廣東
所謂“讀者意識(shí)”,就是作者在寫(xiě)作中對(duì)讀者信息需要的關(guān)注。語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Berlin提出,在教授寫(xiě)作的過(guò)程中,無(wú)論用什么樣的方法,都要考慮以下四個(gè)因素:(1)作者(the writer);(2)讀者 (the audience or reader);(3)寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容的真實(shí)性 (reality and truth);(4)行文中的語(yǔ)言淵源 (the sources of language in written texts)。在寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中,作者設(shè)定讀者對(duì)象,預(yù)測(cè)讀者的需要與期待,根據(jù)寫(xiě)作目的來(lái)選擇語(yǔ)義、安排結(jié)構(gòu)、建構(gòu)文章,從而引導(dǎo)讀者能深層次地理解與認(rèn)可作者在的觀點(diǎn)并產(chǎn)生共鳴。但學(xué)生在高考作文寫(xiě)作中出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)氣情態(tài)、語(yǔ)篇視點(diǎn)、語(yǔ)義范疇以及語(yǔ)篇連貫等方面的種種問(wèn)題表明他們?nèi)匀狈ψx者意識(shí)?!霸谔囟ㄕZ(yǔ)境中準(zhǔn)確理解他人和得體表達(dá)自己”已成為普通高中英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一(《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》)。讀者意識(shí)可以幫助作者在寫(xiě)作時(shí)注意語(yǔ)用的得體性和語(yǔ)篇的連貫性。讀者信息清單的主要內(nèi)容包括:目標(biāo)讀者(讀者的身份、年齡、知識(shí)層次、價(jià)值觀等)、目標(biāo)讀者最關(guān)心的問(wèn)題、最想知道的信息、對(duì)這篇文章的期待;作者應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)介紹哪些內(nèi)容,談?wù)撃男﹩?wèn)題,考慮以什么身份與目標(biāo)讀者進(jìn)行對(duì)話,思考以什么風(fēng)格的語(yǔ)言去談這個(gè)話題。
假定你是李華,你的新西蘭朋友Terry將去中國(guó)朋友家做客,發(fā)郵件向你詢問(wèn)有關(guān)習(xí)俗。請(qǐng)你回復(fù)郵件,內(nèi)容包括:
1.到達(dá)時(shí)間;
2.合適的禮物;
3.餐桌禮儀。
注意:
1.詞數(shù)100左右;
2.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。
試題分析:書(shū)面表達(dá)旨在考查學(xué)生能否運(yùn)用相關(guān)常識(shí)和語(yǔ)言知識(shí)進(jìn)行有效的文字表達(dá),完成特定的交際任務(wù)。2018年書(shū)面表達(dá)要求的情景是:外國(guó)朋友詢問(wèn)去中國(guó)家庭做客的注意事項(xiàng),要求學(xué)生寫(xiě)一封回復(fù)信??疾閷W(xué)生使用英語(yǔ)給出建議的語(yǔ)用能力??忌枰o出個(gè)人的想法或者建議,可以適當(dāng)使用一些表示建議的句型表達(dá)內(nèi)容。在語(yǔ)用范疇,需要使用比較委婉、得體的語(yǔ)氣表達(dá)建議而非強(qiáng)硬的語(yǔ)氣,比如不能使用要求的語(yǔ)氣,更不能使用命令的語(yǔ)氣。同時(shí)要求考生具有一定的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化意識(shí)。
讀者分析:這封信的目標(biāo)讀者是新西蘭朋友Terry。Terry詢問(wèn)去中國(guó)家庭做客的相關(guān)習(xí)俗,讀者期待的是與中國(guó)家庭做客相關(guān)的、合適的、可操作的建議。對(duì)方和考生是朋友關(guān)系,二者之間關(guān)系平等。而筆者從學(xué)生的習(xí)作中發(fā)現(xiàn),很多學(xué)生在寫(xiě)作時(shí),因未考慮到讀者的身份和期待,沒(méi)有使用委婉的、表示建議的語(yǔ)氣,而是使用了很多語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)硬的詞語(yǔ)或者句型。例如:
You are required to arrive in advance on the appointed day.
You should arrive one hour earlier on that day.
You ought to use chopsticks.
You must pay attention to the table manners in China.
You can’t reach your friend’s home too early or too late.
You are not allowed to eat before the elders start to eat.
What’s more, leave the table after all people stop eating.
You need to use chopsticks.
Behave yourself well when you are eating.
