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PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑免疫相關(guān)性不良反應(yīng)及其處理綜述

2018-02-13 09:32甜,胡
關(guān)鍵詞:尼龍皮質(zhì)激素發(fā)病率

劉 甜,胡 毅

解放軍總醫(yī)院 腫瘤內(nèi)科,北京 100853

近年來,免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICPIs)給惡性腫瘤的治療提供了新的選擇,其通過抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的免疫逃逸,增強(qiáng)T細(xì)胞的免疫應(yīng)答來消除腫瘤[1]。程序性死亡受體-1(programmed death 1,PD-1)是一種單體糖蛋白,主要表達(dá)于活化的巨噬細(xì)胞、T淋巴細(xì)胞、B淋巴細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞及一些骨髓細(xì)胞的表面,其配體PD-L1和PD-L2主要表達(dá)于腫瘤細(xì)胞和抗原提呈細(xì)胞[2-4]。PD-1通過與PD-L1/PD-L2結(jié)合,抑制免疫細(xì)胞的增殖及活化,保持機(jī)體免疫耐受。在腫瘤組織中,PD-1與PD-L1結(jié)合,減弱機(jī)體的免疫應(yīng)答,保護(hù)腫瘤組織免受細(xì)胞毒性T細(xì)胞(cytotoxic T-cell)的攻擊,導(dǎo)致腫瘤免疫耐受[5-6]。PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑通過阻斷PD-1/PD-L1通路,促進(jìn)效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞的活化及增殖,增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞免疫,從而識(shí)別并殺傷腫瘤組織[7]。目前臨床應(yīng)用的PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑主要有Nivolumab和Pembrolizumab,多項(xiàng)臨床研究表明其對(duì)惡性黑色素瘤、非小細(xì)胞肺癌、腎癌等腫瘤有明顯的療效[8-10]。然而PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑在增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞免疫抗腫瘤效應(yīng)的同時(shí),也有可能增強(qiáng)機(jī)體正常的免疫反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致免疫耐受失衡,出現(xiàn)免疫相關(guān)性不良反應(yīng)(immune-related adverse events,irAEs)。irAEs可以累及人體的任何器官,目前有接近2/3接受免疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑治療的患者都出現(xiàn)了不同程度的irAEs[11-12]。本文對(duì)PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑治療后常見的irAEs及其處理進(jìn)行了總結(jié),為臨床的診斷及治療提供理論依據(jù)。

1 胃腸道不良反應(yīng)

腹瀉是PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑最常見的免疫相關(guān)性不良反應(yīng)之一,有8% ~ 19%接受PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑治療的患者出現(xiàn)不同程度的腹瀉,一般為1 ~ 2級(jí),中位發(fā)生時(shí)間為用藥后的6個(gè)月。接受PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑聯(lián)合Ipilimumab治療的患者,腹瀉發(fā)生率為44%,中位發(fā)生時(shí)間為用藥后7周。接受聯(lián)合治療的患者3 ~ 4級(jí)腹瀉發(fā)生率約為9%[8,13-17]。盡管接受PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑治療后,腹瀉的發(fā)生率很高,然而很少有患者會(huì)發(fā)展為嚴(yán)重的結(jié)腸炎[8-9,15,18-19]。PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑相關(guān)性結(jié)腸炎的發(fā)生率遠(yuǎn)低于Ipilimumab,約為3%,臨床表現(xiàn)主要有腹痛、血便及腹膜刺激征[13,15]。如果患者診斷不明或出現(xiàn)了腹痛、血便、每日排便增加4 ~ 6次等癥狀,應(yīng)行結(jié)腸鏡檢查及病理活檢明確診斷,此外應(yīng)同時(shí)排除索狀芽孢桿菌等致病菌所致腸炎[20]。

