaphos; spinosad; avermectins;milbemycins; ryania; sabadilla; chitin; harpin; strobilurins

來源出版物：Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2009,17(12)：4022-4034

The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products

Mekonnen, MM; Hoekstra, AY

Abstract:This study quantifies the green, blue and grey water footprint of global crop production in a spatiallyexplicit way for the period 1996-2005. The assessment improves upon earlier research by taking a high- resolution approach, estimating the water footprint of 126 crops at a 5 by 5 arc minute grid. We have used a grid-based dynamic water balance model to calculate crop water use over time,with a time step of one day. The model takes into account the daily soil water balance and climatic conditions for each grid cell. In addition, the water pollution associated with the use of nitrogen fertilizer in crop production is estimated for each grid cell. The crop evapotranspiration of additional 20 minor crops is calculated with the CROPWAT model. In addition, we have calculated the water footprint of more than two hundred derived crop products, including various flours, beverages, fibres and biofuels. We have used the water footprint assessment framework as in the guideline of the Water Footprint Network. Considering the water footprints of primary crops, we see that the global average water footprint per ton of crop increases from sugar crops (roughly 200 m3ton-1),vegetables (300 m3ton-1), roots and tubers (400 m3ton-1),fruits (1000 m3ton-1), cereals (1600 m3ton-1), oil crops(2400 m3ton-1) to pulses (4000 m3ton-1). The water footprint varies, however, across different crops per crop category and per production region as well. Besides, if one considers the water footprint per kcal, the picture changes as well. When considered per ton of product, commodities with relatively large water footprints are：coffee, tea, cocoa,tobacco, spices, nuts, rubber and fibres. The analysis of water footprints of different biofuels shows that bioethanol has a lower water footprint (in m3GJ-1) than biodiesel, which supports earlier analyses. The crop used matters significantly as well：The global average water footprint of bio-ethanol based on sugar beet amounts to 51 m3GJ-1, while this is 121 m3GJ-1for maize. The global water footprint related to crop production in the period 1996-2005 was 7404 billion cubic meters per year(78% green, 12% blue, 10% grey). A large total water footprint was calculated for wheat (1087 Gm3yr-1),rice (992 Gm3yr-1) and maize (770 Gm3yr-1). Wheat and rice have the largest blue water footprints, together accounting for 45% of the global blue water footprint. At country level, the total water footprint was largest for India (1047 Gm3yr-1), China (967 Gm3yr-1) and the USA(826 Gm3yr-1). A relatively large total blue water footprint as a result of crop production is observed in the Indus river basin (117 Gm3yr-1) and the Ganges river basin(108 Gm3yr-1). The two basins together account for 25%of the blue water footprint related to global crop production.Globally, rain-fed agriculture has a water footprint of 5173 Gm3yr-1(91% green, 9% grey); irrigated agriculture has a water footprint of 2230 Gm3yr-1(48% green, 40%blue, 12% grey).

來源出版物：Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2011,15(5)：1577-1600

Bringing ecosystem services into economic decision-making: Land use in the United Kingdom

Bateman, Ian J; Harwood, Amii R;Mace, Georgina M; et al.

Abstract:Landscapes generate a wide range of valuable ecosystem services, yet land-use decisions often ignore the value of these services. Using the example of the United Kingdom, we show the significance of land-use change not only for agricultural production but also for emissions and sequestration of greenhouse gases, open-access recreational visits, urban green space, and wild-species diversity. We use spatially explicit models in conjunction with valuation methods to estimate comparable economic values for these services, taking account of climate change impacts. We show that, although decisions that focus solely on agriculture reduce overall ecosystem service values,highly significant value increases can be obtained from targeted planning by incorporating all potential services and their values and that this approach also conserves wild-species diversity.

來源出版物：Science, 2013, 341(6141)：45-50

·推薦綜述·

綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與未來展望

王德勝

1 綠色農(nóng)業(yè)概念的提出

2003年10月由中國綠色食品協(xié)會主持，在我國北京召開了“亞太地區(qū)綠色食品與有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)市場通道建設(shè)國際研討會”，這是一次有關(guān)我國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的盛會，在會上中國綠色食品協(xié)會的專家首次提出了“綠色農(nóng)業(yè)”的概念。為進(jìn)一步開展國際間的合作，推動綠色農(nóng)業(yè)理論和研究的發(fā)展。我國先后在中國科學(xué)院、中國工程院、中國社會科學(xué)院、中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院以及中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)等單位成立了研究綠色農(nóng)業(yè)基本理論的課題組，并投人大量的資金用于扶持該項目的建設(shè)，這標(biāo)志我國正式進(jìn)人到“綠色農(nóng)業(yè)”的發(fā)展階段。

2 綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的內(nèi)涵

有關(guān)“綠色食品”的概念出現(xiàn)在20世紀(jì)90年代初，緊接著“綠色農(nóng)業(yè)”就成為大家議論的話題。

對于“綠色農(nóng)業(yè)”的內(nèi)涵我國許多專家、學(xué)者均做過積極的探索。知名專家劉連馥老師在其主編的論著《綠色農(nóng)業(yè)初探》一書中，明確指出綠色農(nóng)業(yè)是指充分運(yùn)用當(dāng)代的先進(jìn)科學(xué)技術(shù)、裝備和農(nóng)業(yè)管理經(jīng)驗，以促進(jìn)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品安全、生態(tài)安全、資源安全和提高農(nóng)業(yè)綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一為目標(biāo)，以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)為手段，推動人類社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)全面、協(xié)調(diào)、可持續(xù)發(fā)展的農(nóng)業(yè)模式。但也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為綠色農(nóng)業(yè)僅是可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展中的一種；有的學(xué)者強(qiáng)調(diào)綠色農(nóng)業(yè)就是要做大做強(qiáng)綠色食品產(chǎn)業(yè)。

總的來說，綠色農(nóng)業(yè)涉及范圍較廣、領(lǐng)域較多，不僅僅是農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，還有工業(yè)、管理學(xué)等眾多領(lǐng)域。但不可否認(rèn)的是綠色農(nóng)業(yè)將是當(dāng)前和今后我國發(fā)展現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的主流，應(yīng)該把農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的食品安全、環(huán)境保護(hù)、資源可持續(xù)利用、人與自然協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展之路作為首要目標(biāo)。綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的產(chǎn)品不僅要包括綠色食品、有機(jī)食品，還包括在綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的原料如紡織、橡膠、化工、包裝材料等及綠色休閑產(chǎn)品如觀光旅游度假休閑農(nóng)業(yè)、生態(tài)景觀農(nóng)業(yè)、文化景觀農(nóng)業(yè)等，因此綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的終端產(chǎn)品范圍非常廣闊。

3 我國綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀

自從2003年學(xué)者提出“綠色農(nóng)業(yè)”概念之后，中國綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展經(jīng)歷了從理論學(xué)習(xí)、借鑒國外的經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)到自我創(chuàng)新等幾個階段，取得以下的成績。尤其是近年來，綠色農(nóng)業(yè)高速發(fā)展，產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈逐漸延長，形成了具有我國社會主義特色的模式，為保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境、擴(kuò)大就業(yè)、促進(jìn)農(nóng)民增收發(fā)揮了重要作用。

3.1 綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展具有一定的規(guī)模

從近年來我國綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r可見，我國綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展速度之快，產(chǎn)品總數(shù)、產(chǎn)量、銷售額、出口額均呈逐年增長的態(tài)勢，至2014年我國綠色食品已有14500個，其中有機(jī)食品2530個，綠色食品、有機(jī)食品產(chǎn)量分別達(dá)7520萬t，300萬t，銷售額分別達(dá)1798億元、81億元，出口額分別達(dá)35億美元、4.9億美元。

3.2 綠色農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)高速增長

綠色農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)是綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的主力軍，它統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全局，一只手連接著生產(chǎn)基地及農(nóng)戶，另一只手連接市場。近年來綠色農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)發(fā)展勢頭良好。截止2014年底，綠色農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)有8700家，其中國家級龍頭企業(yè)已達(dá)239家，省級企業(yè)1194個，年增長率達(dá)20.7%。當(dāng)年新增的綠色農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)達(dá)580家。這些企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品約21153個。814家企業(yè)擁有并使用有機(jī)產(chǎn)品標(biāo)志，其產(chǎn)品有3342個。全國建成了635個綠色食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化生產(chǎn)基地，種植規(guī)模達(dá)1066.67萬hm2，達(dá)到有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的有17個，總面積達(dá)66.67萬hm2。這些綠色食品基地帶動農(nóng)戶2010萬戶，為農(nóng)民增加收人10億元。更重要的是這些企業(yè)通過多種方式與種植戶對接，如“企業(yè)+專業(yè)合作組織+農(nóng)戶”或“企業(yè)+農(nóng)戶”等，除收購農(nóng)產(chǎn)品之外，還為農(nóng)民提供技術(shù)服務(wù)，為以后綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展打下堅實的基礎(chǔ)。

3.3 農(nóng)民意識提高

農(nóng)民是綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的細(xì)胞，是生產(chǎn)的基本單位。農(nóng)民參與綠色農(nóng)業(yè)，既提高了自己的收人，又為城市的居民提供綠色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。如2014年綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)共帶動2100萬個農(nóng)戶，直接增收10億元以上。綠色農(nóng)業(yè)建立了綠色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品基地，在生產(chǎn)中，農(nóng)民也學(xué)到了綠色農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)，其自身的意識逐步提高，農(nóng)業(yè)專業(yè)合作組織的出現(xiàn)就是典型的例子，這類組織是農(nóng)戶與企業(yè)的紐帶，是農(nóng)民自發(fā)形成的組織，結(jié)構(gòu)雖然松散，但作用很大，使農(nóng)民團(tuán)結(jié)起來以應(yīng)對市場的風(fēng)險，將市場與農(nóng)民緊緊地聯(lián)系在一起。至2014年全國已有幾千家農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社，約1000家通過了綠色食品的認(rèn)證。

3.4 政策支持力度加大

我國政府制定了農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)政策，提供公共服務(wù)，是當(dāng)之無愧的綠色農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。中央先后出臺了許多利好的政策支持綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展，如2008年6月1日起，對于生產(chǎn)、銷售有機(jī)肥產(chǎn)品的企業(yè)與個人免征增值稅；2009年拿出專項資金扶持綠色農(nóng)用生物產(chǎn)品等。與此同時，我國政府加大對綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的扶持力度，僅2014年建成的綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)基地及示范園區(qū)面積就達(dá)0.11億多hm2。

4 我國綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展存在的不足

4.1 缺乏理論研究

20世紀(jì)90年代，我國農(nóng)業(yè)專家學(xué)者開始“綠色農(nóng)業(yè)”研究工作?？v觀學(xué)術(shù)界發(fā)現(xiàn)均是自發(fā)的、分散的學(xué)術(shù)爭鳴、理論探討。21世紀(jì)開始，我國開始成立專業(yè)的綠色農(nóng)業(yè)研究組織，但截止到目前，有關(guān)綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的理論研究還很匱乏。至今國內(nèi)已出版的有關(guān)“綠色農(nóng)業(yè)”的專著或論文集僅有《綠色農(nóng)業(yè)初探》《綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)原則》《綠色農(nóng)業(yè)導(dǎo)論》《綠色農(nóng)業(yè)與綠色生態(tài)江西研討會論文集》等。綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展缺乏成系統(tǒng)的理論支持，無法指導(dǎo)大規(guī)模的綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。理論上綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展涉及的環(huán)節(jié)較多，要保質(zhì)保量，達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和生態(tài)綠色的目標(biāo)，需要工業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和管理等多個領(lǐng)域的理論創(chuàng)新。但目前現(xiàn)有技術(shù)儲備還難以完成指導(dǎo)綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的整套規(guī)程，這嚴(yán)重制約綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展。