以上例子中,are required to, should, ought to, must, need to都表示必須做的事情或應(yīng)該做的事情,表示一種義務(wù)或要求,類(lèi)似的表達(dá)還有 be supposed to;此外 can’t, are not allowed to表示不能做的事情,表示禁忌或決不能做的事情,有點(diǎn)言過(guò)其實(shí)了,也會(huì)嚇到外國(guó)友人,仿佛做了此事便極為錯(cuò)誤。behave和leave這種祈使語(yǔ)氣表示命令,顯然也不適合目標(biāo)讀者,不適合這篇文章的文體風(fēng)格。很明顯,在寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中,學(xué)生只顧及使用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或相關(guān)句式,傳達(dá)字面意思,而沒(méi)有考慮使用合理、得體的形式傳達(dá)自己的意圖,忽視了讀者意識(shí),難以與目標(biāo)讀者建立關(guān)系。
2018年高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ作文應(yīng)該使用比較委婉的建議語(yǔ)氣,很多學(xué)生也做得很好,這反映了他們具備比較好的語(yǔ)用能力,了解不同的語(yǔ)體風(fēng)格,且充分考慮到了目標(biāo)讀者。一些學(xué)生的習(xí)作如下:
You’d better arrive ahead of time.
It is advisable that you arrive his home half an hour earlier.
If I were you, I would be there one hour earlier.
I highly recommend that you go his home on time.
I feel it would be better if you bring a gift like some fruits or a book.
It is suggested that you not speak when your mouth is full of food.
You may need to get used to our Chinese table manners.
When you have a meal with them, I feel it necessary that you learn some table manners.
以上加了下劃線的詞語(yǔ) advisable, if, would, recommend,suggest, may, feel都是緩和語(yǔ)氣的標(biāo)記詞,很好地表達(dá)了委婉的語(yǔ)氣,表示這些都是建議,目標(biāo)讀者可以采納,可以參考,也可以不接受,這樣目標(biāo)讀者和作者之間的關(guān)系會(huì)更友好,目標(biāo)讀者反而更加樂(lè)意接受這些建議。因此,作者一定要充分地進(jìn)行目標(biāo)讀者分析,追求寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格與讀者需求的統(tǒng)一。
近年,全國(guó)卷Ⅰ、卷Ⅱ、卷Ⅲ的英語(yǔ)作文都是給出提綱式要點(diǎn),要求學(xué)生對(duì)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行恰當(dāng)?shù)耐卣?。要點(diǎn)拓展是完成作文寫(xiě)作的重點(diǎn),對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),也是難點(diǎn)。學(xué)生寫(xiě)出的要點(diǎn)拓展往往不那么貼切,這暴露了很多學(xué)生沒(méi)有帶著讀者意識(shí)進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作,忽略了目標(biāo)讀者的關(guān)注點(diǎn)是什么,對(duì)這篇作文的期待是什么,作者應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)介紹哪些內(nèi)容。以2018年高考全國(guó)卷Ⅰ作文為例,作文就要求對(duì)到中國(guó)家庭做客的到達(dá)時(shí)間、合適的禮物和餐桌禮儀進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)囊c(diǎn)拓展。
(1)未具體化的拓展
I highly suggest that you choose a time which is convenient for both you and your friend’s family.
I think it would be better if you bring a suitable gift to the host family to show your kindness.
I recommend that you prepare some gifts, which will surely help make a good impression on you.
If you want to leave a good impression on your friend’s family, you’d better spend some time learning some Chinese table manners.
It’s essential that you should pay attention to Chinese table manners which contributes to your visit.
以上要點(diǎn)拓展看似不錯(cuò),語(yǔ)氣和語(yǔ)法得當(dāng),實(shí)則只是翻譯了內(nèi)容要點(diǎn),內(nèi)容空泛,不夠具體,無(wú)操作性。目標(biāo)讀者看完后還是不知道具體什么時(shí)候是方便、恰當(dāng)?shù)?,具體該買(mǎi)什么禮物,應(yīng)該注意哪些餐桌禮儀。以上要點(diǎn)拓展并沒(méi)有回答目標(biāo)讀者重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的問(wèn)題,至少應(yīng)該給出一定的范圍或者種類(lèi)。
(2)無(wú)關(guān)的拓展
The Dragon Boat Festival is one of the most important Chinese cultural events and I am sure you will have a chance to eat zongzi at your friend’s home.
以上要點(diǎn)拓展與去中國(guó)家庭做客無(wú)關(guān),是目標(biāo)讀者Terry暫時(shí)不期待、不那么關(guān)注的信息。
(3)其他不恰當(dāng)?shù)耐卣?/p>
You may need to bring a present.Everything is suitable except a clock, which means death in Chinese culture.
