苗笑雨,谷大海,程志斌,徐志強,王桂瑛,*,普岳紅,劉萍,廖國周,*
(1.云南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)食品科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院,云南昆明650201;2.云南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)云南省畜產(chǎn)品加工工程技術(shù)研究中心,云南昆明650201;3.云南泰華食品有限公司,云南昆明 650217)
超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)是近幾年來發(fā)展迅速、應(yīng)用很廣的一種新型提取分離技術(shù),該技術(shù)利用其流體的高密度、低黏度的雙重特性,能夠從天然物質(zhì)中有選擇性地提取出有效成分,有效地改善和提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量[1]。目前,隨著人們對“綠色食品”和“天然產(chǎn)物”的追求,傳統(tǒng)的提取分離技術(shù)已經(jīng)不能滿足高純優(yōu)質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品要求。超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)可以解決傳統(tǒng)提取技術(shù)存在的諸多缺陷如:使用有毒的有機(jī)溶劑、高能源的使用及低萃取得率等[2]。而且由于食品中大多數(shù)的營養(yǎng)成分如維生素、蛋白質(zhì)等遇熱極易發(fā)生分解、聚合、氧化等變質(zhì)反應(yīng),因此在使用傳統(tǒng)提取技術(shù)過程中會造成有效成分的破壞和環(huán)境的污染。目前超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)已廣泛應(yīng)用于食品、藥品、生物等各個方面,在食品工業(yè)方面,國內(nèi)外已有數(shù)百例通過超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)進(jìn)行有害成分去除(加工無咖啡因的咖啡)、有效成分提?。ㄝ腿≈参锞停┑龋Ч黠@且已投入工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)[3]。超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)為食品工業(yè)開辟了廣泛的應(yīng)用前景。
超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)(supercritical fluid extraction,SFE)是將傳統(tǒng)蒸餾技術(shù)和有機(jī)溶劑萃取相結(jié)合,利用超臨界流體進(jìn)行基質(zhì)與萃取物的有效分離、提取和純化,其優(yōu)點為提取效率高、無溶劑殘留毒性、天然活性成分和熱敏性成分不易被分解破壞,能夠最大限度的保持提取物的天然特性且實現(xiàn)選擇性分離等特點[4]。超臨界流體萃取試驗是從19世紀(jì)開始的,尤其是近幾年逐漸替代了傳統(tǒng)的溶劑型萃取技術(shù)[5]。Hannay和Hogarth[6]首先發(fā)現(xiàn)了超臨界流體具有獨特溶解現(xiàn)象,在1869年Thomas[7]給出了“臨界點”這一概念。這些早期的研究為超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)的發(fā)展提供了方向。超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)就是利用流體的良好的滲透能力和溶解特性來萃取分離混合物的過程[2]。超臨界流體是指當(dāng)物質(zhì)超過本身的臨界溫度和臨界壓力時,氣液兩相會混合成為一種均一的流體狀態(tài)。該流體既具備氣體的高滲透能力,也有著類似液體的高溶解能力[3]。通過改變壓力和溫度來控制流體密度,進(jìn)而控制超臨界流體的溶解能力,將超臨界流體與待分離物質(zhì)充分接觸后形成流動相,流動相會受到壓力和溫度的作用,使被萃取物中的某些組分被超臨界流體溶解并攜帶[8],從而有選擇性的依次按溶解能力大小、沸點高低、分子量大小將待分離物質(zhì)被萃取出來,實現(xiàn)選擇性地提取有效成分或去除有害物質(zhì)[9]。超臨界流體的密度和介電常數(shù)與壓力成正比,且通過壓力的不斷增加,可以將不同極性的分子逐步萃取出來[10]。但由于其受溫度和壓力影響較大,萃取風(fēng)味成分重復(fù)性較差,所以不適合定量對食品中的風(fēng)味成分進(jìn)行分析[11]。超臨界溶劑類型較多,不同的溶劑其臨界性質(zhì)也不同。按非極性溶劑和極性溶劑來劃分,主要有二氧化碳、乙烯、丙烯、乙烷、丙烷和甲醇、乙醇、氨、水等[12]。CO2是最為常用的超臨界流體,研究最多、應(yīng)用最廣,來源豐富且因其臨界壓力(7.38 MPa)和臨界溫度(31.1℃)較低可實現(xiàn)在較低溫度下進(jìn)行分離[13]。而一氧化氮(36.5℃)、乙烷(32.4℃)、丙烷(96.8℃)甲醇(240.5℃)均因臨界溫度偏高不利于分離,且CO2臨界密度(0.47 g/cm3)均比常用超臨界溶劑高,因此對有機(jī)物溶解能力強,不會對熱敏性物質(zhì)和活性成分造成破壞,安全無毒,無溶劑殘留問題,且具有抗氧化滅菌作用,有利于保證和提高天然物產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量,廣泛應(yīng)用于食品香料、植物油和生物堿的優(yōu)良萃取和醫(yī)藥、化妝品等各個領(lǐng)域[14-17]。