4.2 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不健全，疏于管理

綠色農(nóng)業(yè)是一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化生產(chǎn)方式，由專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行規(guī)范化管理。當(dāng)前，我國綠色農(nóng)業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不健全，管理機(jī)構(gòu)水平參差不齊，嚴(yán)重影響綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展。按照我國的有關(guān)規(guī)定，參照GB/T24000—ISO14000、歐盟有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)條例（2092/91）美國、日本等國家的有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，我國的綠色食品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為AA級和A級兩個等級。同時也實施了《有機(jī)食品國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》，如綠色食品白菜類蔬菜標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（NY/T654—2002）、綠色食品茄果類蔬菜標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（NY/T655—2002）等。但總的看，我國綠色農(nóng)業(yè)還較缺乏，沒有形成自己的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，更不必說標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系。

另一方面，對于綠色食品的認(rèn)證，表面上看制度健全，有相應(yīng)的法規(guī)，有從中央至各省、市一級的較為完整的管理體系，但疏于監(jiān)管的現(xiàn)象時有發(fā)生。比較突出的現(xiàn)象是綠色食品、無公害食品、有機(jī)食品的認(rèn)證程序非常混亂，認(rèn)證的機(jī)構(gòu)很多，認(rèn)證手段、方法及證書也均不一致。另外，許多并不具備綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)條件的企業(yè)也堂而皇之地披上了綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的外衣，其產(chǎn)品也打上了綠色食品的標(biāo)志，進(jìn)行虛假的宣傳，使消費(fèi)者在市場上購買時分不清真假，而真正的綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的產(chǎn)品反而敗下陣來。

4.3 規(guī)模小，產(chǎn)品檔次低，分布不均勻

綠色農(nóng)業(yè)在我國出現(xiàn)的時間晚，發(fā)展的時間短，總體上看其規(guī)模和層次還處于初級階段，在整個農(nóng)業(yè)體系中占得比重還很小。一是綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)模較少，輻射范圍窄，影響能力小，截止2013年，我國現(xiàn)有綠色農(nóng)業(yè)面積是1214.13萬hm2，農(nóng)作物播種面積為495萬hm2，占總農(nóng)作物播種面積的4.18%。其中產(chǎn)品達(dá)到綠色標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的數(shù)量很少。近年來，隨著大家意識的加強(qiáng)，綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展較快，至2014年底，全國經(jīng)過認(rèn)證的無公害種植面積比重達(dá)14.6%（摘自國家統(tǒng)計局?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)）。

二是綠色產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和檔次不高，深加工產(chǎn)品數(shù)量很少且分布不均衡。種植業(yè)產(chǎn)品較多，水產(chǎn)、畜牧等產(chǎn)品較少。據(jù)統(tǒng)計2014年初級產(chǎn)品數(shù)占61%，深加工產(chǎn)品占39%，從2014年綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品構(gòu)成可以發(fā)現(xiàn)農(nóng)林產(chǎn)品占大多數(shù)，其他的產(chǎn)品所占的比重較小。

4.4 科技投入明顯不足，轉(zhuǎn)化的結(jié)果較少，社會化服務(wù)體系不健全

科學(xué)技術(shù)是第一生產(chǎn)力。據(jù)測算，我國農(nóng)業(yè)科技領(lǐng)域內(nèi)科技的貢獻(xiàn)率為57.1%，而美國超過78%，盡管較過去已有大幅的增長，但與發(fā)達(dá)國家相比，科技貢獻(xiàn)率還有提升的空間。長期以來，對于科研單位來說農(nóng)業(yè)科研活動往往停留在理論層次，與實踐脫離，取得的成果多是束之高閣，缺乏推廣應(yīng)用方面的研究，如在蔬菜水果的栽培研究中往往只重視產(chǎn)量為的提高，過分依賴于高水高肥的投人，而輕視對節(jié)工降耗、低碳環(huán)保、綠色安全等栽培技術(shù)的研究。另外，我國有的農(nóng)業(yè)科研工作者也想將其科研成果轉(zhuǎn)化為生產(chǎn)力，但由于轉(zhuǎn)化渠道不暢通，也制約了轉(zhuǎn)化的結(jié)果。作為種植戶來說也想得到最先進(jìn)的種植技術(shù)，但苦于社會化服務(wù)體系的不健全，無法了解急需的技術(shù)，不能引導(dǎo)種植戶進(jìn)行綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)。

5 我國綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)未來發(fā)展的建議

5.1 依靠科學(xué)技術(shù)

縱觀人類發(fā)展的歷史，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)每一次農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的進(jìn)步最終決定力量均是科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步。我國綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展離不開科學(xué)技術(shù)，離不開科研人員的努力，要把科技成果快速地轉(zhuǎn)化為生產(chǎn)力，不僅是利用自己的成果，也要借鑒國外的優(yōu)秀成果，對于不適合我國國情的成果進(jìn)行適度的改造。從科研人員的角度來講在項目申請前就應(yīng)考慮到該項目的應(yīng)用前景，是否屬于綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的范疇，是否達(dá)到綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。從農(nóng)戶的角度來講在生產(chǎn)中要嚴(yán)格按照綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的相關(guān)規(guī)定進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)，認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)的知識，不違規(guī)施用農(nóng)藥和化肥。

5.2 借鑒國外的先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗

國外對于綠色農(nóng)業(yè)高度重視，出臺了相關(guān)的法律法規(guī)，使綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)有法可依，如美國出臺了《有機(jī)食品生產(chǎn)法》《2002年農(nóng)村安全及農(nóng)村投資法》，規(guī)定對于綠色農(nóng)業(yè)實施補(bǔ)貼。德國出臺的法律較多，有《肥料使用法》《自然資源保護(hù)法》《垃圾處理法》《水資源保護(hù)法》等。日本頒布了《食物、農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)村基本法》《可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)法》《堆肥平直管理法》和《食品廢棄物循環(huán)法》等。上述的法律條文規(guī)范了綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)和發(fā)展，對于國外綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的健康發(fā)展功不可沒。而我國僅制定了一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，未出臺有關(guān)的法律。發(fā)達(dá)國家的經(jīng)驗表明綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展離不開法律的支持，這一點(diǎn)值得我國學(xué)習(xí)。

5.3 扶持龍頭企業(yè)，組建農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社

龍頭企業(yè)引領(lǐng)著我國綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展，但在其發(fā)展壯大的同時也受到體制和機(jī)制的困擾。作為政府應(yīng)鼓勵其發(fā)展，給予其更大的經(jīng)營自主權(quán)，如對于種植業(yè)為主的企業(yè)，可以鼓勵其與農(nóng)民簽訂協(xié)議，承包農(nóng)民的土地（原有的農(nóng)民的土地承包經(jīng)營權(quán)不變），建立原料生產(chǎn)加工基地，在資金投人、項目審批等方面給予照顧。在“扶持龍頭企業(yè)”方面山西省的做法值得推廣，省政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)適時地提出了“一縣一業(yè)，一村一品”的口號，涌現(xiàn)出多個龍頭企業(yè)，僅上述這些企業(yè)進(jìn)行的綠色食品、有機(jī)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的認(rèn)證就達(dá)90多項，帶動農(nóng)戶300萬人。

在綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中農(nóng)戶也深深地體會到過去那種一家一戶式的生產(chǎn)方式無法適應(yīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的生產(chǎn)，即使生產(chǎn)出合格的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品也很難在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的大潮中力拔頭籌，結(jié)合規(guī)?；s化的生產(chǎn)，農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，這是農(nóng)民自發(fā)地組織，但其的作用不可小視，但由于農(nóng)民自身的文化程度低，對市場信息不了解，專業(yè)合作社的作用沒有完全體現(xiàn)，這就要求我們的政府給予其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，引領(lǐng)其走上正軌。

5.4 擴(kuò)寬市場，提升綠色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價值

對于綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的真正含義大多數(shù)消費(fèi)者并不了解，使其市場占有率增長緩慢，由于現(xiàn)在新聞媒體很多，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)充分利用各種新聞傳媒和輿論的力量，大力宣傳綠色農(nóng)業(yè)，使大家了解并認(rèn)識它，同時讓企業(yè)參加綠色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品展示會，打造知名品牌，在同行業(yè)間政府也要加強(qiáng)管理，避免惡性競爭。適當(dāng)提高綠色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的價格，調(diào)動種植戶和企業(yè)的積極性，打擊假冒產(chǎn)品，在適當(dāng)?shù)臈l件下建立綠色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品專業(yè)批發(fā)市場完善農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工、銷售等環(huán)節(jié)，尤其要利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的平臺引人電子商務(wù)等現(xiàn)代銷售手段，拓寬銷售渠道建立二維碼追溯系統(tǒng)。有條件的要開拓國際市場。

（摘自《中國農(nóng)業(yè)資源與區(qū)劃》2016年2期）

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我國微生物肥料研究現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢

吳建峰，林先貴

為促進(jìn)我國農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，適應(yīng)有機(jī)、綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展趨勢，微生物肥料憑借其肥效高、無污染、成本低和節(jié)約能源等特點(diǎn)，將在未來農(nóng)業(yè)中發(fā)揮重要的作用。本文概述了微生物肥料的特點(diǎn)及種類，分析了其開發(fā)利用現(xiàn)狀，并從廣義角度對“微生物肥料”的概念進(jìn)行了相應(yīng)討論。

關(guān)鍵詞：微生物肥料；發(fā)展趨勢

來源出版物：土壤, 2002, 39(1)：68-72

被引頻次：106

我國農(nóng)業(yè)污染現(xiàn)狀、原因及對策研究

賈蕊，陸遷，何學(xué)松

摘要：集約化的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)模式在提高農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量的同時，也給我國帶來了嚴(yán)重的農(nóng)業(yè)污染。由于“小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)”難以實現(xiàn)綠色生產(chǎn)等原因，農(nóng)業(yè)污染已成為制約我國農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的主要障礙。通過綠色扶持政策提高農(nóng)民從事綠色生產(chǎn)的積極性等措施是控制農(nóng)業(yè)污染問題的有效途徑。

關(guān)鍵詞：農(nóng)業(yè)污染；現(xiàn)狀；原因；對策

來源出版物：中國農(nóng)業(yè)科技導(dǎo)報, 2006, 8(1)：59-63

被引頻次：101

微生物肥料效應(yīng)及其應(yīng)用展望

葛均青，于賢昌，王竹紅，等

摘要：簡述了微生物肥料種類、特點(diǎn)及其生理生態(tài)效應(yīng)，指出應(yīng)加強(qiáng)微生物肥料基礎(chǔ)與應(yīng)用研究，并展望微生物肥料發(fā)展前景。

關(guān)鍵詞：微生物肥料；生理生態(tài)效應(yīng)；綠色農(nóng)業(yè)；環(huán)境保護(hù)

來源出版物：中國生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報, 2003, 11(3)：87-88

引頻次：70

生物農(nóng)藥的研究應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀及前景

桂永珠，池景良，胡永蘭

摘要：隨著工業(yè)發(fā)展進(jìn)程的加快，工業(yè)污染的加劇，導(dǎo)致一些疾病發(fā)病率成倍增長，使人類的健康受到極大威脅。生物農(nóng)藥的發(fā)現(xiàn)和應(yīng)用已有半個多世紀(jì)，主要用于防治農(nóng)作物的病蟲害。生物農(nóng)藥屬低毒、無污染、無公害生物制劑，世界各國均很重視。積極提倡生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)，擴(kuò)大綠色食品的生產(chǎn)規(guī)模，生產(chǎn)無污染、優(yōu)質(zhì)食品，確保環(huán)境和健康安全，已成為人們共識。因此，在21世紀(jì)生物農(nóng)藥的研究和應(yīng)用上必將有一個新的飛躍，前景是十分廣闊的。

關(guān)鍵詞：生物農(nóng)藥；農(nóng)作物病蟲害；綠色農(nóng)業(yè)

