遲令侃, 章曉樂(lè)
(上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬曙光醫(yī)院, 1. 生殖醫(yī)學(xué)中心; 2. 婦產(chǎn)科, 上海, 201203)
苗勒管抑制物質(zhì)(MIS)又稱為抗苗勒管激素(AMH), 是腫瘤壞死因子-β(TGF-β)家族成員之一,在胚胎期AMH與性腺分化有關(guān),是在男性睪丸Sertoli細(xì)胞中產(chǎn)生的,主要由于男性生殖器官逐漸形成的過(guò)程中發(fā)生苗勒氏管退化引起。MIS在女性的早期卵巢中有微量的分泌,主要影響胚胎的苗勒管發(fā)育成為女性生殖系統(tǒng)(如子宮、輸卵管、陰道),妊娠36周后女性卵巢顆粒細(xì)胞成為唯一分泌AMH場(chǎng)所。因AMH 的水平與發(fā)育的卵泡數(shù)呈一定比例,與年齡的大致對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系及旁分泌作用,并不參與下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸反饋機(jī)制,這也是AMH水平與月經(jīng)周期幾乎無(wú)關(guān)的原因,能為了解女性生育潛能、預(yù)測(cè)絕經(jīng)年齡提供重要參考[1]。本研究主要論述AMH的作用在輔助生殖技術(shù)中的應(yīng)用,現(xiàn)綜述如下。
AMH在卵泡的發(fā)育及成熟參中起調(diào)控作用,其中包括了始基卵泡和卵泡發(fā)育周期的募集作用: ① 減少了原始卵泡損耗從而抑制始基卵泡順利進(jìn)入生長(zhǎng)階段; ② 干預(yù)了生長(zhǎng)卵泡對(duì)卵泡刺激素(FSH)的反應(yīng),影響了卵泡選擇。因生長(zhǎng)卵泡的顆粒細(xì)胞上表達(dá)AMH, 隨著竇卵泡繼續(xù)發(fā)育,顆粒細(xì)胞上AMH表達(dá)量減少。Fanchin等[2]認(rèn)為AMH與卵母細(xì)胞的質(zhì)量及胚胎的形態(tài)有相關(guān)性。Lie[3]則持相反意見(jiàn),認(rèn)為AMH不能反映卵母細(xì)胞質(zhì)量對(duì)人類輔助生殖技術(shù)(ART)結(jié)局的影響,因血漿AMH與獲卵數(shù)密切相關(guān),但卵泡液中AMH水平與卵泡質(zhì)量有關(guān)。
血清AMH可作為評(píng)估卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能和卵巢的反應(yīng)性指標(biāo),根本上是由卵泡數(shù)量和卵泡質(zhì)量來(lái)決定卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能的。目前,臨床上年齡、竇卵泡數(shù)(AFC)、FSH水平、抑制素B、基礎(chǔ)雌二醇(E2)水平等均反映卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能,但都存在一定的局限性。而由卵泡顆粒細(xì)胞分泌的AMH, 因在整個(gè)月經(jīng)周期基本穩(wěn)定,血清AMH水平不受下丘腦-垂體-卵巢(HPO)軸的影響,較以上指標(biāo)能夠很好地反映“卵泡池”即卵泡數(shù),更好地評(píng)估年齡相關(guān)的生育能力下降[4]。許多學(xué)者[5-7]均認(rèn)為AMH與AFC相結(jié)合,能預(yù)測(cè)卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能,并與獲卵數(shù)呈正相關(guān)。
血漿AMH受獲卵數(shù)影響較大,多囊卵巢綜合征(PCOS)患者卵泡發(fā)育阻滯,導(dǎo)致竇卵泡增多無(wú)優(yōu)勢(shì)卵泡,而AMH由竇前卵泡和小竇狀卵泡(D<8 mm)的顆粒細(xì)胞分泌,使得AMH水平增高。研究[8]表明過(guò)高的AMH可以降低竇卵泡對(duì)促卵泡生成素FSH敏感性,進(jìn)而抑制優(yōu)勢(shì)卵泡的選擇。Lin YH[9]認(rèn)為80%的PCOS患者排卵前血清AMH濃度>11 ng/mL, 是健康婦女的2~3倍,可以幫助臨床醫(yī)生行進(jìn)對(duì)PCOS 的篩查。同樣,Seow KMy[10]也得出相似的結(jié)論。
