代秋穎 張書信 陳航 王銳 高靜 荊濤 傅麗元 蘆煜
[摘要] 腎細胞癌(RCC)占所有惡性腫瘤的2%~3%。25%~30%的患者在腎細胞癌診斷時即有轉(zhuǎn)移,還有20%~30%在原發(fā)病灶治療后的隨訪過程中出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)移,僅4%的腎細胞癌轉(zhuǎn)移到小腸。在既往的文獻中,腎細胞癌轉(zhuǎn)移到小腸多以個案形式報道,本文報道了1例85歲的老年男性,左腎癌根治性切除后8年出現(xiàn)小腸轉(zhuǎn)移的病例。本文于PubMed、Embased數(shù)據(jù)庫和中文數(shù)據(jù)庫中進行檢索,對腎細胞癌原發(fā)病灶治療后小腸轉(zhuǎn)移的病案報道進行回顧。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 腎細胞癌;小腸;腸梗阻;腸套疊;消化道出血
[中圖分類號] R737.11 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)12(b)-0158-03
[Abstract] Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for about 2%-3% of all malignant tumors. 25%-30% patients had metastases at the time of diagnosis of RCC, and 20%-30% patients have metastases during follow-up after treatment of primary lesion. Only 4% RCC metastasizes to the small intestine. In previous literature, renal cell carcinoma metastasis to the small intestine is mostly reported as a isolated case. This article presents a case of 85-year-old man with small intestine metastases, eight years after the radical resection of left kidney for RCC. This artile searches in PubMed, Embase and Chinese database and reviews the medical records of small intestine metastasis after treatment of primary renal cell carcinoma.
[Key words] Renal cell carcinoma; Small intestine; Intestinal obstruction; Intussusception; Gastrointestinal hemorrhage
約90%的腎臟腫瘤是腎細胞癌(RCC),其中約80%是透明細胞型[1]。25%~30%的患者在確診為RCC時就伴隨著轉(zhuǎn)移性疾病的存在[2],還有20%~30%的局限性腫瘤的患者手術(shù)后出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)[3]。術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的中位時間為1~2年,大多數(shù)復(fù)發(fā)發(fā)生在3年內(nèi)[4]。腎臟腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移到小腸癥狀隱匿、不典型,通常以便血、腹脹、腹痛等癥狀就診,易誤診為消化性潰瘍、美克耳憩室炎、寄生蟲病等疾病[5]。與此同時,對于發(fā)生在小腸的腫瘤,傳統(tǒng)的檢查手段不具有有效性與直觀性特點[6],具有一定局限性。因此對于病史的采集和尋求新的檢查手段對腎癌小腸轉(zhuǎn)移的診斷和治療十分重要。本文通過1例腎癌小腸轉(zhuǎn)移患者的診治過程和文獻回顧分析該疾病的診斷、治療和預(yù)后的特點。
1 病例資料
患者男,85歲,主因“腹脹、腹痛7日,加重3日”于2016年11月2日就診于北京東直門醫(yī)院肛腸科并入院完善診療?;颊?年前因左腎內(nèi)實性占位行根治性左腎切除術(shù),術(shù)后病理回報為透明細胞癌Ⅱ~Ⅲ級。入院7 d前患者進食多量栗子、花生后,出現(xiàn)輕度腹脹、腹痛,癥狀漸進性加重,入院3 d前患者腹部脹痛忽然加重,于當日夜間就診于某醫(yī)院急診,腹X線片顯示左側(cè)腹部少許氣液平面,接受了腸外營養(yǎng)支持、抗感染治療,并口服石蠟油,癥狀無明顯改善。患者入院時表現(xiàn)為腹脹、腹痛,左上腹可觸及包塊,包塊觸痛明顯,無惡心、嘔吐,排便、排氣減少,小便正常,給予禁食水、經(jīng)中心靜脈腸外營養(yǎng)、中藥保留灌腸等治療。入院后腹部CT(圖1)可見:肝臟內(nèi)結(jié)節(jié)狀密度影;左腎未見明確顯示;左腹部腸管結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂,周圍可見明顯滲出,管壁局部增厚,周圍腸系膜稍增厚、模糊,其內(nèi)可疑增大淋巴結(jié)。