來源出版物：微生物學(xué)雜志, 2001, 21(2)：48-49

引頻次：59

中國微生物肥料的研究現(xiàn)狀及前景展望

劉鵬，劉訓(xùn)理

摘要：文章回顧了中國微生物肥料的發(fā)展歷史，簡述了微生物肥料的分類、主要功效、作用機(jī)制、在不同作物上的應(yīng)用及發(fā)展過程中存在的問題。指出微生物肥料可有效改善土壤環(huán)境、提高土壤肥力、防治土傳病害、增加作物產(chǎn)量和減少化肥使用量，是發(fā)展“綠色農(nóng)業(yè)”“生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)”的需要。目前，中國的微生物肥料仍存在著整體水平不高、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新不足、產(chǎn)品效果不穩(wěn)定和市場管理混亂等問題，因此，需進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)性研究、完善生產(chǎn)工藝、加強(qiáng)監(jiān)督管理，加大資金投入和協(xié)同創(chuàng)新，以促進(jìn)微生物肥料的健康、快速發(fā)展。

關(guān)鍵詞：微生物肥料；分類；功效；作用機(jī)制；應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀

來源出版物：農(nóng)學(xué)學(xué)報, 2013, 3(3)：26-31

被引頻次：50

生態(tài)文明型的農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展路徑選擇

尹昌斌，程磊磊，楊曉梅，等

摘要：該文系統(tǒng)地梳理了我國農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展面臨著農(nóng)產(chǎn)品數(shù)量與質(zhì)量需求雙重提升、農(nóng)業(yè)資源壓力越來越大、農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中環(huán)境問題日益突出等挑戰(zhàn)，基于“綠色、循環(huán)、低碳”的發(fā)展理念，闡述了生態(tài)文明型的現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)主要表現(xiàn)為生產(chǎn)效益型的集約農(nóng)業(yè)、資源節(jié)約型的循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)、環(huán)境友好型的生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)、產(chǎn)品安全型的綠色農(nóng)業(yè)等4個特征，探討了轉(zhuǎn)變農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展方式、構(gòu)建生態(tài)文明型農(nóng)業(yè)新型生產(chǎn)模式的路徑選擇，指出生態(tài)文明型的現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)建設(shè)重點(diǎn)為加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)資源保護(hù)、推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)資源節(jié)約利用、構(gòu)建循環(huán)型農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈、實施一批農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展工程等，并提出加強(qiáng)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)戎贫劝才?對于探索生態(tài)文明型農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路，制定有針對性的推進(jìn)策略具有十分重要的意義。

關(guān)鍵詞：生態(tài)文明；可持續(xù)發(fā)展；現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)；循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)

來源出版物：中國農(nóng)業(yè)資源與區(qū)劃, 2015, 36(1)：15-21

被引頻次：45

依靠科技進(jìn)步發(fā)展低碳農(nóng)業(yè)

翁伯琦，雷錦桂，胡習(xí)斌，等

摘要：在全球攜手應(yīng)對氣候變暖、減少溫室氣體排放的背景下，發(fā)展低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)是解決氣候變化與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展矛盾的有效途徑。通過描述氣候變化、固碳減排對糧食安全、土壤碳匯、森林固碳、資源循環(huán)利用等影響和促進(jìn)作用，深入分析發(fā)展低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)與可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)系，探討如何在農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)開發(fā)高效循環(huán)生產(chǎn)體系，從而實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程的固碳減排目的。由此，提出發(fā)展低碳農(nóng)業(yè)是實現(xiàn)低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的目標(biāo)之一，它是一個復(fù)合技術(shù)體系，涉及了綠色農(nóng)業(yè)、循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)、生態(tài)文明、可持續(xù)發(fā)展理念。必須通過科學(xué)技術(shù)的突破，改造、提升低碳農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)，改變農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)有的“高能耗、高污染”的生產(chǎn)狀況，實現(xiàn)低碳生產(chǎn)、生活方式的轉(zhuǎn)變。最后提出發(fā)展現(xiàn)代的低碳農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的對策和思考。

關(guān)鍵詞：低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)；溫室氣體；科技；循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)；固碳減排

來源出版物：生態(tài)環(huán)境學(xué)報, 2010, 26(6)：1495-1501

被引頻次：40

我國農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展面臨的生態(tài)環(huán)境問題及對策

邵立民，方天堃

摘要：本文就21世紀(jì)中國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)與機(jī)遇、中國發(fā)展綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的意義及條件等進(jìn)行了分析，并在此基礎(chǔ)上提出了相應(yīng)的對策措施。

關(guān)鍵詞：農(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)；可持續(xù)發(fā)展；綜述；生態(tài)環(huán)境問題；對策

來源出版物：生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì), 2001(11)：34-36

被引頻次：37

環(huán)境友好農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式生態(tài)補(bǔ)償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)探討——以崇明島東灘綠色農(nóng)業(yè)示范項目為例

沈根祥，黃麗華，錢曉雍，等

摘要：以崇明島東灘綠色農(nóng)業(yè)示范項目為研究案例，在定量監(jiān)測環(huán)境友好型肥料管理方式對化肥污染控制效果的基礎(chǔ)上，運(yùn)用相關(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)方法，從環(huán)境友好肥料管理方式所創(chuàng)造的生態(tài)效益價值和實際投入的額外成本兩個角度出發(fā)，探討了生態(tài)補(bǔ)償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的理論上限值和下限值，同時討論了在實際制定補(bǔ)償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時需要考慮的其他因素和采取的補(bǔ)償方式。結(jié)果表明，環(huán)境友好型肥料管理方式可有效削減氮素流失負(fù)荷和溫室氣體排放通量，削減率分別達(dá)到46.6%～61.8%和23.4%～46.7%；在梨園所創(chuàng)造的生態(tài)效益價值和實際額外投入成本分別為10135.6和3066.1元（RMB）·hm-2·a-1，在蔬菜田所創(chuàng)造的生態(tài)效益價值和實際額外投入成本分別為7640.1和3165.2元（RMB）·hm-2·a-1。因此，梨園和蔬菜田由于應(yīng)用環(huán)境友好型肥料管理方式可獲得的生態(tài)補(bǔ)償理論值范圍分別為3066.1～10135.6元（RMB）·hm-2·a-1和3165.2～7640.1元（RMB）·hm-2·a-1。

關(guān)鍵詞：環(huán)境友好農(nóng)業(yè)；生態(tài)補(bǔ)償；生態(tài)效益；額外成本

來源出版物：農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報, 2009, 28(5)：1079-1084

被引頻次：1439

Biofuels from microalgae-A review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products

Brennan, Liam; Owende, Philip

Abstract:Sustainability is a key principle in natural resource management, and it involves operational efficiency, minimisation of environmental impact and socio-economic considerations. all of which are interdependent It has become increasingly obvious that continued reliance on fossil fuel energy resources is unsustainable, owing to both depleting world reserves and the green house gas emissions associated with their use Therefore, there are vigorous research initiatives aimed at developing alternative renewable and potentially carbon neutral solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels as alternative energy resources. However, alternate energy resources akin to first generation biofuels derived from terrestrial crops such as sugarcane, Sugar beet, maize and rapeseed place an enormous strain on world food markets,contribute to water shortages and precipitate the destruction of the world’s forests. Second generation biofuels derived from lignocellulosic agriculture and forest residues and from non-food crop feedstocks address some of the above problems; however there is concern over competing land use or required land use changes Therefore, based on current knowledge and technology projections, third generation biofuels specifically derived from microalgae are considered to be a technically viable alternative energy resource that is devoid of the major drawbacks associated with first and second generation biofuels. Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms with simple growing requirements (light, Sugars, CO2, N,P, and K) that can produce lipids, proteins and carbohydrates in large amounts Over short periods of time. These products can be processed into both biofuels and valuable co-products. This study reviewed the technologies underpinning microalgae-to-biofuels systems,focusing on the biomass production, harvesting, conversion technologies. and the extraction of useful co-products it also reviewed the synergistic coupling of microalgae propagation with carbon sequestration and wastewater treatment potential for mitigation of environmental impacts associated with energy conversion and utilisation. It was found that. whereas there are outstanding issues related to photosynthetic efficiencies and biomass output,microalgae-derived biofuels could progressively substitute a significant proportion of the fossil fuels required to meet the growing energy demand.

關(guān)鍵詞：microalgae; biomass recovery; bioenergy;conversion; photobioreactor; CO2sequestration

來源出版物：Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,2010, 14(2)：557-577

被引頻次：1066

Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture

Tilman, David; Balzer, Christian; Hill, Jason; et al.

Abstract:Global food demand is increasing rapidly, as are the environmental impacts of agricultural expansion. Here,we project global demand for crop production in 2050 and evaluate the environmental impacts of alternative ways that this demand might be met. We find that per capita demand for crops, when measured as caloric or protein content of all crops combined, has been a similarly increasing function of per capita real income since 1960. This relationship forecasts a 100%-110% increase in global crop demand from 2005 to 2050. Quantitative assessments show that the environmental impacts of meeting this demand depend on how global agriculture expands. If current trends of greater agricultural intensification in richer nations and greater land clearing (extensification) in poorer nations were to continue, similar to 1 billion ha of land would be cleared globally by 2050, with CO2-C equivalent greenhouse gas emissions reaching similar to 3 Gt y-1and N use similar to 250 Mt y-1by then. In contrast, if 2050 crop demand was met by moderate intensification focused on existing croplands of underyielding nations, adaptation and transfer of high-yielding technologies to these croplands,and global technological improvements, our analyses forecast land clearing of only similar to 0.2 billion ha,greenhouse gas emissions of similar to 1 Gt y-1, and global N use of similar to 225 Mt y-1. Efficient management practices could substantially lower nitrogen use. Attainment of high yields on existing croplands of underyielding nations is of great importance if global crop demand is to be met with minimal environmental impacts.

關(guān)鍵詞：food security; land-use change; biodiversity;climate change; soil fertility

來源出版物：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011, 180(50)：20260-20264

被引頻次：674

Hyperspectral vegetation indices and novel algorithms for predicting green LAI of crop canopies: Modeling and validation in the context of precision agriculture

Haboudane, D; Miller, JR; Pattey, E; et al.

Abstract:A growing number of studies have focused on evaluating spectral indices in terms of their sensitivity to vegetation biophysical parameters, as well as to external factors affecting canopy reflectance. In this context, leaf and canopy radiative transfer models are Valuable for modeling and understanding the behavior of such indices.In the present work, PROSPECT and SAILH models have been used to Simulate a wide range of crop canopy reflectances in an attempt to study the sensitivity of a set of vegetation indices to green leaf area index (LAI), and to modify some of them in order to enhance their responsivity to LAI variations. The aim of the paper was to present a method for minimizing the effect of leaf chlorophyll content oil the prediction of green LAI, and to develop new algorithms that adequately predict the LAI of crop canopies.Analyses based on both simulated and real hyperspectral data were carried out to compare performances of existing vegetation indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index [NDVI], Renormalized Difference Vegetation Index[RDVI], Modified Simple Ratio [MSR], Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index [SAVI], Soil and Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index [SARVI], MSAVI, Triangular Vegetation Index [TVI], and Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index [MCARI]) and to design new ones(MTVI1, MCARI 1, MTV12, and MCAR12) that are both less sensitive to chlorophyll content variations and linearly related to green LAI. Thorough analyses showed that the above existing vegetation indices were either sensitive to chlorophyll concentration changes or affected by saturation at high LAI levels. Conversely, two of the spectral indices developed as a part of this study, a modified triangular vegetation index (MTV12) and a modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index (MCAR12), proved to be the best predictors of green LAI. Related predictive algorithms were tested on CASI (Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager) hyperspectral images and, then, validated using ground truth measurements. The latter were collected simultaneously with image acquisition for different crop types (soybean, corn, and wheat), at different growth stages,and under various fertilization treatments. Prediction power analysis of proposed algorithms based on MCAR12 and MTV12 resulted in agreements between modeled and ground measurement of non-destructive LAI, with coefficients of determination (r2) being 0.98 for soybean,0.89 for corn, and 0.74 for wheat. The corresponding RMSE for LAI were estimated at 0.28, 0.46, and 0.85,respectively.

