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細(xì)針穿刺活檢結(jié)合分子檢測(cè)在甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)鑒別診斷中的研究進(jìn)展*

2018-01-19 18:35魏璽王曉慶王猛高明綜述張晟審校
中國腫瘤臨床 2018年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:濾泡細(xì)胞學(xué)乳頭狀

魏璽 王曉慶 王猛 高明 綜述 張晟 審校

甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)在人群中是常見的一種疾病。隨著高頻超聲的廣泛應(yīng)用,甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的檢出率明顯增加[1],其中大部分為良性結(jié)節(jié),但仍然有5%~15%的結(jié)節(jié)被診斷為惡性且需要進(jìn)一步臨床處理[2]。甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)是甲狀腺癌中最常見的病理類型,占甲狀腺癌的85%左右[3]。目前,甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的過度診斷不僅導(dǎo)致不必要的手術(shù)治療及相關(guān)醫(yī)療費(fèi)用的上漲,而且存在并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。另一方面,甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的漏診則導(dǎo)致延遲治療,若疾病出現(xiàn)進(jìn)展,則需要進(jìn)一步的臨床干預(yù)[4]。因此,甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的篩查及明確診斷尤為重要,有利于臨床醫(yī)師進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化治療方案。本文擬對(duì)超聲介導(dǎo)下細(xì)針穿刺活檢細(xì)胞病理學(xué),以及聯(lián)合基因檢測(cè)用于甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)鑒別診斷的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。

1 超聲介導(dǎo)下甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)細(xì)針細(xì)胞學(xué)活檢病理診斷研究進(jìn)展

目前,超聲引導(dǎo)下細(xì)針穿刺活檢(ultrasound guid?ed fine needle aspiration biopsy,US-FNAB)是評(píng)估發(fā)現(xiàn)甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)最可靠、最有價(jià)值的診斷手段之一[4],也是方便、安全、有效地鑒別甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)性質(zhì)的微創(chuàng)方法,常用作術(shù)前診斷甲狀腺乳頭狀癌的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。對(duì)于甲狀腺細(xì)胞學(xué)結(jié)果的解讀,在臨床應(yīng)用最廣泛的是2007年美國國家癌癥研究討論并通過的Bethesda分類系統(tǒng)[5],診斷結(jié)果分為六類(括號(hào)內(nèi)為惡性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)值):Ⅰ:不能診斷或標(biāo)本不滿意(1%~4%);Ⅱ:良性(0~3%);Ⅲ:意義不明確的非典型性病變或意義不明確的濾泡性病變(5%~15%);Ⅳ:濾泡性腫瘤或懷疑濾泡性腫瘤和嗜酸性腺瘤(15%~30%);V:可疑惡性(60%~75%);Ⅵ:考慮惡性(97%~99%)?;诖朔诸愊到y(tǒng),作為甲狀腺原發(fā)灶疾病診斷的有效方式,超聲引導(dǎo)FNA在甲狀腺癌的術(shù)前及術(shù)后評(píng)估中起著重要的作用。

在細(xì)胞學(xué)診斷過程中,依然存在無法診斷或不確定及意義不明確的非典型病變或?yàn)V泡性病變。這些診斷不確定的甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)包含了Bethesda系統(tǒng)中Ⅲ~V類,其惡性的可能性分別是5%~10%、20%~30%和50%~75%[5]。對(duì)于這些不確定結(jié)節(jié),Bethesda系統(tǒng)以及指南中推薦重復(fù)FNA檢查,但這些重復(fù)FNA中仍然有高達(dá)50%最終是細(xì)胞不足或不確定的結(jié)果。這些診斷不確定的甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)結(jié)果給臨床醫(yī)生及患者帶來的問題比較棘手。若通過外科手術(shù)獲得組織病理學(xué)診斷,則會(huì)導(dǎo)致不同程度的并發(fā)癥及高額的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用。基于此原因,許多科學(xué)家研究這類不確定的甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié),并使用相關(guān)分子標(biāo)記物來提高FNA診斷的敏感性及特異性。隨著甲狀腺癌研究在基因、蛋白、RNA等微觀水平上不斷深入,已發(fā)現(xiàn)多種分子標(biāo)記物與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及預(yù)后相關(guān),也為甲狀腺癌超聲引導(dǎo)FNA為代表的早期診斷手段,以及后期的預(yù)后判斷和靶向治療提供了全新的方向。

2 基因檢測(cè)在甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)US-FNAB中應(yīng)用的研究進(jìn)展

隨著分子遺傳學(xué)的迅速發(fā)展,有研究表明[6-8]分子基因檢測(cè)FNA標(biāo)本能夠明顯提高甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)細(xì)胞學(xué)診斷的準(zhǔn)確性,尤其是針對(duì)不確定結(jié)節(jié)診斷的細(xì)胞學(xué)結(jié)果,顯著提升其診斷的敏感性和特異性,有利于臨床的診治管理。目前,有結(jié)果顯示細(xì)針穿刺細(xì)胞學(xué)聯(lián)合分子基因檢測(cè),對(duì)于分化型甲狀腺癌的診斷尤為可靠。