在超臨界流體萃取過程中,原料的性質(zhì)即相對分子質(zhì)量、極性等是影響超臨界流體萃取的內(nèi)部因素,以有效成分的萃取得率和生物學(xué)活性來說,溶劑的選擇、萃取壓力及溫度,分離壓力及溫度,流體流量和萃取時間是外部可控因素[4],其中萃取的壓力及溫度影響最為明顯,可通過試驗來進(jìn)行優(yōu)化。
原料即溶質(zhì)、被萃取的樣本,超臨界流體萃取適用于固體或液體樣品,不同的樣品萃取過程也稍有不同。當(dāng)樣品為固體時,樣品的物理狀態(tài)對萃取效果有很大的影響[18]。如粉碎粒度會影響傳質(zhì)速率,進(jìn)而影響萃取得率,因此要選擇合適的粉碎粒度來盡可能的增加物料與溶劑的表面接觸面積。通常,樣品中有一定的水分也會降低萃取得率,選擇干樣品萃取得率會明顯提高。對于液體樣品而言,通常采用逆流萃取來增加超臨界流體與樣品的接觸面積。因此不同的樣品與超臨界流體的接觸面以及傳質(zhì)過程都有不同。
在超臨界流體萃取過程中萃取的壓力和溫度對萃取效果影響顯著。通過增加萃取壓力可以增加溶劑的密度以及溶解度、提高萃取得率。另一方面,當(dāng)萃取壓力一定時,提高萃取溫度會降低溶劑密度、但也會促進(jìn)物料傳質(zhì)的速率。因此,應(yīng)以目標(biāo)化合物的萃取得率為指標(biāo),確定萃取壓力和溫度的最佳值。對于天然復(fù)雜的樣品,需要對多個不同的影響因素以及影響效果進(jìn)行試驗統(tǒng)計,并通過響應(yīng)曲面分析或正交試驗進(jìn)行萃取工藝參數(shù)的優(yōu)化。
夾帶劑、又稱為攜帶劑,在超臨界流體萃取過程中,可以與流體溶劑混勻,揮發(fā)性介于待萃取物質(zhì)與超臨界組分之間,可以提高溶解度和選擇性的一類物質(zhì)。當(dāng)超臨界流體萃取使用單一氣體時,溶解性和選擇性往往受到一定程度的限制[8]。如選用最廣泛的流體為CO2,因其低極性在某種程度上對極性或親脂性化合物造成了限制,為了增加其潛在的應(yīng)用范圍,改變?nèi)苜|(zhì)的溶解度及超臨界流體的選擇性,可以在超臨界CO2萃取過程中加入夾帶劑如甲醇、甲苯、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、水等,一般不超過5%,可以使待萃取物在超臨界CO2中的溶解度提高10倍以上[19-20]。但夾帶劑的使用也存在一定的負(fù)面作用如萃取物中夾帶劑的殘留問題,因此選擇夾帶劑要綜合考慮夾帶劑的性質(zhì)、被萃取物性質(zhì)以及避免使用有害物質(zhì)[21]。
CO2流量的變化對超臨界流體萃取也有一定的影響作用[22]。當(dāng)CO2流量增加時,會造成CO2流體在萃取釜中停留時間短,不利于萃取得率的增加。同時,CO2流量的增大,會增加萃取過程中的傳質(zhì)推動力,增加傳質(zhì)系數(shù),提高萃取得率。而當(dāng)CO2流量超過一定范圍時,CO2溶解能力會急劇下降,因此選擇合理的CO2流量可以使得CO2和物料良好的接觸且節(jié)約資源。
在食品工業(yè)中,超臨界流體萃取具有優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)提取工藝技術(shù)的顯著特點,即在實現(xiàn)萃取物無殘留的基礎(chǔ)上,還可以防止熱敏性物質(zhì)的失活變形。第一次應(yīng)用于工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的是利用超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)去除咖啡豆中的咖啡因[23]。至今已有近百個食品進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的成分提取和分離研究,且不少產(chǎn)品已走向市場,如生姜精油、無咖啡因的咖啡、小麥胚芽油等。在食品工業(yè)中,超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)主要有兩個明顯的發(fā)展趨勢,即去除有害物質(zhì)和提取有效成分。
超臨界流體萃取可以對食品中的有害物質(zhì)進(jìn)行選擇性去除,最廣泛的應(yīng)用為生產(chǎn)無咖啡因的咖啡。西德HAG公司在1978年就開始利用超臨界流體脫除咖啡因。目前該技術(shù)不僅可以用于咖啡中,還應(yīng)用于茶葉、中藥如伴侶草等[24]。在提取茶葉和伴侶草的過程中,適宜的壓力和60℃左右的溫度相結(jié)合可以提高萃取得率。超臨界流體萃取還可以提取釀造啤酒用的啤酒花[25],既去除了硬樹脂、農(nóng)藥等有害成分、還保持了啤酒花的香氣香味。