1級(jí)腹瀉可予補(bǔ)液及抗胃腸動(dòng)力藥(如洛哌丁胺)等對(duì)癥支持治療。2級(jí)腹瀉或結(jié)腸炎也可予對(duì)癥支持治療,同時(shí)需推遲使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑,直至不良反應(yīng)好轉(zhuǎn)至1級(jí)。若2級(jí)不良反應(yīng)在對(duì)癥治療5 ~ 7 d后仍未好轉(zhuǎn),可考慮使用糖皮質(zhì)激素治療。若患者出現(xiàn)3 ~ 4級(jí)腹瀉或結(jié)腸炎,應(yīng)停止使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑,并予甲潑尼龍1 ~ 2 mg/(kg·d)治療。在使用激素的同時(shí)可予抗生素預(yù)防機(jī)會(huì)性感染,癥狀嚴(yán)重的患者需行結(jié)腸鏡檢查警惕腸穿孔的發(fā)生。若規(guī)律激素治療2 ~ 3 d后,癥狀仍不緩解,可加用英夫利昔單抗(5 mg/kg,2周)[11,20-23]。

2 肝不良反應(yīng)

PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑引起的免疫相關(guān)性肝炎的發(fā)病率遠(yuǎn)低于胃腸道不良反應(yīng),通常發(fā)生于用藥后的第6 ~ 14周。單用PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑的發(fā)病率為1% ~ 6%,其中3級(jí)肝炎的發(fā)病率為1% ~ 2%;PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑聯(lián)合Ipilimumab的發(fā)病率為30%,3級(jí)肝炎的發(fā)病率為14%[8,13-16]。臨床癥狀可有黃疸、惡心、乏力、發(fā)熱等,實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查可發(fā)現(xiàn)丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶、天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶及總膽紅素的升高。其腹部CT表現(xiàn)取決于病變嚴(yán)重程度,輕度肝炎患者腹部CT可無任何異常,嚴(yán)重者可表現(xiàn)為肝大、肝實(shí)質(zhì)密度減低、門靜脈周圍淋巴結(jié)腫大及門靜脈水腫[11]。病理可見門靜脈周圍及肝小葉有嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞及其他炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤[12]。免疫相關(guān)性肝炎需與其他病因如乙醇、藥物、病毒等引起的肝功能異常鑒別,常用的實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查指標(biāo)有白蛋白、凝血功能、抗核抗體、平滑肌抗體、全血細(xì)胞分類及計(jì)數(shù)、乳酸脫氫酶、直接膽紅素、間接膽紅素及γ-谷氨酰氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶等[24-26]。

若患者出現(xiàn)2級(jí)免疫相關(guān)性肝炎,應(yīng)推遲使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑,同時(shí)靜脈予甲潑尼龍0.5 ~ 1 mg/(kg·d),糖皮質(zhì)激素應(yīng)維持使用至少1個(gè)月,每隔3 d監(jiān)測肝功能,直至好轉(zhuǎn)至1級(jí)或恢復(fù)正常,才能繼續(xù)應(yīng)用PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑。3 ~ 4級(jí)肝炎應(yīng)停止應(yīng)用PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑,每隔1 ~2 d監(jiān)測肝功能,靜脈予甲潑尼龍1.0 ~ 2.0mg/(kg·d),糖皮質(zhì)激素應(yīng)維持治療至少1個(gè)月。若糖皮質(zhì)激素治療無效,可口服嗎替麥考酚酯1 g,2次/d。由于英夫利昔單抗有肝毒性,不推薦應(yīng)用英夫利昔單抗治療免疫相關(guān)性肝炎[20,27]。

3 皮膚不良反應(yīng)

皮膚毒性是最常見的免疫相關(guān)性不良反應(yīng),中位發(fā)生時(shí)間為治療后5周[17]。皮疹和瘙癢癥的發(fā)生率為28% ~ 37%,白癜風(fēng)和苔蘚樣皮膚反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率為10% ~ 20%[13,24,28-29]。比較少見的不良反應(yīng)有銀屑病、表皮剝脫性皮炎、多形性紅斑、類天皰性扁平苔蘚及大皰性類天皰瘡[30-34]。此外PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑可提高放療的敏感性,因此二者聯(lián)合可能引發(fā)嚴(yán)重的皮膚不良反應(yīng)[35]。免疫相關(guān)性皮膚不良反應(yīng)需與接觸性皮炎、血管炎、病毒相關(guān)性皮疹相鑒別,必要時(shí)可行皮膚活檢明確診斷[36]。由于其炎癥機(jī)制不同,病理表現(xiàn)多樣,如苔蘚樣皮膚反應(yīng)組織病理學(xué)與扁平苔蘚相似,表現(xiàn)為表皮角化過度,棘層不規(guī)則增厚[28-29]。

