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節(jié)能日光溫室蓄熱技術(shù)研究進(jìn)展

2018-04-16 00:57鮑恩財(cái)曹晏飛鄒志榮申婷婷
關(guān)鍵詞:工程學(xué)卵石熱泵

鮑恩財(cái),曹晏飛,鄒志榮,申婷婷,張 勇

(西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)園藝學(xué)院,農(nóng)業(yè)部西北設(shè)施園藝工程重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,楊凌 712100)

0 引 言

日光溫室在中國(guó)設(shè)施園藝的發(fā)展過程中起到了重要的作用。從上世紀(jì)初即開始初期發(fā)展,實(shí)現(xiàn)了冬春季節(jié)北方栽培的突破,80年代進(jìn)入大規(guī)模發(fā)展階段,2015年日光溫室總面積為97.42萬hm2,全國(guó)占比從2010年的20 %提高到25.2%,目前技術(shù)日臻完善,其意義及優(yōu)越性進(jìn)一步顯現(xiàn)[1-4]。中國(guó) 2/3的日光溫室集中在北方寒區(qū),成為北方乃至全國(guó)“菜籃子工程”供應(yīng)的重要手段、農(nóng)民增收的重要途徑和農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整、農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化和新農(nóng)村建設(shè)的重要內(nèi)容,其節(jié)能減排效果顯著,為提高城鄉(xiāng)居民的生活水平、穩(wěn)定社會(huì)做出了歷史性貢獻(xiàn)[5-6]。其優(yōu)越性也受到國(guó)外的高度關(guān)注,2017年4月12日,荷蘭的第 1座中國(guó)節(jié)能型日光溫室正式開放,該日光溫室位于瓦格寧根大學(xué)研究基地,結(jié)合應(yīng)用了荷蘭先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)管理技術(shù)[7]。

日光溫室的研究?jī)?nèi)容主要集中于保溫蓄熱機(jī)理與實(shí)現(xiàn)方式[1],其中,節(jié)能日光溫室的蓄熱技術(shù)一直是國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者研究日光溫室最重要、最集中的內(nèi)容之一。本文分析了日光溫室的研究現(xiàn)狀,綜述了國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于節(jié)能日光溫室蓄熱技術(shù)的相關(guān)研究,進(jìn)行總結(jié)并展望其未來發(fā)展方向,以期為國(guó)內(nèi)開展節(jié)能日光溫室蓄熱技術(shù)研究提供參考。

1 節(jié)能日光溫室研究現(xiàn)狀

節(jié)能日光溫室起源于中國(guó)遼南地區(qū),具有完全的自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán),但作為一種溫室形式,日光溫室并不屬中國(guó)獨(dú)有。從2 000多年前開始的世界范圍內(nèi)的溫室形式演變史來看,早期依墻而建的單屋面溫室就是目前日光溫室的雛形[1,8],國(guó)外學(xué)者對(duì)該類溫室的光熱環(huán)境、覆蓋材料開展了部分研究[9-11]。隨著歐美日等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,這種土地使用率較低的溫室類型逐漸被淘汰,并轉(zhuǎn)向全光型溫室[1]。近年來,中國(guó)節(jié)能日光溫室的發(fā)展迅速,其優(yōu)良的保溫蓄熱性能得到國(guó)外學(xué)者的高度關(guān)注和研究,印度學(xué)者Sethi等[12]總結(jié)溫室蓄熱性能時(shí),從節(jié)能角度考慮,借鑒了日光溫室的蓄熱原理,在溫室北面砌墻并采用厚重材料作為蓄熱體從而減少熱量損失;Nayak等[13]進(jìn)行光伏/光熱與溫室結(jié)合的試驗(yàn)時(shí),采用的溫室即為帶后墻的類似中國(guó)日光溫室的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。土耳其學(xué)者Ucar等[14]分析了建筑物外墻采用4種不同絕熱材料的效果,并認(rèn)為可以作為溫室外墻使用。伊朗學(xué)者 Mobtaker等[15]從能源需求的角度對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)?種溫室類型進(jìn)行了比較,分析計(jì)算了維持植物理想溫度所需的總能量并建立了數(shù)學(xué)模型,結(jié)果表明,東西走向、北側(cè)為磚墻的溫室中所需的額外能量最低,可節(jié)能31.7%。加拿大學(xué)者為降低冬季溫室加溫的能源消耗,早在2005年就引入了中國(guó)日光溫室建造于Manitoba地區(qū)(50° N,97° W),并測(cè)試該溫室在冬季的保溫情況,結(jié)果表明在當(dāng)?shù)刈罾涞?2月份,室外平均氣溫為–13.1 ℃,室內(nèi)夜間平均氣溫為2.4 ℃,后墻的日均蓄、放熱量分別為166、159 MJ,為維持室內(nèi)不低于10 ℃的氣溫,日均加溫時(shí)長(zhǎng)為19 h[16];Mahmood等[17]在日光溫室內(nèi)采用地下卵石床蓄熱,并將豬舍的廢氣通過凈化后通往室內(nèi)供應(yīng) CO2,以促進(jìn)植物生長(zhǎng);Ahamed等[18]建立了日光溫室的熱環(huán)境數(shù)學(xué)模型。日本學(xué)者畔柳武司[19]提出了日光溫室熱環(huán)境模型的研究。韓國(guó)學(xué)者 Kwon等[20]針對(duì)沿海地區(qū)風(fēng)載較大的問題,設(shè)計(jì)了類似日光溫室結(jié)構(gòu)形式的塑料大棚。中國(guó)學(xué)者總結(jié)了日光溫室的發(fā)展由來、建筑結(jié)構(gòu)形式、光熱環(huán)境與氣候適應(yīng)性、歷史性貢獻(xiàn)、存在問題及產(chǎn)業(yè)前景,認(rèn)為日光溫室作為具有典型中國(guó)特色、規(guī)模巨大的設(shè)施類型,一直是中國(guó)溫室園藝裝備升級(jí)的重點(diǎn)[6,21-22],并對(duì)日光溫室的覆蓋材料[23-25]、建筑結(jié)構(gòu)及材料[8,26-28]、設(shè)施與裝備[29-32]、保溫蓄熱性能[33-36]、環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)及控制系統(tǒng)[37-40]等進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的研究。