對于食品中存在的一些對健康無益或有害物質(zhì)如多環(huán)芳香烴[26],多氯聯(lián)苯[27-28],獸藥[29-30]等,也可以通過超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)進(jìn)行提取。Choi[30]研究了在豬肉中,利用超臨界流體萃取技術(shù),通過使用Na4EDTA和海砂并結(jié)合80℃、30 MPa的CO2和30%的甲醇,提取氟喹諾酮類抗生素(恩諾沙星、達(dá)氟沙星和環(huán)丙沙星)效果顯著。還有一些有害物質(zhì)主要來源于農(nóng)藥殘留和環(huán)境的污染[31],Valverde[32]通過超臨界萃取技術(shù)對大米、野生水稻和小麥中殘留的殺蟲劑進(jìn)行了研究,在萃取壓力為20 MPa,萃取溫度為50℃,CO2結(jié)合甲醇作為夾帶劑可以成功提取出農(nóng)藥殘留,且效果遠(yuǎn)比傳統(tǒng)使用乙酸乙酯作為提取溶劑效果好。食品中還可能存在幾種毒素如霉菌毒素、藻毒素或植物毒素等,在很多情況下,這些毒素大多為大極性化合物,Acorus calamus[33]和 Podophyllum hexandrum rizhomes[34]試驗發(fā)現(xiàn)相比傳統(tǒng)的索氏提取法,利用超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)更容易成功去除隔離毒素。
在某些食品中存在一些物質(zhì),無毒但會降低食品的整體質(zhì)量。如橄欖油[35]、大豆油[36]、柚子油[37]等中存在的游離脂肪酸,就可以通過逆流超臨界流體萃取對提取物進(jìn)行脫酸處理,與傳統(tǒng)的化學(xué)提取過程相比,該技術(shù)具有很大的優(yōu)勢,即可以得到萃余液中脫酸油、游離脂肪酸的含量以及分離器中揮發(fā)性化合物的含量。還有從非活性干酵母中提取一些揮發(fā)性化合物[38]。類似的方法也用于精油的分離、精油的回收[39]、農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品中如小麥胚芽中提取天然維生素E[40]、鯊魚肝油中提取氧甘油類[41]。
應(yīng)用超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)最廣泛的是從植物中提取功能性成分。植物如小麥胚芽中含有大量亞油酸、天然復(fù)合維生素E、蛋白質(zhì)等,以及8種人體必需氨基酸均可以通過超臨界流體萃取出來。武練增[42]等提出了利用超臨界二氧化碳技術(shù)萃取沙棘油的專利技術(shù),劉軍海[43]也對米糠油進(jìn)行了研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)利用超臨界二氧化碳萃取率在19.2%~20.4%之間,且油脂色澤和純度都相對較好。
尤其在過去的十年里,有很多關(guān)于利用超臨界流體萃取具有生物活性物質(zhì)如抗氧化活性的研究和報道。芳香植物、水果、豆類和種子是天然抗氧化化合物的主要來源。超臨界流體萃取的另一重要應(yīng)用為從草藥中萃取精油。精油傳統(tǒng)上用于制作食品、化妝品、清潔產(chǎn)品、香水、除草劑和殺蟲劑[44]。精油中包含著幾十或數(shù)百的復(fù)雜成分,特別是碳?xì)浠衔铮ㄝ葡?、倍半萜烯)和含氧化合物(醇類、醛類、酮類、酸、酚類化合物、氧化物、?nèi)酯、縮醛、醚和酯類),除了特有的香味以外,還具有抗菌、抗氧化等生物活性。如于薈等[45]見表1,通過超臨界CO2萃取得到牡丹精油,相比傳統(tǒng)水蒸氣蒸餾提取和有機(jī)溶劑提取,花香濃郁,得率最高為0.6%且揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)種類較多,主體香物質(zhì)為1,3,5-三甲氧基苯、辛烷等。李淑榮等[46]利用超臨界CO2萃取烘烤花生中的揮發(fā)性成分,確定在萃取壓力25MPa,溫度55℃,萃取時間120 min時為最佳工藝條件,從萃取率和風(fēng)味物質(zhì)提取量來說,超臨界CO2萃取技術(shù)都優(yōu)于其他技術(shù)。魏貞偉等[47]試驗發(fā)現(xiàn)在萃取壓力25 MPa,萃取溫度40℃,CO2流量18 kg/h,萃取時間120 min時,沙棘籽油的出油率為52%,且通過高效液相檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)精油中的α-VE含量為2.6%,利用超臨界萃取后熱敏性物質(zhì)僅損失3.7%。楊萬政等[48]也是選擇超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)來提取番茄紅素,不僅提取率高93.98%,且保護(hù)了番茄紅素的活性。
