尹曉華 劉重元 黃琳 羅葦如 肖玄 張志偉
摘 要:胃癌是一種我國(guó)最常見的消化道惡性腫瘤,嚴(yán)重威脅人們健康與生命。闡明胃癌發(fā)病的分子機(jī)制及獲得新的分子靶點(diǎn)對(duì)胃癌防治尤為重要。長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNAs的發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)深入闡明胃癌發(fā)病的分子機(jī)制及發(fā)現(xiàn)新的分子標(biāo)志物提供了可能。本文對(duì)lncRNAs在胃癌中的表達(dá)以及對(duì)胃癌的生長(zhǎng)增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移、耐藥與預(yù)后等研究進(jìn)行綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞:胃癌;lncRNAs;生物標(biāo)志物;表達(dá)調(diào)控
中圖分類號(hào):R318 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2018.03.004
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2018)03-0010-03
Abstract:Gastric cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies in our country,which seriously threatens people's health and life.To clarify the molecular mechanism of gastric cancer and obtain new molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer is particularly important.The discovery of long non-coding RNAs has made it possible to further elucidate the molecular mechanism of gastric cancer and find new molecular markers.In this paper,the expression of lncRNAs in gastric cancer and the growth,proliferation,metastasis,drug resistance and prognosis of gastric cancer were reviewed.
Key words:Gastric cancer;lncRNAs;Biomarkers;Regulation of expression
我國(guó)人群中胃癌的發(fā)生率及死亡率均居消化道惡性腫瘤之首,是目前嚴(yán)重威脅人們健康與生命的最常見惡性腫瘤之一。胃癌的發(fā)病與多基因參與、多因素相互作用及多步驟演進(jìn)等密切相關(guān)。然而,至今胃癌發(fā)生的分子機(jī)制仍有待深入研究。現(xiàn)今,長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNAs(long non-coding RNAs,lncRNAs)的研究成為了胃癌研究的熱點(diǎn)之一。大量的研究顯示,胃癌發(fā)病過(guò)程中存在許多l(xiāng)ncRNAs的異常調(diào)控,現(xiàn)綜述如下。
1何謂lncRNAs
lncRNAs是一種超過(guò)200個(gè)核苷酸且不能翻譯成蛋白質(zhì)的RNA,其在細(xì)胞中發(fā)揮許多重要作用。目前,人們對(duì)lncRNAs在細(xì)胞中的作用及相關(guān)的功能了解甚少。以往的研究認(rèn)為lncRNAs為轉(zhuǎn)錄的“雜質(zhì)”,隨著研究的深入發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNAs在細(xì)胞內(nèi)具有許多不同的生物學(xué)功能,其在多種惡性腫瘤中呈現(xiàn)低表達(dá),參與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展[1]。細(xì)胞內(nèi)miRNAs可靶向沉默基因表達(dá),而lncRNA則抑制基因的沉默。lncRNA通過(guò)與miRNA相互作用調(diào)節(jié)基因的表達(dá)。lncRNA是調(diào)節(jié)miRNA與轉(zhuǎn)錄因子作用的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)源性RNA。lncRNA、miRNA與蛋白質(zhì)間相互作用的失調(diào),可誘發(fā)腫瘤發(fā)生。因此,揭示lncRNAs在腫瘤中的作用將為闡明其發(fā)病機(jī)理提供理論依據(jù)。
2胃癌中l(wèi)ncRNAs表達(dá)調(diào)節(jié)