已有很多研究[9]表明在FNA細(xì)胞學(xué)診斷的基礎(chǔ)上,提取標(biāo)本進(jìn)行分子標(biāo)記物檢測(cè),包括RET/PTC重排、RAS、BRAF基因突變等均可強(qiáng)烈預(yù)示惡性結(jié)節(jié)。雖然提出很多癌基因及免疫化學(xué)標(biāo)志物作為甲狀腺癌診斷和預(yù)后的指標(biāo),但是其臨床價(jià)值并未得到廣泛認(rèn)可[10]。究其原因是FNA細(xì)胞學(xué)方法不確定的細(xì)胞學(xué)標(biāo)本中含有少量的不典型細(xì)胞,而這些細(xì)胞中混有很多炎性細(xì)胞、良性濾泡細(xì)胞以及基質(zhì)細(xì)胞,因此后期在FNA針吸標(biāo)本中發(fā)掘有用信息至關(guān)重要。而術(shù)前若對(duì)于不確定甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié),檢測(cè)BRAF、RAS以及RET/PTC重排相關(guān)的重組分析,則為確診甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)性質(zhì)及后期制定手術(shù)方案起到了關(guān)鍵作用[11-12]。

2.1 RET基因重組

RET原癌基因重組最常見于甲狀腺乳頭狀癌中,RET基因突變可引起甲狀腺濾泡細(xì)胞惡性轉(zhuǎn)化。這種突變是一種重組導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)活化和增加信號(hào)下游MAPK途徑[13-14]。RET重組有多于12種類型,但其中80%是RET/PTC1和RET/PTC3。前者與分化良好的組織學(xué)分級(jí)有關(guān),提示預(yù)后較好,后者與侵襲性的腫瘤類型相關(guān)。RET基因突變與MTC關(guān)系最密切,F(xiàn)TC及ATC中均較少發(fā)現(xiàn),提示RET基因突變對(duì)MTC尤其對(duì)FMTC的篩查和診斷有特定意義。研究證實(shí)RET基因突變與多發(fā)性內(nèi)分泌腺腫瘤綜合征(MEN)Ⅱ型(Ⅱa和Ⅱb)關(guān)系密切,也說明了其與髓樣癌的相關(guān)性。雖然最初認(rèn)為出現(xiàn)在50%甲狀腺乳頭狀癌中,后來發(fā)現(xiàn)整體患病率5%~35%,因此這種突變不適合作為腫瘤的一種獨(dú)立的篩選工具[15]。

2.2 BRAF基因突變

V-raf鼠類肉瘤濾過性病毒致癌基因同源體(vraf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B,BRAF)最早在1988年于尤文肉瘤中發(fā)現(xiàn),Raf家族中關(guān)于BRAF基因的研究較多,BRAF在細(xì)胞增殖、分化和凋亡中起到關(guān)鍵作用,也是甲狀腺癌中最常見的突變基因。BRAF突變總的患病率約45%(27.3%~87.1%),且亞洲國家顯著高于西方國家[16]。BRAFV600E突變?cè)诩谞钕侔┌l(fā)生過程中,通過上調(diào)細(xì)胞分裂和增殖導(dǎo)致腫瘤發(fā)生,且BRAFV600E突變被證明與腺體外侵犯、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,TNM分期及癌癥復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān),是明確的預(yù)后不良因素[17]。研究表明,BRAF基因突變對(duì)于甲狀腺乳頭狀癌的診斷敏感性較低,特異性較高。此外,術(shù)前BRAF基因突變分析聯(lián)合超聲介導(dǎo)的FNA檢查結(jié)果,可以提高對(duì)于不確定甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)良惡性診斷的準(zhǔn)確性[18]。然而此方法仍存在不足,首先是低敏感性,研究顯示在BRAFV600E陰性的甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)中,39.7%~70.8%結(jié)節(jié)病理為惡性,其次是BRAFV600E突變僅與甲狀腺乳頭狀癌相關(guān),與其他病理類型甲狀腺癌不相關(guān)[19]。