You had better drink some alcohol if the host asks.
If I were you, I will prepare a red pocket as well.
以上拓展內(nèi)容也不是那么的恰當(dāng),似乎有違于中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化,真實(shí)的中國(guó)餐桌禮儀并不是這樣的。此外,由于中外文化差異,這樣的表述容易讓外國(guó)人產(chǎn)生誤會(huì)或者困惑。
(1)到達(dá)時(shí)間
It is important that you arrive your friend’s home on time because it shows your respect for the host.
Please go to your friend’s home half an hour earlier, for being too early or too late is not polite in Chinese culture.
以上就“到達(dá)時(shí)間”給出的回復(fù)比較恰當(dāng)。它們反映出寫(xiě)作者考慮到了目標(biāo)讀者的需求就是要知道具體應(yīng)該在什么時(shí)間到。給出的回復(fù)也比較符合中國(guó)文化,一般都是提早半小時(shí)至一小時(shí)或者準(zhǔn)時(shí)到。并且,寫(xiě)作者還對(duì)“恰當(dāng)?shù)牡竭_(dá)時(shí)間”給出了理由:因?yàn)檫@樣顯得尊敬主人,而太早或者太晚到會(huì)顯得不禮貌。
(2)合適的禮物
I highly recommend that you bring an English novel to him,which will surely help your friend’s English study.
Besides, I feel it would be beneficial if you prepare a gift,which could be something unique to New Zealand,and it will definitely make your friend happy.
You’d better bring some gifts, such as some books or snacks toshow your respect and thanks to the family.
In addition, as the Dragon Boat Festival is coming, it is a good choice to buy some zongzi as gifts.Not only does it show your warm heart but also can get you fully involved in the festival atmosphere.
You’d better buy an appropriate gift like some fruits or milk,which is not expensive but shows your kindness.
It’s a good idea to buy some inexpensive gifts such as biscuits, a bottle of wine or milk,which will surely make his family members feel warm.
Different from foreign countries, Chinese especially like tea.
A specialty from your country is also a good gift.
以上就“合適的禮物”給出的回復(fù)比較恰當(dāng)。它們反映出寫(xiě)作者考慮到了目標(biāo)讀者的關(guān)注點(diǎn)是送哪種禮物。寫(xiě)作者既對(duì)合適的禮物進(jìn)行了具體的拓展(見(jiàn)有下劃線部分),比如送 novel, fruits, snacks, zongzi, milk, wine,tea,specialty等不貴重,但有意義的小禮物。如此,目標(biāo)讀者便可明確地知道可以送什么禮物。此外,寫(xiě)作者們對(duì)送這些禮物進(jìn)行了必要的拓展(見(jiàn)斜體且有下劃線部分),進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明送這些禮物的原因、意義或結(jié)果。比如,送小禮物的目的是展示做客者對(duì)朋友及其家人的尊重、熱情和感激;送書(shū)的結(jié)果是可以讓朋友英語(yǔ)進(jìn)步,剛好符合寫(xiě)作者是學(xué)生的身份;送小吃、特產(chǎn)的意義是讓朋友家人感受溫暖。具體的要點(diǎn)拓展再加上拓展的原因、意義和結(jié)果,讓目標(biāo)讀者Terry知其然,也知其所以然,便可對(duì)中國(guó)文化有更深層次的理解。
(3)餐桌禮儀
When you have a meal with them, I feel it necessary that you learn some table manners.For example, Chinese use chopsticks instead of knives and forks.We usually let the elders start eating first.And talking at table is allowed as long as you don’t talk too loudly.
Last but not the least, when having dinner, please don’t make too much noise and let the elders be served first.
Please remember not to talk too loudly at table,which may annoy others.
You’d better not talk with your mouth full of food.
It is necessary to hold the rice bowl with your hands at table.
If his parents pick some food for you,which shows their hospitality, it is polite to accept it.
You’d better not leave too much food in your bowl,which may let the host feel that you dislike the food.
We usually won’t leave the table until all have finished their meal.
There is no better way toshow your thanksto your friend’s family than telling them the dinner is wonderful.
What’s more, remember to express your thanks to the host before you leave.