若患者出現(xiàn)1 ~ 2級(jí)皮膚不良反應(yīng),可繼續(xù)應(yīng)用PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑,予外用糖皮質(zhì)激素(如0.1%倍他米松)及口服抗組胺藥治療,若治療后癥狀持續(xù)1 ~ 2周仍未好轉(zhuǎn),則需口服或靜脈應(yīng)用糖皮質(zhì)激素[14,37]。單用PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑及聯(lián)合應(yīng)用Ipilimumab 3 ~ 4級(jí)不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率分別是2%、6%[38]。若出現(xiàn)3 ~ 4級(jí)不良反應(yīng),應(yīng)暫停使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑,予甲潑尼龍1 ~ 2 mg/(kg·d)治療[14]。

4 免疫相關(guān)性肺炎

免疫相關(guān)性肺炎的發(fā)病率較低,黑色素瘤患者發(fā)生肺炎的概率約為2%,腎癌及非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者的發(fā)病率約為5%,一旦發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)極高。Topalian等[39]報(bào)道了3例免疫相關(guān)性肺炎所致的死亡病例,3 ~ 4級(jí)肺炎的發(fā)生率小于1%[9,40-43]。免疫相關(guān)性肺炎較其他不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生較晚,一般發(fā)生于用藥的數(shù)月后,若患者出現(xiàn)上呼吸道感染的癥狀或咳嗽、喘憋、血氧飽和度低于90%,需警惕免疫相關(guān)性肺炎,可行肺部增強(qiáng)CT或支氣管鏡明確診斷[44-45]。

若患者出現(xiàn)2級(jí)肺炎,可靜脈予甲潑尼龍1 mg/(kg·d),若治療2周后癥狀仍未好轉(zhuǎn),按3 ~ 4級(jí)肺炎治療。若患者出現(xiàn)3 ~ 4級(jí)肺炎,予甲潑尼龍2 ~ 4 mg/(kg·d),癥狀好轉(zhuǎn)后可改口服,激素規(guī)律減量,至少應(yīng)用6周。若應(yīng)用激素2 d后癥狀仍未好轉(zhuǎn),可加用免疫抑制劑如英夫利昔單抗或嗎替麥考酚酯[20,27]。

5 內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)不良反應(yīng)

常見的內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)免疫相關(guān)性不良反應(yīng)有甲狀腺功能減退、甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)及下垂體炎,其發(fā)病率分別為11%、4%、1%,中位發(fā)病時(shí)間分別為2.9個(gè)月、1.5個(gè)月、4.9個(gè)月,聯(lián)合Ipilimumab治療的患者發(fā)病率增高,分別為17%、11%、7%[38]。免疫相關(guān)性內(nèi)分泌病缺乏特異的臨床癥狀,診斷困難[45]。甲狀腺功能減退或甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)前期一般無癥狀,通常為常規(guī)實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)。甲狀腺功能減退的患者可出現(xiàn)促甲狀腺激素水平增高,游離T4減低,若患者出現(xiàn)促甲狀腺激素水平降低,需警惕甲亢的發(fā)生[20,46]。下垂體炎可以導(dǎo)致垂體產(chǎn)生的激素水平下降,常見的癥狀有頭痛、疲勞、關(guān)節(jié)痛、視力下降,實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查可見促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素、促甲狀腺激素、卵泡刺激素、促黃體生成素、催乳素下降,顱腦MRI可見垂體增大[47]。其他較少見的不良反應(yīng)有甲狀腺炎、甲狀腺危象、胰島素依賴型糖尿病、腎上腺功能不全。甲狀腺炎患者可出現(xiàn)咽喉痛、心悸、心動(dòng)過速及其他甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn)的癥狀,往往在幾周后發(fā)展為甲狀腺功能減退[46,48-49]。

