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云南省多民族兒童夜遺尿癥的流行病學(xué)調(diào)查

2018-02-22 14:41趙波畢欣楊米鳳廖亞彬崔晶晶李艷芳蔣雪梅
中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2018年36期
關(guān)鍵詞:流行病學(xué)調(diào)查少數(shù)民族云南

趙波 畢欣 楊米鳳 廖亞彬 崔晶晶 李艷芳 蔣雪梅

[摘要]目的 調(diào)查云南省多種民族兒童夜遺尿癥(PNE)的患病率,為進(jìn)一步推廣PNE診治技術(shù)提供依據(jù)。方法 2016年4月~2017年12月,采用整群隨機(jī)抽樣的方法,選取云南省不同的8個(gè)少數(shù)民族聚集地轄區(qū)內(nèi)的幼兒園、小學(xué)、初中、高中的兒童和青少年進(jìn)行PNE的流行病學(xué)調(diào)查。采用部分現(xiàn)場(chǎng)發(fā)放調(diào)查問卷(2016年4~12月),部分微信問卷調(diào)查、網(wǎng)絡(luò)回收(2017年3~12月)的方式。結(jié)果 實(shí)際共發(fā)放調(diào)查問卷10 023份,回收9252份,有效問卷9133份,有效回收率為91.1%。云南省5~18歲兒童PNE的患病率為2.4%,其中漢族2.0%,彝族2.1%,白族1.6%,納西族1.8%,藏族5.6%,傣族1.3%,回族3.9%,哈尼族1.2%。5歲時(shí)的患病率為6.5%,7歲3.6%,10歲2.1%,18歲0.3%,有隨年齡的增加逐漸降低的趨勢(shì)。本組資料中48.7%有家族史,15.6%有便秘史,9.0%有日間尿頻,65.0%有睡前飲水、喝奶習(xí)慣。結(jié)論 云南省少數(shù)民族5~18歲的兒童PNE的患病率2.4%,但就診率低,應(yīng)引起重視。調(diào)查中患病率最高的藏族5.6%,除生活習(xí)慣、文化教育水平等因素外,是否與民族、地域環(huán)境、海拔有關(guān),有待進(jìn)一步研究。

[關(guān)鍵詞]云南;少數(shù)民族;夜遺尿癥;流行病學(xué)調(diào)查

[中圖分類號(hào)] R181.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2018)12(c)-0150-03

[Abstract] Objective To provide evidence for the further promotion of diagnosis and treatment of nocturnal enuresis, which was necessary for investigating the prevalence and epidemiology of nocturnal enuresis in children of ethnic minorities in Yunnan Province. Methods From April 2016 to December 2017, a randomized cluster sampling survey was conducted to randomly select children and adolescents from kindergarten, primary school, junior high school and senior high school in eight different ethnic minority areas in Yunnan Province to conduct epidemiological investigations. The survey collected data by using the on-site survey questionnaires (from Apply to December 2016), and the Wechat questionnaires which extracted data through internet (from March to December 2017). Results Actually, a total of 10 023 questionnaires were distributed and 9252 questionnaires were finally collected. Among them, 9133 effective questionnaires had an effective recovery rate of 91.1%. The prevalence of primary nocturnal enuresis disease among children aged 5 to 18 in Yunnan Province was 2.4%. From the ethnic composition of the survey population, the incidence rate of the Han nationality was 2.0%, Yi people was 2.1%, Bai people was 2.1%, Naxi people was 2.1%, Tibetan was 5.6%, Dai people was 1.3%, Hui people was 3.9%, Hani people was 1.2%. From the age structure of the survey population, the incidence rate at age 5 was 6.57%, at age 7 was 3.6%, at age 10 was 2.1% and at age 18 was 0.3%, which suggests that the prevalence of this disease has a tendency to gradually decrease with age. In all our survey data, 48.7% of the patients had a family history of nocturnal enuresis, 15.6% of the patients have constipation, 9.0% of the patients have urinary frequency symptoms during the day, 65.0% of the patients require a habit of drinking water before bedtime. Conclusion The prevalence of primary nocturnal enuresis disease among children aged 5 to 18 in Yunnan Province was 2.4%, which deserves our attention. The highest prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in this survey was Tibetans(5.6%), and the lowest prevalence was Hani people(1.2%). Whether these survey results were related to factors such as the level of cultural and educational standards of various nationalities, and whether or not they were also related to the elevation or environment both need for further research.