關(guān)鍵詞：hyperspectral; spectral indices; green LAI;prediction algorithms; chlorophyll content; precision agriculture

來源出版物：Remote Sensing of Environment, 2004, 90(3)：337-352

被引頻次：583

Integrated narrow-band vegetation indices for prediction of crop chlorophyll content for application to precision agriculture

Haboudane, D; Miller, JR; Tremblay, N; et al.

Abstract:Recent studies have demonstrated the usefulness of optical indices from hyperspectral remote sensing in the assessment of vegetation biophysical variables both in forestry and agriculture. Those indices are, however, the combined response to variations of several vegetation and environmental properties, such as Leaf Area Index (LAI),leaf chlorophyll content, canopy shadows, and background soil reflectance. Of particular significance to precision agriculture is chlorophyll content, an indicator of photosynthesis activity, which is related to the nitrogen concentration in green vegetation and serves as a measure of the crop response to nitrogen application. This paper presents a combined modeling and indices-based approach to predicting the crop chlorophyll content from remote sensing data while minimizing LAI (vegetation parameter)influence and underlying soil (background) effects. This combined method has been developed first using simulated data and followed by evaluation in terms of quantitative predictive capability using real hyperspectral airborne data.Simulations consisted of leaf and canopy reflectance modeling with PROSPECT and SAILH radiative transfer models. In this modeling study, we developed an index that integrates advantages of indices minimizing soil background effects and indices that are sensitive to chlorophyll concentration. Simulated data have shown that the proposed index Transformed Chlorophyll Absorption in Reflectance Index/Optimized Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (TCARI/OSAVI) is both very sensitive to chlorophyll content variations and very resistant to the variations of LAI and solar zenith angle. It was therefore possible to generate a predictive equation to estimate leaf chlorophyll content from the combined optical index derived from above-canopy reflectance. This relationship was evaluated by application to hyperspectral CASI imagery collected over corn crops in three experimental farms from Ontario and Quebec, Canada. The results presented here are from the L’Acadie, Quebec, Agriculture and Agra-Food Canada research site. Images of predicted leaf chlorophyll content were generated. Evaluation showed chlorophyll variability over crop plots with various levels of nitrogen, and revealed an excellent agreement with ground truth, with a correlation ofr2=81 between estimated and field measured chlorophyll content data.

來源出版物：Remote Sensing of Environment, 2002,81(2-3)：416-426

被引頻次：424

Carabid beetles in sustainable agriculture: A review on pest control efficacy, cultivation impacts and enhancement

Kromp, B

關(guān)鍵詞：carabids; review; sustainable agriculture; pest control; cultivation impacts; field boundaries

來源出版物：Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,1999, 71(1-3)：187-228

被引頻次：400

Natural products in crop protection

Dayan, Franck E; Cantrell, Charles L; Duke, Stephen O

來源出版物：Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2009,17(12)：4022-4034

被引頻次：317

The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products

Mekonnen, MM.; Hoekstra, AY

Abstract:This study quantifies the green, blue and grey water footprint of global crop production in a spatiallyexplicit way for the period 1996-2005. The assessment improves upon earlier research by taking a high-resolution approach, estimating the water footprint of 126 crops at a 5 by 5 arc minute grid. We have used a grid-based dynamic water balance model to calculate crop water use over time,with a time step of one day. The model takes into account the daily soil water balance and climatic conditions for each grid cell. In addition, the water pollution associated with the use of nitrogen fertilizer in crop production is estimated for each grid cell. The crop evapotranspiration of additional 20 minor crops is calculated with the CROPWAT model. In addition, we have calculated the water footprint of more than two hundred derived crop products, including various flours, beverages, fibres and biofuels. We have used the water footprint assessment framework as in the guideline of the Water Footprint Network. Considering the water footprints of primary crops,we see that the global average water footprint per ton of crop increases from sugar crops (roughly 200 m3ton-1),vegetables (300 m3ton-1), roots and tubers (400 m3ton-1),fruits (1000 m3ton-1), cereals (1600 m3ton-1), oil crops(2400 m3ton-1) to pulses (4000 m3ton-1). The water footprint varies, however, across different crops per crop category and per production region as well. Besides, if one considers the water footprint per kcal, the picture changes as well. When considered per ton of product, commodities with relatively large water footprints are：coffee, tea, cocoa,tobacco, spices, nuts, rubber and fibres. The analysis of water footprints of different biofuels shows that bio-ethanol has a lower water footprint (in m3GJ-1) than biodiesel, which supports earlier analyses. The crop used matters significantly as well：the global average water footprint of bio-ethanol based on sugar beet amounts to 51 m3GJ-1, while this is 121 m3GJ-1for maize. The global water footprint related to crop production in the period 1996-2005 was 7404 billion cubic meters per year (78%green, 12% blue, 10% grey). A large total water footprint was calculated for wheat (1087 Gm3yr-1), rice (992 Gm3yr-1)and maize (770 Gm3yr-1). Wheat and rice have the largest blue water footprints, together accounting for 45% of the global blue water footprint. At country level, the total water footprint was largest for India (1047 Gm3yr-1), China(967 Gm3yr-1) and the USA (826 Gm3yr-1). A relatively large total blue water footprint as a result of crop production is observed in the Indus river basin (117 Gm3yr-1)and the Ganges river basin (108 Gm3yr-1). The two basins together account for 25% of the blue water footprint related to global crop production. Globally, rain-fed agriculture has a water footprint of 5173 Gm3yr-1(91%green, 9% grey); irrigated agriculture has a water footprint of 2230 Gm3yr-1(48% green, 40% blue, 12% grey).

來源出版物：Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2011,15(5)：1577-1600

被引頻次：362

Global inputs of biological nitrogen fixation in agricultural systems

Herridge, David F; Peoples, Mark B;Boddey, Robert M; et al.

Abstract:Biological dinitrogen (N2) fixation is a natural process of significant importance in world agriculture. The demand for accurate determinations of global inputs of biologically-fixed nitrogen (N) is strong and will continue to be fuelled by the need to understand and effectively manage the global N cycle. In this paper we review and update long-standing and more recent estimates of biological N2fixation for the different agricultural systems,including the extensive, uncultivated tropical savannas used for grazing. Our methodology was to combine data on the areas and yields of legumes and cereals from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database on world agricultural production (FAOSTAT) with published and unpublished data on N2fixation. As the FAO lists grain legumes only, and not forage, fodder and green manure legumes, other literature was accessed to obtain approximate estimates in these cases. Below-ground plant N was factored into the estimations. The most important N2-fixing agents in agricultural systems are the symbiotic associations between crop and forage/fodder legumes and rhizobia. Annual inputs of fixed N are calculated to be 2.95 Tg for the pulses and 18.5 Tg for the oilseed legumes.Soybean (Glycine max) is the dominant crop legume,representing 50% of the global crop legume area and 68%of global production. We calculate soybean to fix 16.4 Tg N annually, representing 77% of the N fixed by the crop legumes. Annual N2fixation by soybean in the U.S., Brazil and Argentina is calculated at 5.7, 4.6 and 3.4 Tg,respectively. Accurately estimating global N2fixation for the symbioses of the forage and fodder legumes is challenging because statistics on the areas and productivity of these legumes are almost impossible to obtain. The uncertainty increases as we move to the other agricultural-production systems-rice (Oryza sativa), sugar cane (Saccharum spp.), cereal and oilseed (non-legume)crop lands and extensive, grazed savannas. Nonetheless,the estimates of annual N2fixation inputs are 12-25 Tg(pasture and fodder legumes), 5 Tg (rice), 0.5 Tg (sugar cane), ＜4 Tg (non-legume crop lands) and ＜14 Tg(extensive savannas). Aggregating these individual estimates provides an overall estimate of 50-70 Tg N fixed biologically in agricultural systems. The uncertainty of this range would be reduced with the publication of more accurate statistics on areas and productivity of forage and fodder legumes and the publication of many more estimates of N2fixation, particularly in the cereal, oilseed and non-legume crop lands and extensive tropical savannas used for grazing.

關(guān)鍵詞：associative; cyanobacteria.; dinitrogen (N2)fixation; endophytic; free-living; global; legumes; nitrogen(N); oilseed legumes; pulses; rhizobia; soybean

來源出版物：Plant and Soil, 2008, 311(1-2)：1-18

被引頻次：282

Green revolution: The way forward

Khush, GS

Abstract:The origin of agriculture led to the domestication of many plant species and to the exploitation of natural resources. It took almost 10000 years for food grain production to reach 1 billion tons, in 1960,and only 40 years to reach 2 billion tons, in 2000. This unprecedented increase, which has been named the‘green revolution’, resulted from the creation of genetically improved crop varieties, combined with the application of improved agronomic practices.

來源出版物：Nature Reviews Genetics, 2001, 2(10)：815-822

被引頻次：237

Bringing ecosystem services into economic decision-making: Land use in the United Kingdom

Bateman, Ian J; Harwood, Amii R;Mace, Georgina M; et al.

Abstract:Landscapes generate a wide range of valuable ecosystem services, yet land-use decisions often ignore the value of these services. Using the example of the United Kingdom, we show the significance of land-use change not only for agricultural production but also for emissions and sequestration of greenhouse gases, open-access recreational visits, urban green space, and wild-species diversity. We use spatially explicit models in conjunction with valuation methods to estimate comparable economic values for these services, taking account of climate change impacts. We show that, although decisions that focus solely on agriculture reduce overall ecosystem service values, highly significant value increases can be obtained from targeted planning by incorporating all potential services and their values and that this approach also conserves wild-species diversity.

來源出版物：Science, 2013, 341(6141)：45-50

·推薦論文摘要·

福建省長汀縣水土流失治理模式對綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的啟示

翁伯琦，徐曉俞，羅旭輝，等

摘要：長汀縣是我國丘陵紅壤區(qū)土壤侵蝕最嚴(yán)重的縣份之一，水土流失嚴(yán)重制約著當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。經(jīng)過幾十年的綜合治理，長汀縣水土流失得到有效控制，區(qū)域生態(tài)環(huán)境明顯好轉(zhuǎn)，鄉(xiāng)村種植業(yè)、養(yǎng)殖業(yè)和加工業(yè)得到了發(fā)展，促進(jìn)了農(nóng)民增收，取得了良好的生態(tài)效益、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會效益。通過對長汀縣水土流失防控的階段性經(jīng)驗的分析（如適合中度、強(qiáng)度侵蝕區(qū)的生態(tài)林草復(fù)合治理模式、適合所有侵蝕地的地表草被覆蓋模式、山地果茶園復(fù)合循環(huán)模式、以產(chǎn)業(yè)提升為目的的農(nóng)業(yè)綜合開發(fā)治理模式及典型流域綜合治理模式等）表明，水土治理必須依靠先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù)，需要多方密切配合，治理過程需做到統(tǒng)籌協(xié)調(diào)。提出的未來水土流失治理和鄉(xiāng)村綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的對策，可為未來鄉(xiāng)村綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展提供啟示與借鑒，為探索農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展路子提供依據(jù)與參考。

關(guān)鍵詞：水土流失；治理模式；治理成效；生態(tài)建設(shè)

