馬民 翟春霞
[摘 要] 目的:分析損害控制外科(Damage control surgery,DCS)在嚴(yán)重多發(fā)傷合并休克救治中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法:按照入院時(shí)間,將2013年2月—2015年1月入院接受傳統(tǒng)救治的94例患者納入對照組,將2015年2月—2017年2月入院實(shí)施DCS救治的101例患者納入DCS組,比較兩組患者治療情況、手術(shù)情況、生理指標(biāo)恢復(fù)時(shí)間、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、病死率。結(jié)果:DCS組24 h輸注晶體液量、膠體液量及濃縮紅細(xì)胞量低于對照組,其輸注血漿量高于對照組,住院時(shí)間低于對照組、手術(shù)時(shí)間長于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組術(shù)中平均體溫比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。DCS組各項(xiàng)在生理指標(biāo)恢復(fù)時(shí)間均短于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。DCS組患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及病死率均低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:在嚴(yán)重多發(fā)傷合并休克的救治中,遵循DCS理念能夠有效糾正內(nèi)環(huán)境紊亂、促進(jìn)生理指標(biāo)恢復(fù),降低患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率及病死率,達(dá)到良好的救治效果。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 損害控制外科;嚴(yán)重多發(fā)傷;休克
中圖分類號(hào):R605.97 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):2095-5200(2017)05-006-03
DOI:10.11876/mimt201705003
The application of damage control surgery in the treatment of severe multiple injury with shock MA Min, ZHAI Chunxia. (Department of Emergency,Laiwu City Peoples Hospital, Laiwu 271100, china)
[Abstract] Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of damage control surgery in severe multiple injury with shock. Methods: A total of 94 cases of patients provided with traditional treatment between February 2013 and January 2015 were divided into observation group, while 101 patients treated with DCS between February 2015 and February 2017 were divided into DCS group. The treatment, operation situation, time taken to recover the physical signs, the occurrence rate of complication and the morbidity rate of two groups were compared. Results: The volume of crystalline solution injection, colloidal solution injection and concentrated red blood cells during 24 hours of DCS group were lower than that of observation group, while the volume of plasma injection was higher than that of observation group and the length of hospitalization was shorter than that of observation group and the length of operation was longer than that of observation group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The difference of average body temperature during operation between two groups was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). The time taken to recover the various physical signs of DCS group was shorter than that of observation group and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusions: Applying the concept of DCS in the treatment of severe multiple injury with shock can improve internal circulation and the recovery of physical signs, which reduces the rate of complications and morbidity.
[Key words] damage control surgery; severe multiple injury; shock
嚴(yán)重多發(fā)傷及其引發(fā)的休克是臨床面對的難題,該類患者傷情重、極易繼發(fā)生理功能紊亂并陷入低體溫、代謝性酸中毒和凝血功能障礙的“致死性三聯(lián)征”[1]。若早期處理不當(dāng)可能導(dǎo)致患者死亡[2]。因此,越來越多的學(xué)者傾向于將損害控制外科(Damage control surgery,DCS)理念用于嚴(yán)重多發(fā)傷合并休克的救治,以期提高院前急救、院內(nèi)急救、急診手術(shù)與ICU監(jiān)護(hù)等多個(gè)階段的科學(xué)性、規(guī)范性[3]。endprint
我院于2015年2月開始落實(shí)DCS規(guī)范,此次研究比較DCS實(shí)施前后的救治效果,探討改進(jìn)策略。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
根據(jù)嚴(yán)重多發(fā)傷合并休克患者的時(shí)間序列,將2013年2月—2015年1月入院的94例患者為對照組,將2015年2月—2017年2月接受DCS救治的101例患者為DCS組。排除合并糖尿病、高血壓、冠心病等可能影響生理指標(biāo)檢測結(jié)果者[4]。兩組患者創(chuàng)傷嚴(yán)重程度評分為31.09±4.58VS30.95±4.46,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,年齡、性別、主要損傷部位等一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,具有可比性。
1.2 治療方案