[Key words] Yunnan; Ethnic minorities; Primary nocturnal enuresis; Epidemiological investigation

兒童原發(fā)性夜遺尿癥(PNE)是一種常見疾病,若得不到及時(shí)治療將對(duì)患兒身心健康及家庭生活造成嚴(yán)重危害[1-3]。兒童PNE是指年齡≥5歲兒童平均每周至少2次夜間不自主排尿,并持續(xù)3個(gè)月以上[4]。目前全國(guó)兒童和青少年P(guān)NE流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示總的發(fā)病率1.25%[5]。本研究對(duì)云南省少數(shù)民族兒童PNE進(jìn)行流行病學(xué)調(diào)查,旨在了解云南省不同少數(shù)民族兒童PNE的發(fā)病情況,為推廣PNE的診斷治療技術(shù)提供依據(jù)。

1資料與方法

1.1一般資料

2016年4月~2017年12月,采用整群隨機(jī)抽樣的方法,選取昆明市、玉溪市、尋甸縣、西雙版納、楚雄、大理、麗江、香格里拉、元陽9個(gè)市、縣,對(duì)選取的行政轄區(qū)內(nèi)隨機(jī)選取一所幼兒園(中、大班)、小學(xué)、初中、高中的5~18歲兒童和青少年進(jìn)行PNE流行病學(xué)調(diào)查,每個(gè)地區(qū)的調(diào)查人數(shù)1200以上,抽樣人群的年齡、性別構(gòu)成符合抽樣要求。平均年齡(11.4±6.2)歲;男4742例,女4391例。

1.2方法

采取問卷調(diào)查及微信調(diào)查的形式(調(diào)查內(nèi)容一致),學(xué)校班主任將問卷或微信及調(diào)查說明發(fā)放家長(zhǎng)手中。調(diào)查說明簡(jiǎn)述該項(xiàng)目調(diào)查的目的及意義,并向家長(zhǎng)承諾不推銷藥品及器械。

1.3調(diào)查指標(biāo)

包括①一般項(xiàng)目:性別、民族、出生日期、學(xué)校名稱和班級(jí)、父母的文化程度、是否有家族史;②是否存在PNE;③是否日間有尿頻、便秘、睡前飲水;④尿床對(duì)父母的影響、對(duì)孩子的影響、是否就診、就診的科室、家長(zhǎng)選擇的治療方式。

1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS 10.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料用百分率(%)表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2結(jié)果

實(shí)際發(fā)放調(diào)查問卷10 023份,回收9252份,有效問卷9133份,有效回收率為91.1%。云南省5~18歲兒童、青少年P(guān)NE的患病率為2.4%,藏族患病率最高,與漢族比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表1)。云南省兒童PNE 5歲時(shí)的患病率6.5%,有隨年齡的增加逐漸降低的趨勢(shì)(表2)。

3討論

兒童PNE的患病率各國(guó)報(bào)道不一[6]。Sarici等[7]報(bào)道總遺尿率9.52%,香港有關(guān)資料[8]指出在7歲時(shí)患病率10.0%。本研究對(duì)云南省9個(gè)地區(qū)5~18歲兒童和青少年進(jìn)行調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),PNE總體患病率為2.4%。其中漢族2.0%,彝族2.1%,白族1.6%,納西族1.8%,藏族5.6%,傣族1.3%,回族3.9%,哈尼族1.2%。5歲時(shí)的患病率為6.5%,7歲3.6%,10歲2.1%,18歲0.3%,有隨年齡的增加逐漸降低的趨勢(shì)。資料中藏族的患病率最高,與漢族比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)??紤]與生活飲食習(xí)慣不同、文化教育水平、排便訓(xùn)練不同有關(guān),但是否與民族、生活地域環(huán)境、海拔不同有關(guān)需進(jìn)一步研究。