來源出版物：山地學(xué)報, 2014, 32(2)：141-149

LED光調(diào)控技術(shù)在芽苗菜生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用

崔瑾，張曉燕，魯燕舞

摘要：芽苗菜風(fēng)味獨(dú)特、品質(zhì)柔嫩、營養(yǎng)價值高，但在生產(chǎn)中通常使用一些生長調(diào)節(jié)劑或微量元素溶液進(jìn)行浸種或噴灑，易造成化學(xué)物質(zhì)在芽苗菜內(nèi)積累。光環(huán)境調(diào)控技術(shù)采用物理手段調(diào)控植物生長，符合綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的要求。本文針對芽苗菜的研究現(xiàn)狀、芽苗菜生產(chǎn)中存在的問題，綜述發(fā)光二級管（LED）光調(diào)控技術(shù)在芽苗菜生產(chǎn)中的研究進(jìn)展，展望LED光調(diào)控技術(shù)在芽苗菜生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用前景。

關(guān)鍵詞：芽苗菜；發(fā)光二極管（LED）；光調(diào)控

來源出版物：科技導(dǎo)報, 2014, 32(10)：32-35

國外發(fā)展綠色農(nóng)業(yè)對陜西的啟示

郝麗霞

摘要：綠色農(nóng)業(yè)已成為世界農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的主要方向，也是陜西農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)性發(fā)展的必然選擇。結(jié)合陜西綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，借鑒國外綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展經(jīng)驗，提出了陜西綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略，從規(guī)劃綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)布局、構(gòu)建綠色農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)支撐體系、完善綠色農(nóng)業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化體系等方面促進(jìn)陜西綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展。

關(guān)鍵詞：綠色農(nóng)業(yè)；可持續(xù)發(fā)展；戰(zhàn)略選擇；陜西

來源出版物：山西農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2015, 43(2)：225-228

作為一種生產(chǎn)方式的綠色農(nóng)業(yè)

譚秋成

摘要：自1980年以來，中國農(nóng)業(yè)增長和糧食產(chǎn)量提高主要依靠化肥、能源、機(jī)械動力等外部投入的增加，農(nóng)業(yè)目前已處于常規(guī)石化農(nóng)業(yè)時代。常規(guī)石化農(nóng)業(yè)雖然短期內(nèi)提高了農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量，但破壞了土壤結(jié)構(gòu)，污染了水源，并對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和生物多樣性造成威脅。傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)解體主要是因為農(nóng)業(yè)被納入整個社會分工體系，農(nóng)業(yè)內(nèi)部封閉的循環(huán)被打破；農(nóng)業(yè)內(nèi)部種植業(yè)和畜牧業(yè)分離，培養(yǎng)地力的重要有機(jī)肥料牲畜糞便不再容易獲得；農(nóng)村勞動力納入市場，勞動密集型的精耕細(xì)作農(nóng)業(yè)的根基被瓦解。傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)解體不僅表現(xiàn)在投入、技術(shù)和工具使用上的徹底變化，而且也表現(xiàn)在農(nóng)民觀念上對人與自然、人與土地關(guān)系的變化，正是后者的變化帶來了掠奪性經(jīng)營土地和破壞自然的風(fēng)險。綠色農(nóng)業(yè)耕作技術(shù)的中心內(nèi)容是通過利用有機(jī)肥料、使用生物防治病蟲害和雜草管理相結(jié)合的方式，保持和提高土壤肥力，節(jié)約和保護(hù)水資源，減少農(nóng)業(yè)對生態(tài)環(huán)境破壞，恢復(fù)和重建生態(tài)資源基礎(chǔ)。制約中國農(nóng)業(yè)綠色轉(zhuǎn)型的主要因素是：承包地產(chǎn)權(quán)殘缺且不穩(wěn)定，農(nóng)民缺乏激勵投資農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，施用有機(jī)肥改良土壤、提高肥力，缺乏學(xué)習(xí)如何改良土壤、如何合理施肥的動力，而且農(nóng)民在化肥、農(nóng)藥等生產(chǎn)資料利用上也無法達(dá)到規(guī)模最優(yōu)；農(nóng)業(yè)科技過于集中于生物技術(shù)和化學(xué)技術(shù)上，對如何改良土壤、如何采用免耕法和覆蓋作物耕作技術(shù)減少土壤侵蝕、如何節(jié)約利用水資源等方面的技術(shù)研發(fā)明顯不足；農(nóng)民對化肥農(nóng)藥等投入物的性質(zhì)缺乏認(rèn)知、對這些化學(xué)品可能給自然環(huán)境造成的影響不了解、而政府和社會為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)者提供的技術(shù)服務(wù)缺乏。

關(guān)鍵詞：石化農(nóng)業(yè)；傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)；綠色農(nóng)業(yè)；化肥施用

來源出版物：中國人口·資源與環(huán)境, 2015, 25(9)：44-51

熱裂解生物質(zhì)炭產(chǎn)業(yè)化：秸稈禁燒與綠色農(nóng)業(yè)新途徑

潘根興，李戀卿，劉曉雨，等

摘要：秸稈處理是當(dāng)前中國農(nóng)業(yè)與環(huán)境面臨的重大挑戰(zhàn)。分析了秸稈處理與禁燒存在的機(jī)制性困難，認(rèn)為秸稈處理需要從市場經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律尋求產(chǎn)業(yè)化解決途徑，關(guān)鍵是能源利用下養(yǎng)分資源重回農(nóng)業(yè)循環(huán)；介紹了生物質(zhì)限氧熱裂解新技術(shù)特點(diǎn)及其在秸稈處理中的優(yōu)勢，討論了其產(chǎn)業(yè)主要產(chǎn)品——生物質(zhì)炭的土壤和農(nóng)業(yè)功效，分析了秸稈氣炭聯(lián)產(chǎn)多產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的產(chǎn)業(yè)化前景，提出秸稈熱裂解生物質(zhì)炭產(chǎn)業(yè)化提供了既處理秸稈廢棄物又促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)增產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)安全的新技術(shù)選擇，形成了以生物質(zhì)炭土壤施用和生物質(zhì)炭基肥料生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用為中心的綠色農(nóng)業(yè)新途徑。建議國家進(jìn)一步構(gòu)建和完善秸稈禁燒大環(huán)境下秸稈處理補(bǔ)貼政策，加大秸稈收儲配套服務(wù)，強(qiáng)化樹立已經(jīng)初現(xiàn)的秸稈生物質(zhì)熱裂解產(chǎn)業(yè)優(yōu)勢，通過綠色農(nóng)業(yè)市場化發(fā)展帶動解決秸稈問題，服務(wù)中國可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)。

關(guān)鍵詞：北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)；GPS；偽距單點(diǎn)定位；聯(lián)合解算；可用性

來源出版物：武漢大學(xué)學(xué)報（信息科學(xué)版）, 2015, 40(4)：529-533

生態(tài)文明型的農(nóng)業(yè)可續(xù)發(fā)展路徑選擇

尹昌斌，程磊磊，楊曉梅，等

摘要：該文系統(tǒng)地梳理了我國農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展面臨著農(nóng)產(chǎn)品數(shù)量與質(zhì)量需求雙重提升、農(nóng)業(yè)資源壓力越來越大、農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中環(huán)境問題日益突出等挑戰(zhàn)，基于“綠色、循環(huán)、低碳”的發(fā)展理念，闡述了生態(tài)文明型的現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)主要表現(xiàn)為生產(chǎn)效益型的集約農(nóng)業(yè)、資源節(jié)約型的循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)、環(huán)境友好型的生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)、產(chǎn)品安全型的綠色農(nóng)業(yè)等四個特征，探討了轉(zhuǎn)變農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展方式、構(gòu)建生態(tài)文明型農(nóng)業(yè)新型生產(chǎn)模式的路徑選擇，指出生態(tài)文明型的現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)建設(shè)重點(diǎn)為加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)資源保護(hù)、推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)資源節(jié)約利用、構(gòu)建循環(huán)型農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈、實施一批農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展工程等，并提出加強(qiáng)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)戎贫劝才?，對于探索生態(tài)文明型農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路，制定有針對性的推進(jìn)策略具有十分重要的意義。

關(guān)鍵詞：生態(tài)文明；可持續(xù)發(fā)展；現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)；循環(huán)農(nóng)業(yè)

來源出版物：中國農(nóng)業(yè)資源與區(qū)劃, 2015, 36(1)：15-21

中國綠色農(nóng)業(yè)與食品產(chǎn)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略

王光友

摘要：隨著我國綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展，給我國食品產(chǎn)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展也提出了新的問題與挑戰(zhàn)。本文通過對當(dāng)前我國在綠色食品農(nóng)業(yè)方面的發(fā)展情況進(jìn)行分析，論述了在促進(jìn)我國農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的過程中大力推動綠色農(nóng)業(yè)和綠色食品發(fā)展的重要意義和深遠(yuǎn)影響，對當(dāng)前我國在綠色農(nóng)業(yè)和綠色食品產(chǎn)業(yè)中存在的問題和不足進(jìn)行分析，并且對綠色農(nóng)業(yè)以及食品產(chǎn)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展提出了幾點(diǎn)建議，希望能夠?qū)ο嚓P(guān)的人員具有一定的參考價值。

關(guān)鍵詞：綠色農(nóng)業(yè)；食品產(chǎn)業(yè)；可持續(xù)發(fā)展

來源出版物：中國農(nóng)業(yè)信息, 2015(3)：129

中國設(shè)施蔬菜害蟲天敵昆蟲應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展

張帆，李姝，肖達(dá)，等

摘要：設(shè)施蔬菜是現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中極為重要的組成部分，而且設(shè)施蔬菜的發(fā)展不僅使蔬菜生產(chǎn)的品種和產(chǎn)量得到快速增長，也為有機(jī)蔬菜的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了有利條件。但是，設(shè)施蔬菜種植條件也給害蟲提供了適宜生長、繁殖和危害的生態(tài)環(huán)境，嚴(yán)重影響了蔬菜的質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)量，成為制約設(shè)施蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵因素。化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的長期使用帶來了一系列的生態(tài)環(huán)境和食品安全問題，而治理化學(xué)農(nóng)藥污染不僅要求逐步減少其使用量，更需要尋求優(yōu)化升級與替代傳統(tǒng)防治方法的技術(shù)。天敵昆蟲作為傳統(tǒng)的生物防治產(chǎn)品，在控制設(shè)施蔬菜蟲（螨）害，保證其產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)中起著不可替代的作用。隨著人們環(huán)境保護(hù)意識的加強(qiáng)和綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展，以天敵昆蟲釋放為主的生物防治技術(shù)在害蟲綜合治理（IPM）中發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用。中國的天敵資源非常豐富，但目前在設(shè)施蔬菜生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用的種類相當(dāng)有限。經(jīng)過幾十年的努力，中國在設(shè)施蔬菜害蟲生物防治及應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域開展了大量的研究工作，在天敵昆蟲資源和應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)、技術(shù)研發(fā)和配套技術(shù)及應(yīng)用等方面取得了較大進(jìn)展。本文概述了設(shè)施蔬菜害蟲的主要發(fā)生種類及其危害特點(diǎn)、主要害蟲天敵資源及其生物防治的技術(shù)途徑等，重點(diǎn)介紹了蚜蟲、粉虱、葉螨、薊馬等幾種重大害蟲的生物防治實例，并分析了中國天敵昆蟲人工繁殖（人工飼料、規(guī)?；a(chǎn)）的研究進(jìn)展。此外，還綜述了中國溫室蔬菜害蟲的天敵應(yīng)用技術(shù)研究成果，從天敵昆蟲保護(hù)利用、釋放技術(shù)、控害效果評價、規(guī)模化生產(chǎn)等方面對設(shè)施蔬菜應(yīng)用天敵昆蟲進(jìn)行生物防治中存在的問題進(jìn)行了討論，并展望了該領(lǐng)域的未來發(fā)展方向。

關(guān)鍵詞：設(shè)施蔬菜；害蟲；天敵昆蟲；人工繁殖；生物防治

來源出版物：中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué), 2015, 48(17)：3463-3476

綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與未來展望

王德勝

摘要：綠色農(nóng)業(yè)是一種現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的新模式，在我國起步較晚，但發(fā)展較快。文章簡要介紹了綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的概念與內(nèi)涵，從產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)模、綠色農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)、農(nóng)民、國家政策等方面說明我國綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，如綠色農(nóng)業(yè)具有一定發(fā)展規(guī)模、綠色農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)高增速顯著、農(nóng)民綠色意識提高、政策對綠色農(nóng)業(yè)支持力度加大等，并指出存在的不足，如缺乏理論研究、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不健全、疏于管理、企業(yè)規(guī)模小、產(chǎn)品檔次低，分布不均勻、科技投入明顯不足、社會化服務(wù)體系不健全等，并提出依靠科學(xué)技術(shù)、借鑒國外經(jīng)驗、扶持龍頭企業(yè)、組建農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社、提升綠色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價值等具體措施，以期為我國綠色農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展獻(xiàn)言獻(xiàn)策。

關(guān)鍵詞：綠色農(nóng)業(yè)；產(chǎn)業(yè)成長；借鑒意義；支持措施

來源出版物：中國農(nóng)業(yè)資源與區(qū)劃, 2016, 37(2)：226-230

中國綠色農(nóng)業(yè)指標(biāo)體系建設(shè)指導(dǎo)原則和構(gòu)架

張正斌，王大生，徐萍

摘要：本文論述了食品安全法的落實要建立在農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全法基礎(chǔ)上，而農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全法的實施要建立在綠色農(nóng)業(yè)（食品）安全法基礎(chǔ)上。綠色農(nóng)業(yè)應(yīng)該成為未來現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的主流方向，綠色食品應(yīng)該成為替代無公害食品和有機(jī)食品的主流食品。隨著綠色農(nóng)業(yè)（食品）國際聯(lián)盟的建立，加快中國綠色農(nóng)業(yè)和綠色食品的國際化發(fā)展成為當(dāng)前和未來中國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的重要任務(wù)。本文提出了加快中國綠色農(nóng)業(yè)指標(biāo)體系建設(shè)的指導(dǎo)原則和構(gòu)架，為綠色農(nóng)業(yè)（食品）基地的建設(shè)和評估提供理論依據(jù)，進(jìn)一步提出了綠色農(nóng)業(yè)（食品）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系制定的指導(dǎo)原則和構(gòu)架，為各部門和各專業(yè)人員制定食品安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提供建設(shè)性指導(dǎo)意見，以加快我國食品安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的制定。

關(guān)鍵詞：綠色農(nóng)業(yè)；綠色食品；食品安全；指標(biāo)體系；安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系；生產(chǎn)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系

來源出版物：中國生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報, 2011, 19(6)：1461-1467

中國綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展歷程、現(xiàn)狀與預(yù)測

劉子飛

摘要：綠色農(nóng)業(yè)是農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)踐行綠色發(fā)展理念和生態(tài)文明建設(shè)的具體生產(chǎn)方式，是適應(yīng)居民收入提高消費(fèi)升級階段的綠色產(chǎn)業(yè)。以綠色農(nóng)業(yè)典型政策和概念提出為節(jié)點(diǎn)，綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展歷程可分為兩期三階段，即形成期（準(zhǔn)備階段）、成長期（迅速發(fā)展階段和穩(wěn)定發(fā)展階段）。目前，綠色農(nóng)業(yè)管理機(jī)制和認(rèn)證體系仍需加強(qiáng)，綠色農(nóng)業(yè)主要指標(biāo)均呈快速增長態(tài)勢。未來10年，綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展將比整體經(jīng)濟(jì)增長速度高2個百分點(diǎn)以上，發(fā)展?jié)摿薮?。相關(guān)部門應(yīng)加強(qiáng)健全管理機(jī)構(gòu)、完善認(rèn)證體系等綠色農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展政策環(huán)境，企業(yè)、農(nóng)場、農(nóng)戶等利益相關(guān)者應(yīng)抓住綠色農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展機(jī)遇期。

關(guān)鍵詞：綠色農(nóng)業(yè)；發(fā)展歷程；指標(biāo)預(yù)測

來源出版物：改革與戰(zhàn)略, 2016(12)：94-102

基于Tobit模型的低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)率增長影響因素實證研究

孔昕

摘要：改革開放以來，隨著中國人口數(shù)量的快速增長，導(dǎo)致資源能源的匱乏，由此產(chǎn)生的環(huán)境問題也愈來愈嚴(yán)重，農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展與農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長在人類社會的發(fā)展中有著舉重若輕地地位，研究和推廣一種農(nóng)業(yè)低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式，對促進(jìn)中國社會經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展具有深遠(yuǎn)的意義。文章在前人已有研究數(shù)據(jù)理論基礎(chǔ)上，首先提出推進(jìn)低碳農(nóng)業(yè)的重要性，并基于我國發(fā)展低碳農(nóng)業(yè)過程中存在的一些問題，采用Tobit模型進(jìn)行量化研究分析低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)率增長影響因素，在實證分析部分分別對1994—2004年與2005—2014年等2個時間階段影響低碳農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)率增長的關(guān)鍵因素進(jìn)行分析。在考慮農(nóng)業(yè)碳排放特征的前提下，分析綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)率增長因素對低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的影響程度及促進(jìn)作用大小，并且判斷未來中國農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)在不同因素的影響程度下的增長形式，確定推進(jìn)我國低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展的最佳舉措，以便將來在選擇促進(jìn)低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的道路中提供戰(zhàn)略性依據(jù)。

關(guān)鍵詞：低碳農(nóng)業(yè)Tobit模型；農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)率；生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)；發(fā)展方式

來源出版物：中國農(nóng)業(yè)資源與區(qū)劃, 2016, 37(10)：140-145

蔬菜作物根結(jié)線蟲病害防治研究進(jìn)展

崔鑫，岳向國，李斌，等

摘要：根結(jié)線蟲（Meloidogynespp.）是重要的蔬菜作物寄生線蟲，分布于世界各地而且寄主范圍廣泛。目前根結(jié)線蟲的危害程度已成為僅次于真菌的第二大植物病害。本文綜述了蔬菜作物生產(chǎn)過程中農(nóng)業(yè)防治、作物育種、生物防治和化學(xué)防治4種防治根結(jié)線蟲的方法，探討了各種防治方法的優(yōu)勢和局限性，并展望了現(xiàn)代有機(jī)綠色農(nóng)業(yè)中根結(jié)線蟲科學(xué)防治的研究方向和趨勢。

關(guān)鍵詞：根結(jié)線蟲；生物防治；化學(xué)防治；設(shè)施蔬菜；綜述

來源出版物：中國蔬菜, 2017, 1(10)：31-38

我國北方農(nóng)牧交錯區(qū)土地生態(tài)安全評價——以白城市為例

張茹，戴文婷，劉兆順，等

摘要：白城市位于北方農(nóng)牧交錯區(qū)，生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱。為了解其土地生態(tài)安全狀況，基于壓力-狀態(tài)-響應(yīng)（pressure-stateresponse，簡稱PSR）模型，共選取21個指標(biāo)構(gòu)建了土地生態(tài)安全評價指標(biāo)體系，對2007—2012年白城市及其所轄5個縣區(qū)土地生態(tài)安全變化情況進(jìn)行評價分析。結(jié)果表明：1）各縣（市、區(qū)）土地生態(tài)壓力-狀態(tài)-響應(yīng)情況不同，鎮(zhèn)賚縣、大安縣及洮北區(qū)土地生態(tài)壓力安全值較高，對安全綜合值貢獻(xiàn)率在38%以上；洮南市土地生態(tài)狀態(tài)安全值較高，貢獻(xiàn)率在36%以上；通榆縣土地生態(tài)壓力—狀態(tài)—響應(yīng)安全值分布比較均衡，貢獻(xiàn)比為35∶34∶31。2）2007—2012年，白城市土地生態(tài)安全綜合值由0.7122提高至0.7804，土地生態(tài)環(huán)境有所改善，但土地安全等級仍處于敏感級，生態(tài)環(huán)境比較脆弱。3）白城市土地生態(tài)安全狀況的改善有賴于實施有效的人口政策，控制人口規(guī)模；引進(jìn)人才，鼓勵農(nóng)民發(fā)展新型綠色農(nóng)業(yè)，減輕土地污染壓力；提高環(huán)境保護(hù)意識，加大環(huán)保投資力度，促進(jìn)土地生態(tài)恢復(fù)。

關(guān)鍵詞：農(nóng)牧交錯區(qū)；土地生態(tài)；安全評價；PSR模型；白城市

來源出版物：水土保持研究, 2017, 24(2)：259-266

糧食安全背景下農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)安全與綠色發(fā)展——以湖北省為例

汪成，高紅貴

摘要：首先闡述了糧食安全與農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。然后采用熵權(quán)法對湖北省2005—2014年的農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)安全狀況進(jìn)行了評價。同時對影響農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)安全的主要因素進(jìn)行了分析。結(jié)果表明：湖北省農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)安全評價得分值偏低，但整體呈上升的趨勢。最后對如何保障農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)安全，支持農(nóng)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展提出了相關(guān)的對策建議。

關(guān)鍵詞：糧食安全；綠色農(nóng)業(yè)；農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)安全

來源出版物：生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì), 2017, 33(4)：107-109

中國綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策：理論及研究述評

王賓

摘要：中國農(nóng)業(yè)要實現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)型升級，綠色發(fā)展是必由之路。準(zhǔn)確界定綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策對于農(nóng)業(yè)健康發(fā)展至關(guān)重要，文章在論述綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策相關(guān)理論基礎(chǔ)上，梳理了國內(nèi)外有關(guān)綠色農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償政策的文獻(xiàn)，指出了現(xiàn)有研究存在的不足，并提出了未來研究的趨勢。

關(guān)鍵詞：綠色農(nóng)業(yè)；生態(tài)補(bǔ)償；研究述評

來源出版物：生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì), 2017, 33(3)：19-23

基于脂質(zhì)納米載體農(nóng)藥包埋體系的研究進(jìn)展

賀軍波，史浩，張維農(nóng)，等

摘要：農(nóng)藥在確保世界糧食生產(chǎn)中發(fā)揮著重要作用，但農(nóng)藥的大量使用也造成了嚴(yán)重的食品安全和環(huán)境污染問題，因此，綠色農(nóng)業(yè)促進(jìn)了基于納米技術(shù)的新農(nóng)藥理念——納米農(nóng)藥的發(fā)展。綜述了以可再生、可生物降解、環(huán)境友好的脂質(zhì)為載體包埋農(nóng)藥分子進(jìn)而形成納米農(nóng)藥的研究進(jìn)展，主要從納米脂質(zhì)體、固體脂質(zhì)納米粒、納米結(jié)構(gòu)脂質(zhì)載體和脂質(zhì)-農(nóng)藥鍵合體4個方面綜述了納米農(nóng)藥的研究現(xiàn)狀，并分析了當(dāng)前存在的問題和未來的研究方向，旨在為深入開展以脂質(zhì)為載體的農(nóng)藥納米包埋和遞送體系的研究提供參考。

關(guān)鍵詞：脂質(zhì)載體；納米農(nóng)藥；包埋；緩釋

來源出版物：農(nóng)藥, 2017(10)：4-8

The future of urban agriculture and biodiversity-ecosystem services:Challenges and next steps

Lin, Brenda B; Philpott, Stacy M; Jha, Shalene; et al.