胃癌中存在多種lncRNAs的表達(dá)異常,多種lncRNAs在胃癌中呈現(xiàn)低表達(dá),且與胃癌侵襲、淋巴道及遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移、TNM分期有關(guān)。lncRNA FENDRR在胃癌中高表達(dá)后,使MMP2/MMP9和FN1表達(dá)下調(diào),從而抑制癌細(xì)胞的遷移與侵襲[2]。血清和胃液中l(wèi)ncRNAs表達(dá)存在差異,如lncRNA LSINCT-5 和 lncRNA PTENP1在胃癌患者血清中表達(dá)下調(diào)。lncRNA AA174084在胃癌患者的胃液中高表達(dá)。lncRNA H19在胃癌患者血清中表達(dá)上調(diào),術(shù)后表達(dá)下調(diào)。C-myc可誘導(dǎo)lncRNA H19表達(dá),且與胃癌中l(wèi)ncRNA H19表達(dá)呈正相關(guān)。lncRNA H19直接誘導(dǎo)胃癌中ISM1蛋白表達(dá),間接上調(diào)miR-675后抑制RUNX1蛋白表達(dá)[3]。lncRNA H19表達(dá)可促進(jìn)胃癌的增殖、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[4]。lncRNA GAS5通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)胃癌中E2F1和P21表達(dá),通過(guò)促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡抑制細(xì)胞增殖。lncRNA MEG3可調(diào)控胃癌中P53表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制細(xì)胞增殖,且與腫塊大小、浸潤(rùn)深度及TNM分期相關(guān)[5]。
3 lncRNAs表達(dá)調(diào)節(jié)胃癌生長(zhǎng)增殖
許多l(xiāng)ncRNAs參與了胃癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)增殖。lncRNA PVT1在胃癌組織中呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá),而敲低癌細(xì)胞中l(wèi)ncRNA PVT1表達(dá)后則抑制癌細(xì)胞的增殖。lncRNA PVT1靶向抑制EZH2表達(dá),抑制p15/p16功能,而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞周期[6]。lncRNA SPRY4-IT1在胃癌組織中呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá),其靶向調(diào)控細(xì)胞中cyclinD1、MMP2及MMP9表達(dá),調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)增殖、遷移及侵襲[7]。lncRNA GAS5在胃癌組織中呈現(xiàn)低表達(dá),其調(diào)控細(xì)胞中E2F1和 P21表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)增殖。lncRNA GHET1靶向調(diào)節(jié)IGF2BP1,影響IGF2BP1對(duì)c-myc mRNA表達(dá)的調(diào)節(jié),促進(jìn)胃癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)增殖[8]。lncRNA HULC在胃癌中活化自噬,抑制細(xì)胞凋亡[9]。lncRNA ANRIL在胃癌組織中高表達(dá),其表達(dá)與腫塊大小、TNM分期有關(guān),降低lncRNA ANRIL表達(dá)可抑制胃癌細(xì)胞增殖[10]。lncRNA TUSC7可抑制miR-23b表達(dá),降低miR-23b促進(jìn)胃癌細(xì)胞增殖的能力[11]。細(xì)胞內(nèi)miRNAs與lncRNAs可以相互調(diào)控其表達(dá)。在胃癌細(xì)胞中miR-331-3p和miR-124可直接靶向lncRNA HOTAIR,而lncRNA HOTAIR通過(guò)miR-331-3p可調(diào)控HER2 mRNA表達(dá)。miR-129-5p在胃癌細(xì)胞靶向下調(diào)lncRNA AC130710表達(dá)[12]。
4 lncRNAs表達(dá)參與胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移
lncRNAs在胃癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移中也同樣發(fā)揮作用。lncRNA HOTAIR表達(dá)后促進(jìn)裸鼠異種移植瘤中胃癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移。lncRNA HOTAIR為miR-331-3p和miR-124靶點(diǎn),且可能是內(nèi)源性RNAs競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制劑[13]。lncRNA H19在胃癌中呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá),靶向促進(jìn)ISM1表達(dá),且與ISM1表達(dá)呈正相關(guān),同時(shí)間接促進(jìn)miR-675表達(dá),誘導(dǎo)miR-675靶向調(diào)節(jié)CALN1表達(dá),促進(jìn)胃癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移[4-5]。lncRNA AK058003介導(dǎo)缺氧狀態(tài)中SNCG基因表達(dá)上調(diào),而促進(jìn)胃癌細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移。lncRNA HULC促進(jìn)胃癌細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移,敲低lncRNA HULC表達(dá)后逆轉(zhuǎn)胃癌細(xì)胞的上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化,其在胃癌上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化調(diào)控中起調(diào)控作用[13]。lncRNA FENDRR下調(diào)胃癌細(xì)胞中FN1和MMP2/MMP9蛋白表達(dá),抑制細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[3]。