對照組患者接受傳統(tǒng)救治,包括Ⅰ期以解剖性修復(fù)為主的確定性手術(shù),術(shù)后送至創(chuàng)傷重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(TICU),給予后續(xù)診療[5]。DCS組患者1)簡化手術(shù):實(shí)施以止血、控制污染為主的Ⅰ期簡化手術(shù),手術(shù)時(shí)間控制在90 min以內(nèi),要求簡單、有效、迅速;2)TICU復(fù)蘇:簡化手術(shù)結(jié)束后,將患者送至TICU病房,予血管內(nèi)容量恢復(fù)、升血壓等復(fù)蘇治療,復(fù)蘇期間強(qiáng)調(diào)溫度保持,以40℃空氣對流毯覆蓋全身,室溫控制為30℃,輸入液體溫度保持在40℃,目標(biāo)體溫設(shè)定為37℃;3)再手術(shù):待患者生理功能基本恢復(fù)、生理指標(biāo)基本穩(wěn)定后,行確定性手術(shù),確定性手術(shù)以解剖修復(fù)為目的[6]。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)分析
記錄入院24 h內(nèi)輸注液體量(晶體液量、膠體液量)、濃縮紅細(xì)胞量、血漿量;手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中平均體溫及住院時(shí)間,其中,DCS組手術(shù)時(shí)間以簡化手術(shù)時(shí)間+確定性手術(shù)時(shí)間計(jì),對照組手術(shù)時(shí)間以確定性手術(shù)時(shí)間計(jì),術(shù)中平均體溫取兩次手術(shù)平均值;比較生理指標(biāo)恢復(fù)時(shí)間、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、病死率,生理指標(biāo)包括乳酸(BLA)、體溫(T)、休克指數(shù)(SI)、堿剩余(BE)、凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶時(shí)間(APTT) [7]。以SPSS21.0軟件分析數(shù)據(jù),χ2檢驗(yàn)、t檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 圍術(shù)期指標(biāo)
DCS組24 h輸注晶體液量、膠體液量及濃縮紅細(xì)胞量低于對照組,其輸注血漿量高于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。DCS組手術(shù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),兩組患者術(shù)中平均體溫比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
2.2 生理指標(biāo)恢復(fù)及預(yù)后
DCS組各項(xiàng)在生理指標(biāo)恢復(fù)時(shí)間均短于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
DCS組患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率22.77%、病死率2.97%均低于對照組的53.19%及9.57%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
3 討論
全球范圍內(nèi),每年因創(chuàng)傷死亡的病例數(shù)超過500萬,是18~40歲人群死亡的首位原因[8]。近年來我國交通事故等多種動(dòng)能巨大的創(chuàng)傷屢見不鮮,嚴(yán)重多發(fā)傷發(fā)生率持續(xù)升高。以現(xiàn)有的骨和軟組織技術(shù)處理不合并休克的嚴(yán)重多發(fā)傷,可挽救相當(dāng)部分肢體,但對于合并休克的嚴(yán)重多發(fā)傷患者而言,如何評估治療側(cè)重點(diǎn),取得生命救治和肢體保留的平衡,一直是臨床探討的重點(diǎn)所在[9-10]。
既往多發(fā)傷合并休克的救治中,多強(qiáng)調(diào)積極液體復(fù)蘇、廣譜抗生素使用以及早期確定性手術(shù),但傳統(tǒng)的處理辦法往往對原本垂危的生命造成二次打擊,導(dǎo)致病情惡化、病死率升高[11]。我院在DCS理念實(shí)施前,嚴(yán)重多發(fā)傷合并休克患者并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、病死率分別達(dá)53.19%、9.57%,提示早期確定性手術(shù)盡管消耗了大量醫(yī)療資源,患者救治效果仍不夠理想,往往因彌漫性血管內(nèi)凝血(DIC)、急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(ARDS)、多器官功能障礙綜合征(MODS)等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生導(dǎo)致死亡[12]。
鑒于傳統(tǒng)救治方法的局限性,越來越多的臨床醫(yī)師開始關(guān)注DCS。DCS不僅強(qiáng)調(diào)損害控制性手術(shù),還注重?fù)p害控制性液體復(fù)蘇、急診延遲復(fù)蘇,適合生命體征不穩(wěn)定患者救治[13]。在Ⅰ期簡化手術(shù)中,DCS以止血和污染控制為主,采取填塞、快速結(jié)扎等方式減少出血量,能夠有效避免長時(shí)間復(fù)雜手術(shù)與外科麻醉所致血液、熱量大量丟失,以及酸中毒和免疫系統(tǒng)損害,利于患者的盡快復(fù)蘇[14]。得益于簡化手術(shù)創(chuàng)造的條件,TICU的復(fù)蘇可順利完成,而在復(fù)蘇過程中,DCS理念強(qiáng)調(diào)凝血機(jī)制異常的調(diào)節(jié)與凝血功能障礙的糾正,故對于早期改善組織低灌注和微循環(huán)障礙狀態(tài)、減少乳酸生成具有積極意義[15]。因此,此次研究DCS組患者治療生理指標(biāo)恢復(fù)時(shí)間明顯優(yōu)于對照組。有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn),嚴(yán)重多發(fā)傷合并休克患者其BLA若能在24 h內(nèi)恢復(fù)正常,患者存活率可接近100%,若其BLA超過48 h仍未恢復(fù)正常,則其病死率可高達(dá)86%[16]。
在多年DCS臨床實(shí)踐中,筆者將嚴(yán)重多發(fā)傷合并休克的救治原則總結(jié)為“先救命、后救傷”,即優(yōu)先保存患者生命,而后強(qiáng)調(diào)臟器或肢體功能的保存,因此,救治過程中,首先應(yīng)完善院前快速處理通道,在致死三聯(lián)征出現(xiàn)前的黃金1小時(shí)內(nèi)實(shí)施積極急救;簡化手術(shù)強(qiáng)調(diào)出血和污染的快速控制,從而避免進(jìn)一步損傷、延緩致死三聯(lián)征進(jìn)展[17];復(fù)蘇環(huán)節(jié)亦需注重復(fù)蘇和復(fù)溫的損害控制,重點(diǎn)關(guān)注凝血功能的改善,以血漿為主要復(fù)蘇液體、盡量避免晶體液輸入,從而減少DIC發(fā)生率、降低病死風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[18];擇期施行的確定性手術(shù)應(yīng)待病情穩(wěn)定后方可實(shí)施,在避免造成生理功能嚴(yán)重紊亂的加劇的同時(shí),確定性修復(fù)手術(shù)應(yīng)兼顧臟器功能的修復(fù)與骨折部位的內(nèi)固定,以確?;颊呋謴?fù)質(zhì)量。
總之,在DCS理念指導(dǎo)下實(shí)施嚴(yán)重多發(fā)傷合并休克的救治,能夠改善救治效果、降低患者病死率,是一種值得推廣的嚴(yán)重多發(fā)傷合并休克的策略性治療原則。
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