Abstract:Urban landscapes are spatially constrained, and vegetative land uses that provide beneficial ecosystem services are difficult to maintain. Urban Agricultural (UA)systems appear in many forms-from community farms and rooftop gardens to edible landscaping and urban orchards-and can be productive features of cities and provide important environmental services. As highly managed plant communities, UA can exhibit high levels of biodiversity, often exceeding that of other green space areas within the city. Additionally, it is likely that variation in vegetation cover, diversity, and structure influence not only the biodiversity in UA, but also the quantity and quality of ecosystem services supported by such systems.The Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (B&ES) of UA can have potentially large societal and environmental benefits for cities, such as enhanced food security, air quality, and water regulation. Yet few studies have synthesized knowledge regarding UA vegetation management impacts on the quantity, quality, and stability of B&ES provided. This article presents the first survey of the existing research on the characteristics of UA management and their potential to support ecosystem service delivery. Specifically, we examine：(1) biodiversity patterns in UA, (2) ecosystem services provided by UA,and (3) the challenges of promoting UA systems that support B&ES. Overall, our review reveals that varied vegetative structure, increased native plant diversity, and reduction of urban impervious surface are key features of UA systems that contribute significantly to urban biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services such as pollination, pest control, and climate resilience. We conclude with a discussion of critical gaps in current research and strategies to better understand and support UA and ecosystem services.

關(guān)鍵詞：food security; urban planning; vegetation complexity; agricultural management; gardens; green space

來源出版物：Basic and Applied Ecology, 2015, 16(3)：189-201

Environment friendly green composites based on soy protein isolate: A review

Koshy, Rekha Rose; Mary, Siji K; Thomas, Sabu; et al.

Abstract:As a result of the growing environmental awareness (e.g., increased pollution, increasing demand for biodegradable materials, material need for CO2neutrality and low greenhouse gas emissions, new environmental laws and regulations), manufacturers and scientists are keen to study novel environmental friendly materials. Soy Protein Isolate (SPI), a protein with reproducible resource,good biocompatibility, biodegradability and processability has a significant potential in the food industry, agriculture,bioscience and biotechnology. The aim of this review is to offer a comprehensive view of the recent state of art of eco-materials based on Soy Protein Isolate (SPI) with special reference to organic and inorganic fillers in the macro, micro and nano scale. Moreover, some applications of SPI-based materials, especially in the field of food preservation and packaging technology, are also discussed.

關(guān)鍵詞：soy protein isolate; biopolymer; biocomposites;bionanocomposites; food preservation; packaging

來源出版物：Food Hydrocolloids, 2015, 50：174-192

Green and blue water footprint reduction in irrigated agriculture: Effect of irrigation techniques, irrigation strategies and mulching

Chukalla, AD; Krol, MS; Hoekstra, AY

Abstract:Consumptive water footprint (WF) reduction in irrigated crop production is essential given the increasing competition for freshwater. This study explores the effect of three management practices on the soil water balance and plant growth, specifically on evapotranspiration (ET)and yield (Y) and thus the consumptive WF of crops (ET /Y). The management practices are four irrigation techniques (furrow, sprinkler, drip and subsurface drip(SSD), four irrigation strategies (full (FI), deficit (DI),supplementary (SI) and no irrigation), and three mulching practices (no mulching, organic (OML) and synthetic(SML) mulching). Various cases were considered：arid,semi-arid, sub-humid and humid environments in Israel,Spain, Italy and the UK, respectively; wet, normal and dry years; three soil types (sand, sandy loam and silty clay loam); and three crops (maize, potato and tomato). The AquaCrop model and the global WF accounting standard were used to relate the management practices to effects on ET, Y and WF. For each management practice, the associated green, blue and total consumptive WF were compared to the reference case (furrow irrigation, full irrigation, no mulching). The average reduction in the consumptive WF is 8%-10% if we change from the reference to drip or SSD, 13% when changing to OML,17%-18% when moving to drip or SSD in combination with OML, and 28% for drip or SSD in combination with SML. All before-mentioned reductions increase by one or a few per cent when moving from full to deficit irrigation.Reduction in overall consumptive WF always goes together with an increasing ratio of green to blue WF. The WF of growing a crop for a particular environment is smallest under DI, followed by FI, SI and rain-fed. Growing crops with sprinkler irrigation has the largest consumptive WF,followed by furrow, drip and SSD. Furrow irrigation has a smaller consumptive WF compared with sprinkler, even though the classical measure of “irrigation efficiency” for furrow is lower.

來源出版物：Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2015,19(2)：4877-4897

Breeding annual grain legumes for sustainable agriculture: New methods to approach complex traits and target new cultivar ideotypes

Duc, Gerard; Agrama, Hesham; Bao, Shiying; et al.

Abstract:Although yield and total biomass produced by annual legumes remain major objectives for breeders, other issues such as environment-friendly, resource use efficiency including symbiotic performance, resilient production in the context of climate change, adaptation to sustainable cropping systems (reducing leaching, greenhouse gas emissions and pesticide residues), adaptation to diverse uses (seeds for feed, food, non-food, forage or green manure) and finally new ecological services such as pollinator protection, imply the need for definition of new ideotypes and development of innovative genotypes to enhance their commercialization. Taken as a whole, this means more complex and integrated objectives for breeders.Several illustrations will be given of breeding such complex traits for different annual legume species. Genetic diversity for root development and for the ability to establish efficient symbioses with rhizobia and mycorrhiza can contribute to better resource management (N, P, water).Shoot architectures and phenologies can contribute to yield and biotic constraint protection (parasitic weeds, diseases or insects) reducing pesticide use. Variable maturity periods and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses are key features for the introduction of annual legumes to low input cropping systems and for enlarging cultivated area.Adaptation to intercropping requires adapted genotypes.Improved health and nutritional value for humans are key objectives for developing new markets. Modifying product composition often requires the development of specific cultivars and sometimes the need to break negative genetic correlations with yield. A holistic approach in legume breeding is important for defining objectives with farmers,processors and consumers. The cultivar structures are likely to be more complex, combining genotypes, plant species and associated symbionts. New tools to build and evaluate them are important if legumes are to deliver their exciting potential in terms of agricultural productivity and sustainability as well as for feed and food.

關(guān)鍵詞：breeding; forage; ideotype; ecosystem service;food; grain legumes

來源出版物：Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 2015,34(1-3)：381-411

Fourteen years of evidence for positive effects of conservation agriculture and organic farming on soil life

Henneron, Ludovic; Bernard, Laetitia;Hedde, Mickael; et al.

Abstract:Conventional agriculture strongly alters soil quality due to industrial practices that often have negative effects on soil life. Alternative systems such as conservation agriculture and organic farming could restore better conditions for soil organisms. Improving soil life should in turn improve soil quality and farming sustainability. Here, we have compared for the first time the long-term effects of conservation agriculture, organic farming, and conventional agriculture on major soil organisms such as microbes, nematofauna, and macrofauna.We have also analyzed functional groups. Soils were sampled at the 14-year-old experimental site of La Cage,near Versailles, France. The microbial community was analyzed using molecular biology techniques. Nematofauna and macrofauna were analyzed and classified into functional groups. Our results show that both conservation and organic systems increased the abundance and biomass of all soil organisms, except predaceous nematodes. For example, macrofauna increased from 100% to 2500%,nematodes from 100% to 700%, and microorganisms from 30% to 70%. Conservation agriculture showed a higher overall improvement than organic farming. Conservation agriculture increased the number of many organisms such as bacteria, fungi, anecic earthworms, and phytophagous and rhizophagous arthropods. Organic farming improved mainly the bacterial pathway of the soil food web and endogeic and anecic earthworms. Overall, our study shows that long-term, no-tillage, and cover crops are better for soil biota than periodic legume green manures, pesticides,and mineral fertilizers.

關(guān)鍵詞：soil biodiversity; functional groups; soil food web;soil functioning; soil quality; land management; agricultural sustainability; agro-ecosystems; agro-ecology

來源出版物：Agronomy for Sustainable Development 2015, 35(1)：169-181

Urban vegetable for food security in cities:A review

McKenzie, Fiona C; Williams, John

Abstract:Global food production faces great challenges in the future. With a future world population of 9.6 billion by 2050, rising urbanization, decreasing arable land, and weather extremes due to climate change, global agriculture is under pressure. While today over 50% of the world population live in cities, by 2030, the number will rise to 70%. In addition, global emissions have to be kept in mind.Currently, agriculture accounts for around 20%-30% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Shifting food production to locations with high demands reduces emissions and mitigates climate change. Urban horticulture increases global food production by exploiting new locations for cultivation. However, higher land prices and urban pollution constrain urban horticulture. In this paper, we review different urban cultivation systems throughout the world. Our main findings from ecological, economical,and social aspects are：(1) Urban horticulture activities are increasing globally with at least 100 million people involved worldwide. With potential yields of up to 50 kg per m2per year and more, vegetable production is the most significant component of urban food production which contributes to global food security. (2) Organoponic and other low-input systems will continue to play an important role for a sustainable and secure food production in the future. (3) Despite the resource efficiency of indoor farming systems, they are still very expensive. (4)Integrating urban horticulture into educational and social programs improves nutrition and food security. Overlaying these, new technologies in horticultural research need to be adopted for urban horticulture to increase future efficiency and productivity. To enhance sustainability,urban horticulture has to be integrated into the urban planning process and supported through policies. However,future food production should not be “l(fā)ocal at any price”,but rather committed to increase sustainability.

關(guān)鍵詞：climate change; sustainable food; sky farming;urban population; vertical farming; urban agriculture; urban gardening

來源出版物：Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2015, 35(2)：483-498

Green growth: The economic impacts of large-scale renewable energy development in China

Dai, Hancheng; Xie, Xuxuan; Xie, Yang; et al.

Abstract:This study assesses the economic impacts and environmental co-benefits of large-scale development of renewable energy (RE) in China toward 2050 using a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model with distinguished improvements in the power sector. Two scenarios are constructed：a reference scenario assuming conventional development of RE and an REmax scenario assuming large-scale RE development by tapping China’s RE potential. The results show that large-scale RE development would not incur a significant macroeconomic cost. On the contrary, it would have significant green growth effects that benefit the growth of upstream industries, reshape the energy structure, and bring substantial environmental co-benefits. If the share of RE reaches 56% in the total primary energy in 2050, then non-fossil power sectors will become a mainstay industry with value added accounting for 3.4% of the GDP, a share comparable to other sectors such as agriculture (2.5%),iron and steel (3.3%), and construction (2.1%). In RE max scenario, the large scale RE development will stimulate the output worth of $1.18 trillion from other RE related upstream industries and create 4.12 million jobs in 2050. In addition to economic benefits, it could substantially reduce the emissions of CO2and air pollutants such as NOx, SO2.

關(guān)鍵詞：renewable energy; economic impact; green growth;general equilibrium model (CGE); China

來源出版物：Applied Energy, 2016, 162：435-449

Global agricultural intensification during climate change: A role for genomics

Abberton, Michael; Batley, Jacqueline;Bentley, Alison; et al.

Abstract:Agriculture is now facing the perfect storm of climate change, increasing costs of fertilizer and rising food demands from a larger and wealthier human population. These factors point to a global food deficit unless the efficiency and resilience of crop production is increased. The intensification of agriculture has focused on improving production under optimized conditions, with significant agronomic inputs. Furthermore, the intensive cultivation of a limited number of crops has drastically narrowed the number of plant species humans rely on. A new agricultural paradigm is required, reducing dependence on high inputs and increasing crop diversity, yield stability and environmental resilience. Genomics offers unprecedented opportunities to increase crop yield, quality and stability of production through advanced breeding strategies, enhancing the resilience of major crops to climate variability, and increasing the productivity and range of minor crops to diversify the food supply. Here we review the state of the art of genomic-assisted breeding for the most important staples that feed the world, and how to use and adapt such genomic tools to accelerate development of both major and minor crops with desired traits that enhance adaptation to,or mitigate the effects of climate change.

關(guān)鍵詞：climate change; food security; sustainability

來源出版物：Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2016, 14(4)：1195-1098

Green concrete partially comprised of farming waste residues: A review

Mo, Kim Hung; Alengaram, U. Johnson;Jumaat, Mohd Zamin; et al.