本組資料中48.7%有家族史,15.6%有便秘史,9.0%有日間尿頻,65.0%有睡前飲水、喝奶習(xí)慣。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)PNE對(duì)父母的困擾超過對(duì)孩子的困擾,調(diào)查人群中78.0%的家長(zhǎng)選擇等待,16.0%選擇去氨加壓素治療,2.0%選擇遺尿報(bào)警器,4.0%采用其他方法(中藥、針灸)。就診的科室分布依次為中醫(yī)科、腎內(nèi)科、泌尿外科、兒???、心理科。

PNE跟夜間多尿、膀胱容積小、睡眠覺醒障礙有關(guān)[9-11]。目前推薦的一線治療方法為去氨加壓素及遺尿報(bào)警器[12-15]??傮w來看,云南省5~8歲兒童及青少年P(guān)NE患病率較高,就診率較低,提示云南省對(duì)PNE的宣傳不夠,家長(zhǎng)對(duì)疾病的認(rèn)識(shí)不夠,應(yīng)引起各級(jí)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生人員的重視。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1]Basiri A,Bahrainian SA,Khosgdel A,et al.Primary nocturnal enuresis is associated with lower intelligence quotient scores in boys from poorer socioeconomic status families[J].Int J Urol,2017,24(3):217-221.

[2]Salehi B,Yousefichaijan P,Rafeei M,et al.The Relationship Between Child Anxiety Related Disorders and Primary Nocturnal Enuresis[J].Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci,2016,10(2):e4462.

[3]Gulisano M,Domini C,Capelli M,et al.Importance of neuropsychiatric evaluation in children with primary monosymptomatic enuresis[J].J Pediatr Urol,2017,13(5):549-551.

[4]沈茜,劉小梅,姚勇,等.中國(guó)兒童單癥狀性夜遺尿疾病管理專家共識(shí)[J].臨床兒科雜志,2014,34(10):970-975.

[5]徐虹,李艷君.從兒童夜遺尿的全國(guó)流調(diào)到疾病管理[A].//夜遺尿疾病管理高峰論壇[C].2017.

[6]Arena S,Patricolo M.Primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and associated factors in a referral continence clinic of Abu Dhabi[J].Pediatr Med Chir,2017,39(2):150-153.

[7]Sarici H,Telli O,Ozgar BC,et al.Prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and its influence on quality of life in school-aged children[J].J Pediatr Urol,2016,12(3):159-161.

[8]Yeung CK,Sreedhar B,Sihoe JD,et al.Differences in characteristics of nocturnal enuresis between children and adolescents:a critical appraisal from a large epidemiological study[J].BJU Int,2006,97(5):1069-1073.

[9]Hyuga T,Nakamura S,Kawai S,et al.Evaluation of the effectiveness of a short-term treatment and repeat treatment of nocturnal enuresis using an enuresis alarm[J].Urology,2017,105:153-156.

[10]Tas N,Kandur Y,F(xiàn)idan K,et al.The effect of antidiuretic hormone on urine and serum electrolyte levelsin children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis[J].Turk J Med Sci,2017,47(5):1328-1332.

[11]Jain S,Bhatt GC.Advances in the management of primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis in children[J].Paediatr Int Child Health,2016,36(1):7-14.

[12]Van Herzeele C,Dhondt K,Roels SP,et al.Desmopressin (melt)therapy in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis and nocturnal polyuria results in improved neuropsychological functioning and sleep[J].Pediatr Nephrol,2016,31(9):1477-1484.

[13]郭維,徐虹,沈茜,等.遺尿報(bào)警器治療特定亞型兒童單一癥狀遺尿癥療效觀察[J].臨床兒科雜志,2015,35(3):223.

[14]Berkenwald A,Pires J,Ellsworth P.Evaluating use of higher dose oxybutynin in combination with desmopressin for refractory nocturnal enuresis[J].J Pediatr Urol,2016,12(4):220.e1-6.

[15]Schroeder MK,Juul KV,Mahler B,et al.Desmopressin use in pediatric nocturnal enuresis patients:is there a sex difference in prescription patterns?[J].Eur J Pediatr,2018,177(3):389-394.

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