超臨界流體萃取過程中還需要根據(jù)萃取物的特性進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)墓に噧?yōu)化,如Fornari[49]研究了超臨界流體萃取精油的影響因素且發(fā)現(xiàn)為了更好的萃取出所需要的具有生物活性物質(zhì)如多酚和萜類化合物,一般會選擇加入乙醇或甲醇作為夾帶劑以增加萃取得率。其他一些化合物的萃取需要在高壓條件下使用少量夾帶劑或只以CO2作為流體進(jìn)行萃取。還有極性較低的化合物如類胡蘿卜素也需要在高壓條件下萃取。2009年~2016年間以超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)從植物中提取生物活性成分的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)見表1。從表1中可以看出,生物活性成分屬于一個廣泛的化合物類,包括生育酚[50],藥品類[51],脂肪酸類[52],酚類[53]等。通常為了提高化合物提取率,通常以甲醇和乙醇作為夾帶劑,含量高達(dá)20%左右,對于多酚、萜類化合物的提取乙醇濃度低于2%~5%也被證明是有效的,如表1中利用超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)從月桂樹中提取萜類物質(zhì)。因此利用超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)不僅可以提取出植物中具有生物活性的物質(zhì),還可以保留植物原有的揮發(fā)性風(fēng)味和熱敏性物質(zhì)。
超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)也可用于動物油脂提取、肉類風(fēng)味研究、海產(chǎn)品即藻類、微藻甲殼類動物、魚及它們的副產(chǎn)品中提取高價值的化合物[71]。劉俊渤[72]因鹿油中富含飽和脂肪酸、不飽和脂肪酸等多種功能性營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),以鹿肉為原料利用超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)提取鹿油,結(jié)果表明超臨界萃取出的鹿油酸價低,不飽和脂肪酸含量為41.94%。謝躍杰[73]探討了超臨界流體萃取兔肉腥味物質(zhì)的條件,發(fā)現(xiàn)萃取壓力25 MPa,溫度40℃,時間3 h時萃取率最高達(dá)到97.91%,明確了兔肉腥味物質(zhì)的組成和成分,為肉類風(fēng)味成分的研究提供了新的方法。海洋因其生物多樣性,可以從藻類、微藻甲殼類動物、魚及它們的副產(chǎn)品中獲得高價值的化合物。魚油及其副產(chǎn)品可以為人體提供大量所需的多不飽和脂肪酸,包括二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸,據(jù)報道這些物質(zhì)可降低心血管疾病的發(fā)病率、抗炎、抗血栓和抗心律失常等[74]。魚油的傳統(tǒng)分離方法有有機(jī)溶劑萃取、高效液相層析等方法,但這些傳統(tǒng)方法存在高溫降解和有機(jī)溶劑殘留等問題。Lopes[75]研究了利用超臨界流體萃取南美鴨嘴鯰中的魚油,該魚油中含較低(10%)的脂肪酸含量。季曉敏等[76]利用破壁后的雨生紅球藻粉,通過超臨界萃取技術(shù)萃取得到蝦青素,并發(fā)現(xiàn)蝦青素中含有很多不飽和脂肪酸,且與蝦青素具有協(xié)同抗氧化作用。Hardardottir and Kinsella[77]從虹鱒魚中萃取脂類,發(fā)現(xiàn)在壓力(13.8 MPa~34.5 MPa)和溫度(40℃~50℃)條件下,加入10%乙醇作為夾帶劑萃取得率明顯高于以CO2為流體的萃取得率。Sánchez-Camargo[78]和 Fujii K[79]等見表 2 通過研究證明脂類和蝦青素的提取過程中加入15%的乙醇作為夾帶劑,可以達(dá)到最大萃取得率分別為93.8%,65.2%。齋藤正三郎[80]進(jìn)一步提出了用超臨界二氧化碳萃取與尿素包合法相結(jié)合,該方法的優(yōu)點在于可以對不同鏈長的脂肪酸進(jìn)行分離,還可以對相同鏈長但飽和度不同的脂肪酸進(jìn)行分離,并對魚油中的多不飽和脂肪酸如EPA和DHA進(jìn)行分離。國內(nèi)外利用超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)對海產(chǎn)品中的生物活性成分提取應(yīng)用較為廣泛見表2。
表1 2009年~2016年間以超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)從植物中提取生物活性成分的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)Table 1 Remarkable recent published works(2009-2016)dealing with the use of SFE for the extraction of bioactive components from plants
表2 2009年~2016年間以超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)從海產(chǎn)品中提取生物活性成分的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)Table 2 Remarkable recent published works(2009-2016)dealing with the use of SFE for the extraction of bioactive components from marine organism
