韓四化
自2014年全國卷開始采用考語法填空以來,四年10套全國卷中,涉及名詞考點的達26題,每年每套題考查2到4個小題。具體情況如下表所示(注:表中“空”指語法填空,“錯”指短文改錯):
由上表可知,在語法填空中考查名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式和名詞在句中的用法,在短文改錯中主要考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)錯誤和名詞的修飾語。考查的重點是名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)和名詞在句中的用法。
考點一:名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。
1. 不可數(shù)名詞。只有單數(shù)形式,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。常見的不可數(shù)名詞有fun,advice,information,knowledge,progress,luck,health,wealth,weather,nature,music,clothing,furniture,equipment,baggage,luggage,housework,homework,traffic,laughter,chalk,meat,grain,tea,bread,coffee,gas,rain,snow,water,wind,air,jewellery,machinery等。如:
(2017年全國Ⅱ卷)Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.
解析:因information是不可數(shù)名詞,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,故將informaitons改為information。
(2016年全國Ⅱ卷)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.
解析:因knowledge(知識,學(xué)問)是不可數(shù)名詞,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,故將knowledges改為knowledge。
2. 可數(shù)名詞。其數(shù)量大于一時,一定要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
(2014年全國Ⅱ卷)For example,we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.
解析:hour是可數(shù)名詞,由修飾語one and a half可知hour應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)hours。
(2016年全國Ⅲ卷)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.
解析:year為可數(shù)名詞,由“13到19歲”可知year用復(fù)數(shù)形式y(tǒng)ears。
考點二:名詞的用法。
名詞在句中可以作主語、賓語(及物動詞或介詞后),也可以作表語或補語等。名詞前常有“冠詞或形容詞性物主代詞(+形容詞)”,在做語法填空時,如果空前有the,my,your, her,his,its,our,their等時,通常用括號中所給詞的名詞形式填空。如:
(2016全國Ⅱ卷)Then, handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of ________ (achieve).
解析:作介詞of的賓語要用名詞,故填achievement。
(2017年全國Ⅱ卷)This development was only possible with the ________ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.
解析:作介詞with的賓語要用名詞,或者在冠詞the后要用名詞,表示“采用,引入”,故填 introduction。
(2017年全國Ⅲ卷)She is determined to carry on with her ________ (educate).
解析:作介詞with的賓語,或在形容詞性物主代詞her后,要用名詞,故填education。
(2016年全國Ⅰ卷)But for tourists like me, pandas are its top________ (attract).
解析:在“形容詞性物主代詞(its)+形容詞(top)”后用名詞,故填attraction。句意:但對于像我這樣的游客,熊貓是最吸引人的事物。
(2016年全國Ⅰ卷)...the key to his success is honest.
解析:“他成功的關(guān)鍵是誠實的”顯然不通順,應(yīng)改為“他成功的關(guān)鍵是誠實”,即把honest改為honesty,名詞作表語。
考點三:名詞的修飾語或代替語。
△只能修飾可數(shù)名詞的有many, one and a half, three, several, a few, a number of, one of, each of, a series of, a group of, a couple of, these, those, both, dozens of, scores of, tens of, hundreds of, thousands of, millions of, billions of等,其后的可數(shù)名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
△只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有much,a bit of,(a)little (少),a great deal of, a large amount of等。
△既可修飾可數(shù)名詞(復(fù)數(shù)),也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有some, any, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a large quantity of, quantities of, masses of等。
(2015年全國Ⅰ卷)Much rare animals are dying out.
解析:much只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞,修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)animals要用many。
(2014年全國Ⅱ卷)We dont need to do so many homework.
解析:many是修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的,修飾不可數(shù)名詞homework要用much。
此外,many和much還可作代詞,分別替代可數(shù)名詞(復(fù)數(shù))、不可數(shù)名詞。如:
(2016年全國Ⅱ卷)Some classmates suggest we go to places of interest nearby. I think that it is a good idea. It does not cost many, yet we can still learn a lot.
解析:這里是指花費“許多錢”,而錢(money)是不可數(shù)名詞,替代不可數(shù)名詞用much不用many。
(2014年全國Ⅰ卷)The fruits are small in size, but juicy and tasty. There are so much that we often share them with our neighbors.
解析:替代可數(shù)名詞fruits,用many,不能用much。
考點四:名詞的所有格。
名詞所有格表示“某某的”。表示人或某些生物的名詞后加s。如:Toms father湯姆的父親,the Childrens Palace少年宮。
表示某人的住所、店鋪、診所等時,其后的名詞常被省略。如:at my aunts(home)在我姑姑家,the barbers(shop)去理發(fā)店,the chemists藥店。
(2011年全國Ⅰ卷)When I finally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of clothes.
解析:“我終于到達我的朋友”,顯然不通順,應(yīng)是“我終于到達我朋友家”,故將friend改為friends,其后的home省略了。
責任編輯 蔣小青