陳慈明+龔磊

英語的語態(tài)分為主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者， 被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。只有及物動詞或含及物意義的短語動詞才能轉換成被動語態(tài)。作為高考英語中一個重要的考點，被動語態(tài)是一個綜合性比較強的考點。在許多情況下，被動語態(tài)會與時態(tài)、主謂一致、情態(tài)動詞考點等綜合在一起進行考查。筆者在此為同學們梳理被動語態(tài)應注意的六大重難點。

[被動語態(tài)的不同時態(tài)]

被動語態(tài)由“be+過去分詞”構成，句中人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)都通過be體現(xiàn)。近年來，各地高考試題中，對被動語態(tài)時態(tài)的考查，主要體現(xiàn)在結合上下文，根據(jù)語境和文中時間狀語的提示來判斷究竟用何種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。。

1. 一般過去時的被動語態(tài)

例1 So it was a great honor to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base， where ticket money helps pay for research. I _________ （arrow） to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.

解析 was allowed。句意為：我被允許接近這些可愛的動物。根據(jù)上下文可知，事情發(fā)生在過去，應使用過去時態(tài)，I與allow之間應為被動關系，故而答案應為一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。

例2 Steam engines _________ （use） to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly （fair） unpleasant for the passengers， with all the smoke and noise.

解析 were used。考查被動語態(tài)。句意為蒸汽發(fā)動機“被用于”拉貨物，故填were used。

2. 一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)

例3 Nowadays， cycling， along with jogging and swimming， _________ as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.

A. regard B. is regarded

C. are regarded D. regards

解析 B。句意：現(xiàn)在騎自行車、慢跑和游泳被認為是最全面的鍛煉方式之一。根據(jù)動詞短語regard ... as ... （把……看作……）和句意確定應該用被動語態(tài)，排除A和D；由介詞短語along with連接的三個名詞作主語，謂語動詞應該與cycling一致，確定用單數(shù)。

例4 Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required to process （process） the food that we eat， to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt _________ （remove） from food， the food tastes as if is missing something.

解析 are removed。句意：當脂肪和鹽被從食物移除時，食物嘗起來就像是失去了什么一樣。整句話為現(xiàn)在時，根據(jù)句意語態(tài)應為被動，故答案為are removed。

3. 完成時的被動語態(tài)

例5 In the 1950s in the USA， most families had just one phone at home， and wireless phones _________ yet.

A. havent invented

B. havent been invented

C. hadnt invented

D. hadnt been invented

解析 D?？疾闀r態(tài)。句意：在美國20世紀50年代的時候，大多數(shù)的家庭家里只有一部電話，并且無線電話還沒有發(fā)明出來。根據(jù)句意可知用被動語態(tài)，排除A和C；事情發(fā)生在過去，排除B。

4. 進行時的被動語態(tài)

例6 He hurried home， never once looking back to see if he _________.

A. was being followed B. was following

C. had been followed D. followed

解析 A。句意：他急著回家，都不回頭看看有沒有人在跟著他。結合時態(tài)和語義，此處應該使用過去進行時的被動語態(tài)。

[包含情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)]

包含情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)，由“情態(tài)動詞+be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。如：

The problem may be solved in a number of different ways.

In our school， library books must be returned in two weeks.

例7 Chopsticks are usually two long， thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic， animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might _________ （make） of gold and silver with Chinese characters.endprint

解析 be made?？疾楣潭ㄔ~組sth. be made of“由……制成”，情態(tài)動詞后面跟動詞原形，故填 be made。句意：真正高雅的筷子或許是以金銀為原料，做成帶有中國元素的樣子。

此外，情態(tài)動詞含可以和完成時的被動語態(tài)連用，構成“情態(tài)動詞+have been done”的結構，可以表示對過去的事情的推測。

例8 I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadnt been wearing one， I _________.

A. were injured B. would be injured

C. had been injured D. would have been injured

解析 D。句意：我當時系著安全帶。如果我沒有系安全帶，我就會受傷。根據(jù)if條件句用的had done，可知，主句用would have done表示對過去情況的虛擬，而且I和injure是被動關系。

[get+done構成的短語]

get+done能用于被動結構和系表結構。用于被動結構時，它強調動作的發(fā)生；用于系表結構時，它強調狀態(tài)的變化。get+done用來表示狀態(tài)或情況時，常用的短語有get lost，get drunk，get caught/stuck/trapped，get dressed等。

例9 ... and yet find it impossible to say no？ Do you find yourself getting impatient or _________ （annoy） with people over unimportant things？

解析 annoyed?？疾樾稳菰~。annoyed是由過去分詞轉換而來的形容詞，通常修飾人。本句中該詞和impatient并列，與系動詞get構成系表結構。

[非謂語動詞的被動結構]

非謂語動詞包括不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞，其中不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義。當這三類非謂語動詞的邏輯主語是動作的承受者時，要使用相應的被動結構，在句子中充當表語、定語、狀語、賓語補足語等成分。

非謂語動詞被動結構的形式如下：

1. 不定式一般式的被動語態(tài)，由to be+done構成。如：

She asked to be given some work to do.

He was the last person to be asked to speak.

2. 不定式完成式的被動語態(tài)，由to have been done構成。如：

I should like to have been told the result earlier.

3. 現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動語態(tài)，由being+done構成。如：

I saw him being taken away.

Being protected by a wall， he felt quite safe.

4. 現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動語態(tài)，由having been done構成。如：

Having been invited to speak，Ill start making preparations tomorrow.

The subject having been opened，he had to go on with it.

5. 動名詞一般式的被動語態(tài)，由“being+過去分詞”構成。如：

She likes being looked at.

He hates being made a fool of.

This question is far from being settled.

6. 動名詞完成式的被動語態(tài)，由having been done構成。如：

Jennys not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret.

After having been instructed to drive out of town，I began to acquire confidence.

例10 _________ over a week ago， the books are expected to arrive any time now.

A. Ordering B. To order

C. Having ordered D. Ordered

解析 D?？疾檫^去分詞作狀語。句意：那些書是一周多之前訂的，現(xiàn)在隨時有可能送到。Books和order是動賓關系，即order books/books are ordered，故用過去分詞表示被動和完成。

同學們還應注意一些含有過去分詞的固定搭配，如all things considered（從整體來看），as expected（正如預料的那樣），given that/provided that ...（假設……）等。

[主動表示被動的用法]

在一些固定結構和句型中，盡管是主動結構但卻可以表達被動含義。

1. 在need，want，require，deserve，bear等動詞，worth等形容詞的后面，動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義，其含義相當于動詞不定式的被動形式。

The house needs repairing/to be repaired.

2. 在某些“主語（人/物）+be+形容詞+不定式”中不定式的主動形式表達被動意義。這些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。

The problem is difficult to work out.

3. be to rent/blame/let用主動形式表示被動意義。

Who is to blame for the mistake？

The houses are to let.

[不用于被動語態(tài)的動詞]

有些特殊動詞不能用作被動語態(tài)。

1. 系動詞類，如look，seem，feel，taste，sound，prove，appear等。

Your idea sounds great.

2. 表示主語特征的詞，如read，wash，write，sell，wear，lock等，常與not，hardly，well，easily，badly，nicely等副詞連用。

This kind of cloth washes easily.

總之，只要徹底搞清楚被動語態(tài)的基本結構和?？加梅?，再認真審題，找準動詞的主語，確定好動詞的單復數(shù)，就能夠在高考的被動語態(tài)類題目中百戰(zhàn)百勝，取得理想的成績。endprint