食品工業(yè)加工過程中會產(chǎn)生大量副產(chǎn)品和殘次品,造成了一定程度的環(huán)境污染和浪費。近期發(fā)現(xiàn)利用超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)可以將副產(chǎn)物和殘次品高效利用。如從食品及其副產(chǎn)品中提取的多酚類物質(zhì)、類胡蘿卜素、植物甾醇和精油均具有抗氧化活性,多酚類物質(zhì)的萃取一般選擇10%~20%乙醇作為夾帶劑。近期,關(guān)于橄欖副產(chǎn)品的加工[96],葡萄[97]及釀酒殘留物[98]中多酚類物質(zhì)的提取也被認(rèn)為是抗氧化物質(zhì)的潛在來源。
從食物副產(chǎn)品中提取色素及抗氧化劑最多的研究是類胡蘿卜素和番茄紅素[99]。超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)利用廢棄的胡蘿卜干渣[100]和番茄果皮[101]中提取類胡蘿卜素,提取過程中提取溫度是影響萃取得率的關(guān)鍵變量,雖然高溫可以提高類胡蘿卜素的萃取得率,但也會誘導(dǎo)提取物熱降解或異構(gòu)化反應(yīng)[102]。目前,橄欖[103]、葡萄[104]見表3已被研究表明是多酚等具有高抗氧化性的潛在來源,且通過超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)從農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品中研究較多的為類胡蘿卜素[105]和番茄紅素[106],可以作為色素和抗氧化劑進(jìn)行開發(fā)利用。且提取番茄紅素已經(jīng)從最初的番茄發(fā)展到其副產(chǎn)品包括皮、種子等,避免了原料的浪費,實現(xiàn)了有限資源的再利用。
表3 2009年~2016年間以超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)從食品副產(chǎn)品中提取生物活性成分的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)Table 3 Remarkable recent published works(2009-2016)dealing with the use of SFE for the extraction of bioactive components from Agricultural products
超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)作為一種新型、清潔、高效的綠色提取分離方法,已經(jīng)受到人們的普遍關(guān)注和廣泛應(yīng)用,因其提取物高度濃縮、無溶劑殘留等優(yōu)點不僅在食品工業(yè)方面,在藥品、化妝品等方面也會有非常廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。在以后的應(yīng)用方面還可以發(fā)展涉及重金屬去除、生物農(nóng)藥的生產(chǎn)等方面,該技術(shù)的出現(xiàn),為試驗、中試規(guī)模提供了一種新的技術(shù)手段,如為樣品的制備和處理提供了新的方法。目前超臨界流體萃取還存在一定的局限性,主要表現(xiàn)為超臨界流體萃取設(shè)備昂貴,在成本上無法與傳統(tǒng)分離技術(shù)相比,無法實現(xiàn)大規(guī)模的工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)等,在以后的發(fā)展過程中應(yīng)著重探討超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)工藝的優(yōu)化,摸索出不同的溶劑如乙烷、甲醚、氣體膨脹液體、離子液體、超臨界流體之間的使用方法和實際效果。因此將超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)發(fā)展成為可持續(xù)性和環(huán)保性的技術(shù)對我們來講還有很長的一段路要走。因此在食品工業(yè)的應(yīng)用過程中,應(yīng)正確了解不同提取方法的優(yōu)缺點,根據(jù)實際情況來選擇合適的萃取方法。在今后的發(fā)展應(yīng)用中,應(yīng)多利用超臨界流體萃取技術(shù)來提取分離有效成分,開發(fā)高品質(zhì)全新產(chǎn)品,在滿足綠色市場需求的同時,提高產(chǎn)品的附加值,并進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化工藝參數(shù)提高萃取得率,以符合工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的要求,提高生產(chǎn)的可行性。
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