lncRNA linc-UBC1高表達(dá)與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),且lncRNA linc-UBC1抑制劑可抑制胃癌細(xì)胞的侵襲力[14]。沉默lncRNA SDMGC 或lncRNA TRIM16表達(dá)后,胃癌細(xì)胞的侵襲和遷移能力降低,而上調(diào)lncRNA SDMGC 或lncRNA TRIM16表達(dá)后,胃癌細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移能力增加[15]。lncRNAs參與腫瘤血管生成的調(diào)控,如lncRNA MALAT1促進(jìn)人內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞血管的生長(zhǎng),從而可激活血管生成[16]。
5 lncRNAs表達(dá)參與胃癌耐藥
lncRNAs表達(dá)也與胃癌耐藥的形成密切相關(guān)。lncRNA PVT1在胃癌組織中呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá)現(xiàn)象,同時(shí)其在紫杉醇耐藥胃癌SGC7901細(xì)胞中也高表達(dá)。lncRNA PVT1在SGC7901細(xì)胞對(duì)紫杉醇耐藥過(guò)程中發(fā)揮一定的作用。胃癌SGC7901細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生多種化療藥耐藥后,lncRNA MRUL表達(dá)增加,而敲低lncRNA MRUL表達(dá)后,細(xì)胞對(duì)藥物的敏感性明顯增加,阿霉素或長(zhǎng)春新堿誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡也增加[17]。lncRNA AK022798參與胃癌細(xì)胞對(duì)順鉑耐藥,且誘導(dǎo)Notch1在耐藥胃癌細(xì)胞中高表達(dá)。lncRNA LEIGC在胃癌表達(dá)后誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,抑制細(xì)胞增殖,增加5-氟尿嘧啶的化療敏感性,而抑制lncRNA LEIGC表達(dá)后則與之相反。lncRNA AK022798表達(dá)上調(diào)可增加MRP1和P-GP蛋白表達(dá),使細(xì)胞對(duì)順鉑的敏感性降低,細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生耐藥,表明lncRNA AK022798可能在誘導(dǎo)胃癌細(xì)胞耐藥中起十分重要的作用[18]。
6 lncRNAs表達(dá)與胃癌患者預(yù)后
多種lncRNAs的異常表達(dá)與胃癌患者預(yù)后有關(guān)。lncRNAs表達(dá)異常與腫塊大小、分化程度、病理分級(jí)、淋巴道轉(zhuǎn)移及TNM分期等有關(guān),如SUMO1P3、LINC00152、HMl、lncRNA 717、FER1L4、ABHD11-AS1、AC138128.1、CCAT1、HIF1A-AS2等。lncRNAs表達(dá)異常涉及癌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移及耐藥等,且提示患者不良預(yù)后。lncRNA GAPLINC可促進(jìn)胃癌的侵襲,其高表達(dá)后患者提示不良預(yù)后[19]。lncRNA GAPLINC調(diào)節(jié)miR-211-3p 靶向性誘導(dǎo)CD44的表達(dá),使胃癌細(xì)胞呈現(xiàn)干細(xì)胞特性,與患者預(yù)后不良也相關(guān)。另外,lncRNA ANRIL可與PRC2結(jié)合,且在胃癌組織中表達(dá)上調(diào),敲低ANRIL可抑制胃癌細(xì)胞增殖。lncRNA ANRIL通過(guò)沉默miR-99a/miR-449a促進(jìn)癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),lncRNA ANRIL高表達(dá)提示患者不良預(yù)后[11]。lncRNA HOTAIR在胃癌中高表達(dá)同樣表示不良預(yù)后。lncRNA HOTAIR作為一種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性內(nèi)源性RNA通過(guò)miR-331-3p GC結(jié)構(gòu)域調(diào)節(jié)HER2的表達(dá)[14]。
7展望
lncRNAs在腫瘤發(fā)病過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要的作用,其與miRNA、mRNA等序列相互作用,調(diào)節(jié)癌基因或抑癌基因的表達(dá),發(fā)揮促癌或抑癌的作用。lncRNAs在胃癌中的異常表達(dá),使其可能成為用于胃癌診斷的新方法,尤其是早期胃癌的診斷。患者血液、胃液、尿液中的lncRNAs發(fā)現(xiàn)與應(yīng)用,因無(wú)創(chuàng)且容易樣本將被廣泛接受與推廣。lncRNAs表達(dá)與涉及患者預(yù)后,有望成為腫瘤治療及預(yù)后判定的新指標(biāo),為胃癌個(gè)性化治療提供依據(jù)。lncRNAs具有多態(tài)性,特定lncRNAs多態(tài)性研究將逐漸成為腫瘤研究的熱點(diǎn)。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]Li M,Wang Y,Cheng L,et al.Long non-coding RNAs in renal cell carcinoma:A systematic review and clinical implications[J].Oncotarget.2017,8(29):48424-48435.