2.3 RAS基因突變

RAS基因突變是甲狀腺腫瘤中第二個(gè)最常見的基因改變,主要存在于濾泡樣病變。RAS原癌基因編碼的三種不同膜相關(guān)的三磷酸鳥苷蛋白:HRAS、KRAS和NRAS。據(jù)報(bào)道[20],RAS不同亞型的突變與不同的臨床病理結(jié)果相關(guān)。K-RAS 12/13突變與N-RAS 61或者H-RAS 61突變相比預(yù)測(cè)甲狀腺惡性結(jié)節(jié)能力較低,而其中N-RAS基因突變是最常見的RAS突變,且與甲狀腺乳頭狀癌濾泡亞型相關(guān)[20-22],而H-RAS基因突變的惡性率最高[22]。這些突變廣泛存在于甲狀腺濾泡癌和甲狀腺乳頭狀癌濾泡亞型(40%~50%),較少出現(xiàn)在甲狀腺乳頭狀癌經(jīng)典亞型(10%)中[23]。雖然RAS基因突變也在良性濾泡腺瘤中被發(fā)現(xiàn),但目前尚不清楚RAS陽性的濾泡型腺瘤是否會(huì)有一定的可能發(fā)展成為惡性。研究表明[24]在結(jié)果為不確定的FNA樣本中,RAS突變對(duì)于惡性診斷的敏感性為34.3%,特異性為93.5%。較低的敏感性是由于RAS突變主要是與甲狀腺腫瘤的濾泡性生長有關(guān),包括良性濾泡型腺瘤及甲狀腺濾泡癌,甲狀腺乳頭狀癌濾泡亞型等。因此RAS突變分析不適合作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素來鑒別甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的良惡性[25-26]。

3 miRNA分析在甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)超聲介導(dǎo)FNA中的研究進(jìn)展

miRNA是長度較短的單鏈非編碼小RNA片段,長度由19~23個(gè)核苷酸組成。miRNA認(rèn)為是基因表達(dá)在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平重要的調(diào)節(jié)因子。其控制各種細(xì)胞的發(fā)展和維護(hù)的過程,包括增殖、分化的過程,運(yùn)動(dòng)與細(xì)胞凋亡[27]。miRNA的表達(dá)具有組織特異性,腫瘤中miRNA與正常非腫瘤組織中的相比,在表達(dá)水平上發(fā)生了明顯改變(上調(diào)或下調(diào)),可作為腫瘤診斷,預(yù)后及預(yù)測(cè)潛力的標(biāo)志物[28]。

甲狀腺被認(rèn)為是miRNA表達(dá)參與腫瘤形成過程的非常適合的研究模型,因?yàn)榧谞钕贋V泡細(xì)胞可形成不同生物學(xué)行為的腫瘤[29-32],miRNA在甲狀腺的正常和腫瘤組織中的表達(dá)不同。miRNA的顯著變化不僅出現(xiàn)在不同組織來源的甲狀腺腫瘤中(如甲狀腺濾泡細(xì)胞與C細(xì)胞),甚至存在同時(shí)起源于甲狀腺濾泡細(xì)胞[33]。多項(xiàng)研究表明應(yīng)用miRNA標(biāo)志物可區(qū)分良惡性甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)[34-36],但僅局限在部分類型的惡性結(jié)節(jié)中,如甲狀腺乳頭狀癌[37-39]。研究表明對(duì)于FNA的細(xì)胞學(xué)標(biāo)本miRNA檢測(cè),如miR-146b、miR-221和miR-222術(shù)前診斷甲狀腺乳頭狀癌是可行的,但對(duì)于濾泡性腫瘤的準(zhǔn)確性較低[39]。此外,miR-146b、miR-221和miR-222表達(dá)與甲狀腺惡性腫物包膜外浸潤相關(guān)[40]。miR-9和miR-21也可預(yù)測(cè)甲狀腺乳頭狀癌的復(fù)發(fā)[41]。miR-181a-2-3p和miR-99b-3p上調(diào)與miR-222下調(diào)也提示甲狀腺癌濾泡亞型有較好預(yù)后[42]。許多研究表明,濾泡型腺瘤和濾泡癌的miR?NA表達(dá)譜有很多重疊[35,43],究其原因是miRNA表達(dá)的變化主要發(fā)生在從正常甲狀腺細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闉V泡型腺瘤細(xì)胞的過程而不是從濾泡型腺瘤到濾泡癌的過程,因此對(duì)于濾泡性腫瘤的研究表現(xiàn)較低的準(zhǔn)確性[43]。FNA細(xì)胞學(xué)標(biāo)本的4個(gè)miRNA表達(dá)檢測(cè)(如miR-26a、miR-146b、miR-221和miR-222)上調(diào),可用來辨別甲狀腺未分化癌和淋巴瘤[44-45]。很多血液循環(huán)中的miRNA可以作為甲狀腺腫瘤預(yù)后的標(biāo)志物,循環(huán)中的miRNA作為標(biāo)志物的主要作用是監(jiān)測(cè)甲狀腺腫瘤的動(dòng)態(tài)。

總之,隨著分子生物學(xué)的進(jìn)步,新型分子生物學(xué)技術(shù),如mRNA和小RNA新一代測(cè)序,有望通過發(fā)現(xiàn)新的靶點(diǎn)及分子標(biāo)記物進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化甲狀腺癌的精準(zhǔn)診療。超聲介導(dǎo)的FNA細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查聯(lián)合分子標(biāo)記物檢測(cè)對(duì)甲狀腺結(jié)節(jié)的鑒別診斷,能夠最大限度提高術(shù)前診斷的準(zhǔn)確率,也為后期治療及預(yù)后判斷提供有效的診斷依據(jù)。

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