電子結(jié)腸鏡檢查未見明顯異常。經(jīng)保守治療9 d,腹部包塊仍觸痛明顯,給予手術(shù)治療,剖腹探查過程中,于第3組小腸中段可觸及約2 cm×3 cm腫物,占據(jù)腸腔約4/5截面積,腫物上下腸管僵硬、缺血,給予小腸區(qū)段切除、小腸端端吻合術(shù)。術(shù)后病理組織學檢查結(jié)果:小腸轉(zhuǎn)移性透明細胞癌,來源于腎,腸系膜內(nèi)可見多個腫瘤結(jié)節(jié)并與淋巴結(jié)融合成塊狀,淋巴結(jié)可見轉(zhuǎn)移(約11/19)。免疫組化結(jié)果:CK7(-),CK20(-),CAIX(+),Vim(+),Villin(-),CD10(-),PAX8(+)?;颊咝g(shù)后恢復(fù)順利,病情穩(wěn)定后出院?;颊咝g(shù)后未接受其他輔助治療,1年后因腫瘤多發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移死亡。
:腸管結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂,周圍可見明顯滲出;B:管壁局部增厚,周圍腸系膜稍增厚、模糊,其內(nèi)可疑增大淋巴結(jié)
圖1 患者入院腹部CT檢查
2 討論
通過在中文、外文數(shù)據(jù)庫中檢索,獲得腎癌治療后發(fā)現(xiàn)小腸轉(zhuǎn)移的病案報道(2005~2018年)。閱讀全文后剔除發(fā)病信息和結(jié)局報道不明確的文獻,最終對14篇[7-20]文獻進行信息的提取,共報道了16例患者,其中包括男12例,女4例,年齡32~77歲。16例患者從治療原發(fā)RCC到發(fā)現(xiàn)小腸轉(zhuǎn)移灶的中位時間為3年(0.33~27年),在3年內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)小腸轉(zhuǎn)移灶的有9例。在發(fā)病癥狀方面,有6例患者在就診時有消化道出血或貧血的情況;8例患者出現(xiàn)腹痛、嘔吐等梗阻樣表現(xiàn);2例患者表現(xiàn)為黃疸,發(fā)生黃疸的2例患者腫瘤均發(fā)生在十二指腸壺腹部。在16例病案中,有3例病案描述了由CT發(fā)現(xiàn)小腸腫物,4例患者由CT對腸套疊作出診斷;另外還有超聲、內(nèi)窺鏡、膠囊內(nèi)鏡以及內(nèi)鏡逆行胰膽管造影術(shù)(ERCP)的應(yīng)用。所有病案記錄了對患者的隨訪情況,所記錄的患者最短生存時間為術(shù)后1個月,最長者在隨訪第4年時仍生存。
據(jù)報道,肺是RCC遠處復(fù)發(fā)最常見的部位,見于50%~60%的RCC患者[1],其他常見的有骨骼(30%~40%)、肝臟(30%~40%)[8],還有少數(shù)病例轉(zhuǎn)移到鼻腔、口腔、喉、甲狀旁腺、腎上腺等處,僅有4%的腎癌轉(zhuǎn)移到小腸[21]。腎癌轉(zhuǎn)移到小腸的癥狀隱匿,前來就診的患者通常以腸梗阻、腸套疊等急性癥狀入院。由于大多數(shù)RCC是富血管性的,RCC轉(zhuǎn)移至胃腸道還可表現(xiàn)為消化道的出血[22]。故對于有腎癌病史的患者,若出現(xiàn)惡心、腹痛、腹瀉、便血等癥狀需考慮到腎癌轉(zhuǎn)移到小腸引起的腸梗阻、腸出血可能,以避免誤診與延誤病情。
從檢查手段角度來說,超聲對實質(zhì)性臟器顯示清晰,在腸腫瘤、腸套疊、腸石癥時可見明顯征象,CT具有高密度分辨率和組織結(jié)構(gòu)無重疊等優(yōu)點,能清楚地顯示臟器的輪廓、形態(tài)等特征,對于判斷腸梗阻原因較超聲有更高的準確性[23]。近年來多層螺旋CT小腸造影、雙氣囊內(nèi)鏡被廣泛應(yīng)用于小腸疾病的檢查。多層螺旋CT小腸造影能全景式展現(xiàn)小腸的腔、壁、壁外系膜、淋巴結(jié)、血管及毗鄰器官[24]。雙氣囊內(nèi)鏡能直接觀察腸腔內(nèi)的病灶,可取組織行病理學檢查[25]。一項Meta分析結(jié)果顯示對于血管性或腫瘤性病變,膠囊內(nèi)鏡診斷率高于雙氣囊小腸鏡,且膠囊內(nèi)鏡的無創(chuàng)性、可耐受性佳,適合于小腸疾病的初步篩查[26]。但膠囊胃鏡也存在局限性,腸腔狹窄、梗阻、穿孔、腸瘺及大憩室等屬檢查禁忌證[24],且在大樣本研究中,膠囊胃鏡檢查后由于多重原因引起膠囊潴留的發(fā)生率在0%~2.4%[27]。在臨床中需根據(jù)患者病情和一般情況選擇適當?shù)臋z查。
在轉(zhuǎn)移性RCC中化療或放療的作用不佳,免疫治療方法、白細胞介素-2、靶向治療對轉(zhuǎn)移性RCC患者生存率的提高需要更多數(shù)據(jù)的支持。在回顧的16例病案中,1例行姑息治療[13],其余15例患者行手術(shù)切除腫瘤或含腫瘤腸段,由于隨訪時間報道不完全,尚不能通過上述病案回顧中得到手術(shù)與生存率的關(guān)系。但根據(jù)既往文獻,轉(zhuǎn)移灶切除術(shù)后5年生存率為31%~35%,無瘤生存率達5%~23%[28]。故手術(shù)治療在轉(zhuǎn)移性腎細胞癌的治療中仍是不可缺少的。
對于RCC小腸轉(zhuǎn)移,有待更多的病例收集與分析,臨床中需加強對病例的整理和完整報道。
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(收稿日期:2018-07-20 本文編輯:蘇 暢)