[2]Xu T P,Huang M D,Xia R,et al.Decreased expression of the long non-coding RNA FENDRR is associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer and FENDRR regulates gastric cancer cell metastasis by affecting fibronectin1 expression[J].J Hematol Oncol.2014,7(1):63.
[3]Li H,Yu B,Li J,et al.Overexpression of lncRNA H19 enhances carcinogenesis and metastasis of gastric cancer[J].Oncotarget.2014,5(8):2318-2329.
[4]Zhuang M,Gao W,Xu J,et al.The long non-coding RNA H19-derived miR-675 modulates human gastric cancer cell proliferation by targeting tumor suppressor RUNX1[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2014,448(3):315-322.
[5]Li T,Mo X,F(xiàn)u L,et al.Molecular mechanisms of long noncoding RNAs on gastric cancer[J].Oncotarget.2016,7(8):8601-8612.
[6]Kong R,Zhang E B,Yin D D,et al.Long noncoding RNA PVT1 indicates a poor prognosis of gastric cancer and promotes cell proliferation through epigenetically regulating p15 and p16[J].Mol Cancer.2015,14(1):82.
[7]Peng W,Wu G,F(xiàn)an H,et al.Long noncoding RNA SPRY4-IT1 predicts poor patient prognosis and promotes tumorigenesis in gastric cancer[J].Tumour Biol.2015,36(9):1-8.
[8]Yang F,Xue X,Zheng L,et al.Long non-coding RNA GHET1 promotes gastric carcinoma cell proliferation by increasing c-Myc mRNA stability[J].FEBS J.2014,281(3):802-813.
[9]Zhang Y,Song X,Wang X,et al.Silencing of LncRNA HULC Enhances Chemotherapy Induced Apoptosis in Human Gastric Cancer[J].J Med Biochem.2016,35(2):137-143.
[10]Zhang E B,Kong R,Yin D D,et al.Long noncoding RNA ANRIL indicates a poor prognosis of gastric cancer and promotes tumor growth by epigenetically silencing of miR-99amiR-449a[J].Oncotarget.2014,5(8):2276-2292.
[11]Qi P,Xu M D,Shen X H,et al.Reciprocal repression between TUSC7 and miR-23b in gastric cancer[J].Int J Cancer.2015,137(6):269-1278.
[12]Xu C,Shao Y,Xia T,et al.lncRNA-AC130710 targeting by miR-129-5p is upregulated in gastric cancer and associates with poor prognosis[J].Tumour Biol.2014,35(10):9701-9706.
[13]Sun W,Yang Y,Xu C,et al.Roles of long noncoding RNAs in gastric cancer and their clinical applications[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol.2016,142(11):2231-2237.
[14]Hu Y,Pan J,Wang Y,et al.Long noncoding RNA linc-UBC1 is negative prognostic factor and exhibits tumor prooncogenic activity in gastric cancer[J].Int J Clin Exp Pathol.2015,8(1):594-600.
[15]Yan Y,Shen Z,Gao Z,et al.Long noncoding ribonucleic acid specific for distant metastasis of gastric cancer is associated with TRIM16 expression and facilitates tumor cell invasion in vitro[J].J Gastroenterol Hepatol.2015,30(9):1367-1375.
[16]Zhuang JJ,Yue M,Zheng YH,et al.Long non-coding RNA MVIH acts as a prognostic marker in glioma and its role in cell migration and invasion[J].Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci.2016,20(23):4898-4904.
[17]Wang Y,Zhang D,Wu K,et al.Long noncoding RNA MRUL promotes ABCB1 expression in multidrug-resistant gastric cancer cell sublines[J].Mol Cell Biol.2014,34(17):3182-3193.
[18]Hang Q1,Sun R,Jiang C,et al.Notch 1 promotes cisplatin-resistant gastric cancer formation by upregulating lncRNA AK022798 expression[J].Anticancer Drugs.2015,26(6):632-640.
[19]Yang P,Chen T,Xu Z,et al.Long noncoding RNA GAPLINC promotes invasion in colorectal cancer by targeting SNAI2 through binding with PSF and NONO[J].Oncotarget.2016,7(27):42183-42194.
收稿日期:2017-12-25;修回日期:2017-12-26
編輯/高章利