文/王逢鑫
-ist與“主義者”
文/王逢鑫
筆者在1958年讀大學(xué)二年級時,英語教材都是選自《北京周報》的文章。我們學(xué)了大量的帶有-ism 為后綴的政治名詞,如 communism(共產(chǎn)主義),socialism(社會主義),imperialism(帝國主義),capitalism(資本主義),revisionism(修正主義),F(xiàn)ascism(法西斯主義),colonialism(殖民主義),materialism(唯物主義)等。-ism 的意思是a belief(or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school,表示一種制度、信仰、理論、學(xué)說或主張。這類名詞也可以由學(xué)說或理論創(chuàng)始人名字 + -ism 構(gòu)成,像 Marxism(馬克思主義)和 Darwinism(達(dá)爾文主義)都屬于這一類。例如:
1. Higher education must be guided by Marxism, and the Party’s policies in education must be fully carried out. 高等教育必須以馬克思主義為指導(dǎo),黨的教育方針必須全面貫徹。
2. Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin. 達(dá)爾文主義是英國博物學(xué)家查爾斯·達(dá)爾文開創(chuàng)的生物進(jìn)化理論。
這類專門名詞的相應(yīng)后綴-ist,可以當(dāng)作形容詞或名詞用。我們當(dāng)時得出的印象是:帶后綴-ist的單詞,如果是形容詞,意思是“主義的”;如果是名詞,意思是“主義者”。
1973年,我初訪倫敦,住在海德公園附近的一家小旅館里。晚飯后,我同旅館的接待員聊天。他說他是一名receptionist。我當(dāng)時很驚訝,心想:“怎么‘接待’,還有‘主義者’?”他給我解釋說:“二戰(zhàn)以后到70年代初期,歐洲和英國經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇。人們開始旅游,大大小小旅館應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。接待員(receptionist)這種工作,既不屬于白領(lǐng)工人(white-collar worker),也不屬于專業(yè)人員(professional),社會地位低下。像我們這樣的接待員,多在小旅館工作,環(huán)境分散,難以成立工會組織,自身權(quán)利得不到保護(hù)。我們自稱receptionist,表示我們也是有信仰和有尊嚴(yán)的人,理應(yīng)受到尊重?!边@時我才明白-ist并不都是“主義者”。
-ist除了表示“主義者”,第二個功能可以表示各種學(xué)科的科學(xué)家,包括scientist(科學(xué)家),physicist(物理學(xué)家),chemist(化學(xué)家),geologist(地質(zhì)學(xué)家),biologist(生物學(xué)家),人類學(xué)家(archaeologist),psychologist (心理學(xué)家),physiologist(生理學(xué)家),zoologist(動物學(xué)家),botanist(植物學(xué)家),agriculturist(農(nóng)學(xué)家),anthropologist(考古學(xué)家),economist(經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家),linguist(語言學(xué)家),futurologist(未來學(xué)家)等,由學(xué)科名稱 + -ist構(gòu)成。例如:
3. In 2015, Tu Youyou became the first scientist on the Chinese mainland to win a Nobel Prize, for her excellent work in creating an anti-malaria medicine.2015年,屠呦呦因其開創(chuàng)一種抗瘧藥的卓越工作而成為中國大陸第一位獲得諾貝爾獎的科學(xué)家。
4. This article says that many economists are rather gloomy about the US jobs market. 這篇文章說許多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對美國就業(yè)市場是相當(dāng)悲觀的。
-ist的第三個功能與醫(yī)學(xué)相關(guān),包括allergist (過敏癥專家),anatomist (解剖學(xué)專家),anesthetist(麻醉師),chemist/druggist/pharmacist(藥劑師),acupuncturist(針灸醫(yī)生)等,由醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)科名稱 + -ist構(gòu)成。例如:
5. The near-sighted woman discovered that she had improved her vision after a visit to a famous acupuncturist.在找一位著名針灸醫(yī)生治療之后,這位女性近視眼患者發(fā)現(xiàn)她提高了視力。
-ist的第四個功能與文藝相關(guān),包括artist(藝術(shù)家/畫家),allegorist(寓言作家),cartoonist(漫畫家),novelist(小說家)等,由文藝名詞 + -ist構(gòu)成。例如:
6. The artist’s works are being displayed in the National Gallery, which have attracted thousands of visitors. 這位畫家的作品正在國家美術(shù)館展出,已吸引了數(shù)千名觀眾。
7. Chinese novelist Mo Yan won the 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature and became the first Chinese citizen to win the Nobel Prize in its 111-year history. 中國小說家莫言獲得2012年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎,成為諾貝爾獎111年歷史上第一位獲此殊榮的中國公民。
-ist的第五個功能與樂器演奏家相關(guān),包括pianist(鋼琴家),violinist(小提琴手),accordionist(手風(fēng)琴演奏者)等,由樂器名詞 + -ist構(gòu)成。例如:
8. When he was a little boy, he had a dream of becoming a pianist. After many years’ hard work, he realized his dream and became a skilled pianist. 當(dāng)他還是一個小孩子時,就有一個當(dāng)鋼琴家的夢想。在多年辛勤工作之后,他實現(xiàn)了夢想,變成一位技藝精湛的鋼琴家。
9. On a cold night,I saw a poor young violinist was playing a difficult piece with his violin in front of a small audience at the entrance of the subway station.在一個寒冷的夜晚,我看見一個窮苦的年輕小提琴手在地鐵站入口處面對幾個觀眾用他的小提琴演奏一支很難的曲子。
-ist的第六個功能與交通工具駕駛者相關(guān),包括cyclist(騎自行車者),motorcyclist(騎摩托車者),motorist(駕車者),canoeist(劃獨(dú)木舟者)等,由交通工具名詞 + -ist構(gòu)成。例如:
10. The motorist drove all the way from Beijing to Tibet by himself and covered distances of about six hundred kilometers a day. 這個駕車族從北京一路獨(dú)自開車到西藏,一天行駛大約六百公里的距離。
11. The vast, splendid forest has attracted tens of thousands of cyclists,walkers, birdwatchers, canoeists, campers and horse-riders. 這片廣闊、美麗的森林已吸引了數(shù)以萬計的騎行者、步行者、觀鳥者、劃獨(dú)木舟者、露營者和騎馬者。
-ist的第七個功能與職業(yè)相關(guān),包括journalist(新聞工作者),florist(種花人、花商),tobacconist(煙草商),typist(打字員),receptionist(接待員),aerialist(高空雜技演員),parachutist(傘兵),由職業(yè)相關(guān)名詞 + -ist構(gòu)成。例如:
12. As a journalist, his job is to collect news and write about it for newspapers, magazines, television, or radio. 作為一名新聞工作者,他的工作是為報紙、雜志、電視或廣播收集新聞和撰寫文章。
10 Fascinating Extinct Animals (IX)
9. Ground Sloth地懶
They were the unique beasts that thrived through the ice age. Ground Sloth has been extinct on the mainland of North and South America for 10,000 years or more. The cause of
their extinction is often linked to humans that hunted them for food but recent studies found that climate change had rather major impact on the extinction of these beasts. They were massive in size and too big to be killed by the humans of the time using their basic weapons and tools.