江蘇 李建高

■要點清單

過去完成時(The Past Perfect Tense)表示過去某一時間或動作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作，即“過去的過去”。

一、過去完成時的構成

過去完成時由“助動詞had+動詞的過去分詞”構成。其中had為have/has的過去分詞，它可以用于各種人稱和數(shù)。

二、過去完成時的句式

過去完成時的肯定句由“助動詞had+動詞的過去分詞”構成；否定句在had之后加not(可縮略為hadn't)；一般疑問句應將助動詞had提到句首，答語為“Yes,...had./No,...hadn't.”例如：

He had arrived at the village before 8 o'clock last night.昨晚8點前，他已經(jīng)到達了那個村子。

Her little brother hadn't finished his homework by the time she went to bed.她上床睡覺的時候，她的弟弟還沒有完成家庭作業(yè)。

—Had the rain stopped when you left?當你離開的時候，雨停了嗎？

—Yes，it had./No，it hadn't.是的，雨停了。/不，雨沒停。

三、過去完成時的用法

1.用于表示在過去某一時刻前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，常與before，by，by the end of,by the time,until,when等引導的時間狀語或時間狀語從句連用。例如：

Jack had fixed the radio before his brother returned.杰克在他的弟弟回來之前，已經(jīng)修好了收音機。

By the time I got to Tina's house，the party had begun.在我到達蒂娜家之前，派對已經(jīng)開始了。

Until you told me，I had heard nothing of what happen.直到你告訴我，我才知道發(fā)生了什么事。

When I got to the bus stop，the bus had already gone.當我到達公交車站時，公共汽車已經(jīng)開走了。

2.用于賓語從句中，表示從句的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在主句的謂語動作之前。例如：

He asked what had happened to me.他問我發(fā)生了什么事。

Michael said he had never seen such an exciting movie before.邁克爾說他以前從來沒有看過這么一部令人興奮的電影。

3.表示由過去的某一時刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài)，常與for，since構成的時間狀語連用。例如：

I had been at the bus stop for 25 minutes when a bus finally came.最終當公共汽車來的時候，我在車站已經(jīng)等了25分鐘。

He said he had worked in that factory since 2016.他說從2016年以來他就在那家工廠工作。

4.如果句中沒有明顯的時間狀語，那么動作發(fā)生的時間先后的順序，則需要根據(jù)上下文來判斷。例如：

A few years passed.The dog had grown up.幾年過去了，那條狗長大了。

The classroom was quiet.Everybody had gone home.教室里很安靜。所有人都已經(jīng)回家了。

■真題回放

1.By the time I got to the cinema,the movie _____for ten minutes.

【2016·天水中考題】

A.has been on B.had been on C.had stopped D.had begun

【答案與解析】B 考查過去完成時。by the time意為“在……之前”，常引導時間狀語從句，從句用一般過去時，主句用過去完成時；根據(jù)“for+時間段”可知，主句的謂語要用延續(xù)性動詞。句意：在我到達電影院之前，電影已經(jīng)放映10分鐘了。

2.My parents _____ to work by the time I _____up.

【2016·巴中中考題】

A.began;get B.had begun;had got C.had begun;got

【答案與解析】C 考查過去完成時。by the time常引導時間狀語從句，從句用一般過去時，主句用過去完成時。句意：在我起床之前，我的父母已經(jīng)開始工作了。

■學以致用

Ⅰ.根據(jù)句意，從A、B、C、D四個選項中選擇最佳答案。

1.He was unhappy when he sold his guitar.After all,he _______it for a very long time.

A.had had B.has had

C.had D.has

2.By the end of last month,I _______all the CDs of Justin Bieber.

A.collect B.collected

C.have collected D.had collected

3.—Did you see Mr.Hunt at the train station yesterday morning?

—No.When I got there,he _______.

A.leaves B.had left

C.has left D.left

4.By the time I got back to school,the bell_______.

A.rang B.has rung

C.was ringing D.had rung

5.—How many English words had you learned______?

—About two thousand.

A.by last term

B.by the end of last term

C.before last term

D.at the end of last term

Ⅱ.根據(jù)漢語意思完成英語句子,每空一詞。

6.到去年年底,她已經(jīng)寫了五本書。

She ______________five books by the end of last year.

7.直到我上床睡覺的時候，爸爸還沒有回來。

Dad _____________________by the time I went to bed.

8.史密斯先生去澳大利亞之前已在美國教了十年書。

Mr.Smith ______________in America for 10 years _______ he went to Australia.

9.海倫告訴我，她已經(jīng)去過西藏三次。

Helen told me she ______________to Tibet three times.

10.—他到達機場的時候，飛機已經(jīng)起飛了嗎？

—是的，已經(jīng)起飛了。

—_______the plane ______________by the time he got to the airport?

—Yes,_____________ _.

11.自從2014年工廠建成以來你叔叔一直在那兒工作嗎？

______your uncle _______in the factory since it opened in 2014?

12.我們到那兒時會議已經(jīng)進行了半個小時。

The meeting _____________________for half an hour when we got there.