以上就“餐桌禮儀”給出的回復(fù)比較恰當(dāng)。寫(xiě)作者對(duì)合適的餐桌禮儀進(jìn)行了具體的拓展(見(jiàn)有下劃線部分),比如,中國(guó)人習(xí)慣用筷子,等長(zhǎng)者先動(dòng)筷子后客人再動(dòng)筷子,等大家都吃完了才能離開(kāi)餐桌,稱(chēng)贊主人飯菜可口,吃飯時(shí)手要端著碗,離開(kāi)時(shí)要表達(dá)感謝等。寫(xiě)作者也對(duì)一些不恰當(dāng)?shù)男袨檫M(jìn)行了具體的拓展,比如,吃飯時(shí)候不宜大聲說(shuō)話,不宜邊嚼東西邊說(shuō)話,不宜在自己碗內(nèi)剩太多食物。這充分反映出寫(xiě)作者考慮到了目標(biāo)讀者最關(guān)心的問(wèn)題,那就是就餐時(shí)哪些行為是恰當(dāng)?shù)模男┬袨槭遣磺‘?dāng)?shù)?。此外,?xiě)作者對(duì)這些恰當(dāng)?shù)暮筒磺‘?dāng)?shù)亩Y儀進(jìn)行了必要的拓展(見(jiàn)斜體且有下劃線部分),進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明遵循這些禮儀的原因、意義和結(jié)果。比如,大聲說(shuō)話會(huì)讓別人不舒服,稱(chēng)贊客人飯菜可口是為了表達(dá)感激和出于禮貌,接受主人的夾菜是因?yàn)橹袊?guó)人喜歡通過(guò)夾菜表達(dá)熱情好客,不在碗內(nèi)留下食物是為了避免讓主人以為客人對(duì)飯菜不滿意。這些具體的要點(diǎn)拓展及其背后的原因、意義都可以讓目標(biāo)讀者Terry知曉中國(guó)的餐桌禮儀,也知道中國(guó)餐桌禮儀背后的深層原因。
綜合以上分析,筆者認(rèn)為基于讀者意識(shí)的高考英語(yǔ)作文寫(xiě)作要:
1.符合目標(biāo)讀者預(yù)期的語(yǔ)氣。語(yǔ)氣不對(duì),則達(dá)不到預(yù)期的溝通效果。反而會(huì)引發(fā)誤解,造成困惑,影響人際關(guān)系,達(dá)不到使用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行溝通的目的。
2.符合目標(biāo)讀者關(guān)注、預(yù)期的內(nèi)容。內(nèi)容要具體且合理,寫(xiě)作者要對(duì)拓展內(nèi)容進(jìn)行恰當(dāng)?shù)慕忉專(zhuān)沟猛卣箖?nèi)容更符合讀者預(yù)期、更具說(shuō)服力。
實(shí)際上,高考英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作教學(xué)過(guò)多地注重訓(xùn)練學(xué)生語(yǔ)言層面的寫(xiě)作技巧,而忽視了讀者意識(shí)的培養(yǎng)。筆者認(rèn)為教師很有必要為學(xué)生提供一些讀者意識(shí)培養(yǎng)的寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)和訓(xùn)練?;谧x者意識(shí)的寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練可以從以下角度入手:分析目標(biāo)讀者需求以及寫(xiě)作者和目標(biāo)讀者之間的關(guān)系;有意識(shí)地引導(dǎo)學(xué)生注意不同的詞匯和句型要使用在不同的語(yǔ)氣和場(chǎng)合中;進(jìn)行要點(diǎn)拓展訓(xùn)練,使拓展的內(nèi)容符合目標(biāo)讀者的需求,符合期待,且有很強(qiáng)的說(shuō)服力。訓(xùn)練形式可以是:一、就一篇或者兩篇作文題目,進(jìn)行小組內(nèi)討論,通過(guò)頭腦風(fēng)暴集結(jié)出多種思路,再由全班同學(xué)評(píng)選出最具有讀者意識(shí)的思路并點(diǎn)評(píng)。二、在寫(xiě)作教學(xué)過(guò)程中,教師可以組織開(kāi)展同伴互評(píng)活動(dòng),讓學(xué)生體驗(yàn)讀者身份,并以讀者的身份交流自己讀完文章后的感受,這種同輩的反饋更易于讓學(xué)生接受。通過(guò)互評(píng),學(xué)生從同輩的反饋中可以了解到讀者的閱讀需要,并逐步意識(shí)到讀者意識(shí)在寫(xiě)作中的重要作用,從而可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生正確而全面的語(yǔ)言能力。此外,由于英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作是跨文化交際活動(dòng),教師應(yīng)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的跨文化意識(shí),注意中英文化的異同,使文章的語(yǔ)言、內(nèi)容符合英語(yǔ)文化讀者的社會(huì)心理狀況。