卵巢早衰(POF)的女性血清AMH水平可與絕經(jīng)水平相當(dāng),低于正常同齡女性。國(guó)內(nèi)一項(xiàng)研究[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)卵巢早衰組AMH為(1.57±0.68) pmol/L, 顯著低于正常對(duì)照組的(6.28±1.50) pmol/L (P<0.05), 其中35例POF中有8例AMH水平低至檢測(cè)下線。Gracia CR[12]研究認(rèn)為,AMH作為早期評(píng)價(jià)卵巢儲(chǔ)備降低的理想指標(biāo),是因?yàn)镻OF患者的竇前卵泡中AMH表達(dá)的是正常,發(fā)展到早竇狀卵泡期的時(shí)候AMH的表達(dá)呈下降的趨勢(shì),由于原始卵泡耗竭從而導(dǎo)致了越來(lái)越少的卵泡進(jìn)入卵泡生長(zhǎng)期,進(jìn)而血清中的AMH指標(biāo)降低。Shelling[13]研究認(rèn)為,因AMH可以維持卵泡池,通過(guò)抑制了始基卵泡的募集,從而降低生長(zhǎng)卵泡對(duì)于FSH的敏感性,進(jìn)而影響了卵泡周期的募集。因此根據(jù)AMH水平了解患者卵巢儲(chǔ)備情況,有助于臨床醫(yī)生選用適當(dāng)?shù)拇倥怕逊桨浮?/p>
卵巢反應(yīng)性是指在促排卵過(guò)程中卵巢對(duì)外源性促性腺激素刺激的反應(yīng)性,主要由卵巢儲(chǔ)備功能決定。Riggs R與Jayaprakasan K等[14-15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn), AMH對(duì)于預(yù)測(cè)卵巢反應(yīng)性高低的AMH界值及其敏感度、特異度等差異較大。Pellatt[16]和Lee JR等[17]的研究均發(fā)現(xiàn)過(guò)高的AMH抑制卵泡發(fā)育,并且Lee JR在COH中發(fā)現(xiàn)在促排卵治療周期中,多卵泡發(fā)育使得血清AMH動(dòng)態(tài)變化很明顯,血清AMH變化逐漸降低直到hCG注射日,取卵后再逐步增加,因在COH 中小卵泡在卵泡期被募集并發(fā)育成熟,使得小竇卵泡的數(shù)目減少,血清中AMH降低。有研究顯示,在COH過(guò)程中,AMH還受血E2濃度的影響,血清E2的濃度在超促排卵過(guò)程中會(huì)逐漸升高, E2超生理劑量時(shí)則會(huì)抑制血清AMH的指標(biāo)水平。Holte A[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)非PCOS患者血清AMH水平低,預(yù)示卵巢儲(chǔ)備不佳,則促排卵效果差,而PCOS患者血清AMH水平低,促排卵效果好。
在關(guān)于COH降調(diào)節(jié)周期的研究中, Jayaprakasan等[19]對(duì)比了使用短效GnRH-a降調(diào)的患者基礎(chǔ)血清AMH值(1.29 μg/L)和降調(diào)14 d值(1.55 μg/L)后得出結(jié)論,與Penarrubia[20]研究中患者基礎(chǔ)血清AMH(4.18 μg/L), 在使用長(zhǎng)效GnRH-a降調(diào)10 d后血清AMH值(3.51μg/L)與基礎(chǔ)水平接近,是因?yàn)榻嫡{(diào)節(jié)使基礎(chǔ)低水平的血清AMH呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢(shì),降調(diào)節(jié)能使卵泡發(fā)育同步化,使即將發(fā)育的卵泡池內(nèi)有合適數(shù)量的卵泡,基礎(chǔ)血清AMH與降調(diào)前、后均值結(jié)果也非常接近。因此COH過(guò)程AMH是隨著卵泡池內(nèi)卵泡發(fā)育動(dòng)態(tài)變化。