內(nèi)分泌免疫相關(guān)性不良反應(yīng)大多需要永久的激素替代治療[48]。1級(jí)甲減或甲亢無需治療,定期監(jiān)測甲狀腺功能。2級(jí)甲減,予左旋甲狀腺素替代治療,2級(jí)甲亢予卡比馬唑治療,根據(jù)癥狀可予普萘洛爾或阿替洛爾對(duì)癥處理。3 ~ 4級(jí)甲減或甲亢,予甲潑尼龍1 ~ 2 mg/(kg·d)。無癥狀的下垂體炎,請(qǐng)內(nèi)分泌科會(huì)診,僅予激素替代治療,若患者出現(xiàn)頭痛、視力下降等癥狀,予甲潑尼龍1 ~ 2 mg/(kg·d),并同時(shí)予激素替代治療[20,37]。

6 腎毒性

PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑引起的腎功能損害或免疫相關(guān)性腎炎的發(fā)生率約為1%,中位發(fā)生時(shí)間是11.6個(gè)月[13,24]。此外約有22%使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑的患者會(huì)出現(xiàn)不同程度血肌酐升高[14]。1級(jí)腎毒性,可繼續(xù)使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑,每周監(jiān)測血肌酐水平。2 ~ 3級(jí)腎毒性,需暫停使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑,每2 ~ 3 d監(jiān)測血肌酐水平,并予甲潑尼龍0.5 ~ 1 mg/(kg·d),根據(jù)血肌酐水平逐漸減量,維持使用至少1個(gè)月。4級(jí)腎毒性,需永久停用PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑,予甲潑尼龍1 ~ 2 mg/(kg·d)[8,14,50]。

7 其他發(fā)生率較低的不良反應(yīng)

PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑引起的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率小于1%,有個(gè)別病人出現(xiàn)味覺減退、睡眠過度、不寧腿綜合征、震顫、記憶減退、構(gòu)音障礙、周圍神經(jīng)病變、腦水腫、視神經(jīng)炎及格林巴利綜合征[51-52]。對(duì)于2級(jí)以上的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)不良反應(yīng),需暫停使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑,予甲潑尼龍1 mg/(kg·d),若效果欠佳,可靜脈注射丙種球蛋白或行血漿置換治療[47,53]。

免疫相關(guān)性胰腺炎的發(fā)生率小于1%,常見的臨床表現(xiàn)有上腹部或背部疼痛,實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查可見血脂肪酶、淀粉酶升高[20,47]。若患者出現(xiàn)明顯的臨床癥狀,需暫停使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑,并靜脈予甲潑尼龍1 ~ 2 mg/(kg·d)治療。

葡萄膜炎、結(jié)膜炎、虹膜炎、Graves眼病在使用PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑的病例中均有報(bào)道。若患者出現(xiàn)視物模糊或眼部刺激癥狀,應(yīng)請(qǐng)眼科醫(yī)生協(xié)助診療,癥狀較輕時(shí),可外用糖皮質(zhì)激素,癥狀較重時(shí),需口服甲潑尼龍1 ~ 2 mg/(kg·d)[26,53-54]。

PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑引起的肌痛及關(guān)節(jié)炎發(fā)生率為2% ~12%[14,50-51,55]。其他較少見的有血管炎、顳動(dòng)脈炎、肌炎及多肌炎[10,13,16,50,56]。1級(jí)不良反應(yīng)可予非甾體類抗炎藥治療,2級(jí)予小劑量激素治療(如甲潑尼龍10 ~ 20 mg/d),3 ~ 4級(jí)予甲潑尼龍1 mg/(kg·d)。

其他少見的不良反應(yīng)有心肌炎、心包炎、血小板減少癥、甲型血友病、無菌性腦膜炎、橫貫性脊髓炎、結(jié)節(jié)病等[26,57]。1 ~ 2級(jí)一般可予對(duì)癥處理,3 ~ 4級(jí)需停用PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑,并予糖皮質(zhì)激素治療。

8 結(jié)語

PD-1/PD-L1抑制劑對(duì)于非小細(xì)胞肺癌、惡性黑色素瘤、腎癌等惡性腫瘤療效顯著,可以延長患者總生存期,其逐漸應(yīng)用于臨床,使越來越多的患者出現(xiàn)irAEs。臨床醫(yī)生需熟知irAEs的臨床表現(xiàn)、診斷及治療,做到早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早診斷、早治療,降低用藥風(fēng)險(xiǎn),改善患者預(yù)后,提高患者生活質(zhì)量。

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