Abstract:The growing demand of construction around the world has led to the increased usage of concrete. However,conventional concrete-making materials are not entirely environmental-friendly and this has enthused research on seeking greener alternative for concrete production. In the past, extensive research works had been carried out to utilize farming waste materials such as those from palm oil,coconut, sugarcane as well as the paddy industry and these findings indicate potential of utilizing such materials in concrete. The re-use of the farming waste materials in concrete could reduce the dependency on conventional concrete-making material as well as minimizing the negative impact on the environment besides ensuring waste conservation and reduction in waste disposal from these sectors. In this paper, a review on the utilization of emerging alternative farming waste materials in concrete such as from the farming of bamboo, corn, wheat, olive,sisal, seashells and more is carried out with the aim of examining the benefits and shortcomings of using these materials. This review shows the possible usage of farming waste materials in different form in concrete, such as partial cement and aggregate replacement, as well as fibre reinforcement. The main finding from the paper is that although usage of farming waste materials resulted in lowering of some concrete properties, appropriate treatment methods and selection of the waste materials would enable the production of concrete with improved performance. The summary and discussion provided in this paper should provide new information and knowledge on a greater variety of farming waste materials which are suitable to be used for the production of a greener and sustainable concrete.

關(guān)鍵詞：farming waste; agriculture; aquaculture; concrete

來源出版物：Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016, 117：122-138

Soil sensing: A new paradigm for agriculture

Rossel, Raphael A. Viscarra; Bouma, Johan

Abstract:Last century, during the ‘Green Revolution’ the use of synthetic fertilizers contributed to increased agricultural production. However, their use did not reflect local soil and water conditions because recommendations were developed for larger agro-ecological zones. They only focused on increased productivity, neglecting any adverse environmental consequences. Largely, this legacy remains and recommendations are still made using top-down procedures based on limited data and generic, empirical relations between soil nutrient contents, fertilization rates and yields. Using soil sensors in agriculture can fundamentally change this approach by allowing innovative‘bottom-up’ approaches that characterize local soil and environmental conditions in space and time, improving the efficiency of production to maximize farm incomes and minimize environmental side effects. The sensed information can be used to build site-specific databases of relations between soil and plant condition and growth.Recent technological developments in sensing coupled with ongoing advances in information and communication technologies have given ground to a renewed interest in soil sensing and its use in different applications at different spatial scales. Soil sensing can facilitate the measurement and monitoring of the soil’s physical and biochemical attributes (e.g. nutrients, water) to better understand their dynamics, their interactions with the environment while considering their large spatial heterogeneity. The new sensing methods can also be used to effectively monitor soil organic carbon and be central to the adoption of best agronomic practices that also allow carbon sequestration and a reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Thus,sensing can help us to better articulate the potential of soil to meet the world’s needs for food, fiber, climate adaptation and environmental sustainability allowing the design and implementation of innovative management practices and policy aimed at sustainable development.

來源出版物：Agricultural Systems, 2016, 148：71-74

Energy, land-use and greenhouse gas emissions trajectories under a green growth paradigm

van Vuuren, Detlef P; Stehfest, Elke;Gernaat, David E. H. J; et al.

Abstract:This paper describes the possible developments in global energy use and production, land use, emissions and climate changes following the SSP1 storyline, a development consistent with the green growth (or sustainable development) paradigm (a more inclusive development respecting environmental boundaries). The results are based on the implementation using the IMAGE 3.0 integrated assessment model and are compared with a)other IMAGE implementations of the SSPs (SSP2 and SSP3) and b) the SSP1 implementation of other integrated assessment models. The results show that a combination of resource efficiency, preferences for sustainable production methods and investment in human development could lead to a strong transition towards a more renewable energy supply, less land use and lower anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2100 than in 2010, even in the absence of explicit climate policies. At the same time, climate policy would still be needed to reduce emissions further, in order to reduce the projected increase of global mean temperature from 3 degrees C (SSP1 reference scenario) to 2 or 1.5 degrees C (in line with current policy targets). The SSP1 storyline could be a basis for further discussions on how climate policy can be combined with achieving other societal goals.

關(guān)鍵詞：shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs);sustainable development; integrated assessment; climate change research; scenarios

來源出版物：Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions, 2017, 42：237-250

Ten striking facts about agricultural input use in Sub-Saharan Africa

Sheahan, Megan; Barrett, Christopher B

Abstract:Conventional wisdom holds that Sub-Saharan African farmers use few modern inputs despite the fact that most poverty-reducing agricultural growth in the region is expected to come largely from expanded use of inputs that embody improved technologies, particularly improved seed,fertilizers and other agro-chemicals, machinery, and irrigation. Yet following several years of high food prices,concerted policy efforts to intensify fertilizer and hybrid seed use, and increased public and private investment in agriculture, how low is modern input use in Africa really?This article revisits Africa’s agricultural input landscape,exploiting the unique, recently collected, nationally representative, agriculturally intensive, and cross-country comparable Living Standard Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) covering six countries in the region (Ethiopia, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania,and Uganda). Using data from over 22000 households and 62000 agricultural plots, we offer ten potentially surprising facts about modern input use in Africa today.

關(guān)鍵詞：improved seed; fertilizer; agro-chemical; machinery;irrigation; sub-Saharan Africa

來源出版物：Food Policy, 2017, 67：12-25

Cover crops support ecological intensification of arable cropping systems

Wittwer, Raphael A; Dorn, Brigitte; Jossi, Werner; et al.

Abstract:A major challenge for agriculture is to enhance productivity with minimum impact on the environment.Several studies indicate that cover crops could replace anthropogenic inputs and enhance crop productivity.However, so far, it is unclear if cover crop effects vary between different cropping systems, and direct comparisons among major arable production systems are rare. Here we compared the short-term effects of various cover crops on crop yield, nitrogen uptake, and weed infestation in four arable production systems (conventional cropping with intensive tillage and no-tillage; organic cropping with intensive tillage and reduced tillage). We hypothesized that cover cropping effects increase with decreasing management intensity. Our study demonstrated that cover crop effects on crop yield were highest in the organic system with reduced tillage (+24%), intermediate in the organic system with tillage (+13%) and in the conventional system with no tillage (+8%) and lowest in the conventional system with tillage (+2%). Our results indicate that cover crops are essential to maintaining a certain yield level when soil tillage intensity is reduced (e.g.under conservation agriculture), or when production is converted to organic agriculture. Thus, the inclusion of cover crops provides additional opportunities to increase the yield of lower intensity production systems and contribute to ecological intensification.

來源出版物：Scientific Reports, 2017, 7：41911

The impact of climate on farm inputs in developing countries agriculture

Mendelsohn, Robert; Wang, Jinxia

Abstract:The success of the green revolution has prompted some analysts to suggest it can be extended more broadly to all poor farmers. This paper argues that suitable natural endowments are an important precondition for high input farming. Examining production functions across China, we find that outcomes are very climate sensitive.It follows that we also find that input demand functions are climate sensitive. Efforts to intensify farming in undeveloped regions should focus on places with suitable soils and especially climate. The results also suggest that farmers will partially adapt to climate change by altering their input intensity.

關(guān)鍵詞：adaptation; agriculture; climate change

來源出版物：Atmosphere, 2017, 30(2)：77-86

Photovoltaic agriculture: New opportunity for photovoltaic applications in China

Xue, Jinlin

Abstract:Photovoltaic industry has been an important development direction of China’s strategic emerging industries since 2012, and more and more attentions have been paid to broaden the domestic demand to solve the problem of overcapacity of China’s PV industry.Photovoltaic agriculture, the combination of photovoltaic power generation and agricultural activities, is a natural response to supply the green and sustainable electricity for agriculture. There are several main application modes of photovoltaic agriculture such as photovoltaic agricultural greenhouse, photovoltaic breeding, photovoltaic wastewater purification, photovoltaic water pumping and new type rural solar power station. Photovoltaic agriculture can effectively alleviate the contradiction between more population and less land, powerfully promote the development of controlled environmental agriculture, evidently increase economic benefits of farmers, and significantly improve environment due to emissions reduction in China.In recent years, photovoltaic agriculture has a rapid development in China due to powerful support policies,flourishing controlled environmental agriculture, policyoriented rural electrification and promising electric machinery for greenhouse. Therefore, photovoltaic agriculture provides new opportunity for China’s photovoltaic industry, thus not only to solve the dilemma of overcapacity for China’s photovoltaic industry effectively,but also to accelerate the development of modern agriculture in China. However, the more theoretical researches and practical exploration must be conducted to optimize the combination of photovoltaic power generation and agricultural planting. And the unified standards must be established to standardize the design and scale of projects of photovoltaic agriculture. Also, photovoltaic enterprises need to produce widely applicable photovoltaic products for agricultural production and farmers’ life.

關(guān)鍵詞：photovoltaics; agriculture; renewable energy;development; opportunity

來源出版物：Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,2017, 73：1-9

Strategies for feeding the world more sustainably with organic agriculture

Muller, Adrian; Schader, Christian;Scialabba, Nadia El-Hage; et al.

Abstract:Organic agriculture is proposed as a promising approach to achieving sustainable food systems, but its feasibility is also contested. We use a food systems model that addresses agronomic characteristics of organic agriculture to analyze the role that organic agriculture could play in sustainable food systems. Here we show that a 100% conversion to organic agriculture needs more land than conventional agriculture but reduces N-surplus and pesticide use. However, in combination with reductions of food wastage and food-competing feed from arable land,with correspondingly reduced production and consumption of animal products, land use under organic agriculture remains below the reference scenario. Other indicators such as greenhouse gas emissions also improve, but adequate nitrogen supply is challenging. Besides focusing on production, sustainable food systems need to address waste, crop-grass-livestock interdependencies and human consumption. None of the corresponding strategies needs full implementation and their combined partial implementation delivers a more sustainable food future.

關(guān)鍵詞：Nature Communications, 2017, 8：1290

Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture

Tilman, David; Balzer, Christian; Hill, Jason; et al.

Global food demand is increasing rapidly, as are the environmental impacts of agricultural expansion. Here,we project global demand for crop production in 2050 and evaluate the environmental impacts of alternative ways that this demand might be met. We find that per capita demand for crops, when measured as caloric or protein content of all crops combined, has been a similarly increasing function of per capita real income since 1960. This relationship forecasts a 100%-110% increase in global crop demand from 2005 to 2050. Quantitative assessments show that the environmental impacts of meeting this demand depend on how global agriculture expands. If current trends of greater agricultural intensification in richer nations and greater land clearing (extensification) in poorer nations were to continue, similar to 1 billion ha of land would be cleared globally by 2050, with CO2-C equivalent greenhouse gas emissions reaching similar to 3 Gt y-1and N use similar to 250 Mt y-1by then. In contrast,if 2050 crop demand was met by moderate intensification focused on existing croplands of underyielding nations,adaptation and transfer of high-yielding technologies to these croplands, and global technological improvements,our analyses forecast land clearing of only similar to 0.2 billion ha, greenhouse gas emissions of similar to 1 Gt y-1, and global N use of similar to 225 Mt y-1. Efficient management practices could substantially lower nitrogen use. Attainment of high yields on existing croplands of underyielding nations is of great importance if global crop demand is to be met with minimal environmental impacts.

food security; land-use change; biodiversity;climate change; soil fertility

文章題目第一作者來源出版物1 Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture Tilman, David Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2011, 180(50)：20260-20264 2 Carabid beetles in sustainable agriculture：A review on pest Kromp, B Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,control efficacy, cultivation impacts and enhancement 1999, 71(1-3)：187-228 3Natural products in crop protection Dayan, Franck E Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2009,17(12)：4022-4034 4 The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and Mekonnen, MM Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,derived crop products 2011, 15(5)：1577-1600 5 Bringing ecosystem services into economic decision-Bateman, Ian J Science, 2013, 341(6141)：45-50 making：Land use in the United Kingdom

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