卵巢低反應(yīng)能預(yù)示卵巢功能下降、卵巢衰老。Broer SL[21]對(duì)5 707個(gè)IVF周期分析發(fā)現(xiàn)AMH準(zhǔn)確性高于基礎(chǔ)AFC及bFSH值,在獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)卵巢低反應(yīng)方面。關(guān)于對(duì)于卵巢低反應(yīng)界值,國(guó)內(nèi)外均進(jìn)行相關(guān)研究, Arce等[22]對(duì)749例的研究提出AMH預(yù)測(cè)卵巢的低反應(yīng)界值是12~13 pmol/L。陳子江等[23]通過(guò)對(duì)1 255個(gè)IVF/ICSI周期研究,提出卵巢中的低反應(yīng)界值水平較Arce更低,為0.893 μg/L, 敏感度為89%, 特異度為58%。葉云[24]認(rèn)為預(yù)測(cè)卵巢低反應(yīng)基礎(chǔ)血清AMH 水平界值≤1.795 μg/L。可見(jiàn)AMH對(duì)卵巢低反應(yīng)的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值最高。
卵巢高反應(yīng)嚴(yán)重時(shí)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致卵巢過(guò)度刺激綜合征(OHSS),是卵巢對(duì)外源性促性腺激素的一種過(guò)度反應(yīng),目前是治療周期取消的主要原因。Gn使用量、基礎(chǔ)竇卵泡數(shù)(AFC)、基礎(chǔ)AMH、基礎(chǔ)FSH、E2及hCG 注射日AMH水平均與OHSS的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。Broer SL[25]認(rèn)為AMH預(yù)測(cè)卵巢高反應(yīng)的敏感度為82%、特異度為76%。為避免OHSS的發(fā)生,研究者希望通過(guò)檢測(cè)AMH水平,個(gè)體化選取COH方案。Ocal P[26]研究提出,若患者在COH中的Gn啟用日,血清AMH>3.3 ng/mL, 61%的概率發(fā)生OHSS風(fēng)險(xiǎn)敏感性,特異性為71%。Lee等[27]關(guān)于預(yù)測(cè)卵巢高反應(yīng)和OHSS的AMH臨界值為3.36 μg/L。王馥新研究提出AMH臨界值為3.95 ng/mL時(shí),這部分患者可能為高反應(yīng)者。所以對(duì)于AMH相對(duì)較高的這部分人群在促排卵過(guò)程中應(yīng)注意Gn用量和方案選擇,控制獲卵數(shù),提前預(yù)防OHSS的發(fā)生。
將AMH應(yīng)用于預(yù)測(cè)IVF/ICSI 治療后婦女的妊娠率國(guó)際上一直爭(zhēng)議不斷。Kaya等[28]提出,對(duì)于PCOS, 超促排卵第3天血清AMH水平可以預(yù)測(cè)患者的受精率、種植率及妊娠率。Arce等[22]一項(xiàng)多中心研究(7個(gè)國(guó)家25個(gè)生殖中心的749例不孕癥患者)顯示,AMH 與ART周期妊娠率以及活產(chǎn)率呈顯著正相關(guān),但其認(rèn)為AMH相對(duì)高水平的患者擁有更多的卵母細(xì)胞或囊胚,而非卵母細(xì)胞質(zhì)量高。Nelson等[29]通過(guò)回顧性分析340例ART周期發(fā)現(xiàn),活產(chǎn)率與AMH水平呈正相關(guān)(AMH≤7.8 pmol/L), 然而當(dāng)AMH水平>7.8 pmol/L時(shí)則無(wú)相關(guān)性。但也有人反對(duì),如Nelson提出AMH并不能預(yù)測(cè)妊娠率。一項(xiàng)回顧性研究[30]同樣提出血清AMH濃度與年齡負(fù)相關(guān),而降低的程度與卵巢儲(chǔ)備數(shù)量呈正相關(guān),血清AMH是卵巢儲(chǔ)備數(shù)量(而不是質(zhì)量)預(yù)測(cè)的有用指標(biāo),與活產(chǎn)率及流產(chǎn)也無(wú)關(guān)系。Lehmann等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)血清AMH低于0.47 ng/mL以下時(shí),繼續(xù)妊娠率顯著降低。
總之,隨著對(duì)AMH的研究不斷加深,可以為臨床醫(yī)生提供較好的實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo),指導(dǎo)醫(yī)生為患者制定個(gè)體化、安全、合理的促排方案,減少OHSS的發(fā)生,改善臨床妊娠結(jié)局,最終提高輔助生殖成功率,提高患者的滿意率。
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