2 蓄熱技術(shù)研究現(xiàn)狀

節(jié)能日光溫室的蓄放熱示意圖如圖 1所示,可實(shí)現(xiàn)白天蓄熱、夜間放熱功能的結(jié)構(gòu)有土壤、墻體和骨架,但普通骨架結(jié)構(gòu)自身的儲(chǔ)熱量很小,一般忽略不計(jì)。節(jié)能日光溫室的蓄熱是通過結(jié)構(gòu)、材料、設(shè)備的單一或協(xié)同應(yīng)用來最大化利用太陽能為室內(nèi)提供熱能。蓄熱有被動(dòng)蓄熱和主動(dòng)蓄熱 2種形式,主動(dòng)蓄熱是以太陽能為能量來源,以機(jī)械動(dòng)力設(shè)備為手段,利用室內(nèi)土壤、墻體、骨架結(jié)構(gòu)以及相變材料為熱量吸收介質(zhì)的一種熱量蓄積方式;反之則為被動(dòng)蓄熱。主動(dòng)蓄熱與被動(dòng)蓄熱的能量均來源于太陽,利用途徑有 2種,一是最大化利用室內(nèi)截獲的太陽能或室內(nèi)富余熱量,一是利用室外的太陽能。

圖1 日光溫室蓄放熱示意圖Fig.1 Schematic diagram of heat storage-release in solar greenhouse

2.1 主動(dòng)采光蓄熱

日光溫室的前屋面以平面為最佳,采光量最大,而且光照分布最均勻[41]。為了使日光溫室室內(nèi)獲得更多的能量,張真和[42]通過綜合分析農(nóng)業(yè)氣象學(xué)和光學(xué)的研究成果,確定了冬至日正午時(shí)太陽光線投射角度為50°時(shí)的采光屋面角度是合理的采光屋面角度。陳端生等[43]利用數(shù)學(xué)方法模擬溫室的采光屋面,得出了溫室的采光屋面最佳的坡度并不是一個(gè)定值,而應(yīng)該隨太陽高度角的變化進(jìn)行調(diào)整。

基于上述研究,張勇等[44-46]設(shè)計(jì)了一種可變采光傾角日光溫室實(shí)現(xiàn)主動(dòng)采光蓄熱(如圖2所示),并對(duì)其溫光性能進(jìn)行了研究,與固定采光傾角日光溫室相比,典型晴、陰天時(shí)可變采光傾角日光溫室內(nèi)的平均光照度分別提高29.00%、22.27%,平均溫度分別提高4.3、2.9 ℃;與傳統(tǒng)8、9 m跨的弧形采光屋面日光溫室分別進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析,在晴天和多云采光天氣條件下,傾轉(zhuǎn)屋面日光溫室室內(nèi)的整體采光率分別較傳統(tǒng)8、9 m跨固定采光面日光溫室提高41.75%、25.05%,對(duì)應(yīng)的室內(nèi)輻照度平均增加69.54、38.99 W/m2,故表現(xiàn)為室內(nèi)氣溫整體水平提高。張勇等[47]還從經(jīng)典光學(xué)理論出發(fā),結(jié)合理論計(jì)算和試驗(yàn)測(cè)試的方法,詳細(xì)分析了溫室采光面在小幅調(diào)整條件下自然光的透過率以及溫室采光面角度調(diào)整與室內(nèi)光照強(qiáng)度透過率的增加之間的定量關(guān)系。

圖2 主動(dòng)采光蓄熱日光溫室結(jié)構(gòu)[46]Fig.2 Structure of active lighting and heating storage type solar greenhouse

上述研究表明通過主動(dòng)地改變?nèi)展鉁厥仪拔菝鎯A角的形式可以提高采光面透光率,進(jìn)而提高室內(nèi)光輻射照度,解決了能量“多進(jìn)”的問題。但室內(nèi)墻體和土壤等蓄熱體仍然為被動(dòng)蓄熱,被動(dòng)蓄熱的墻體和土壤的蓄熱深度有限,未得到利用的室內(nèi)富余熱量仍會(huì)隨著冷風(fēng)滲透、地中傳熱、通風(fēng)等途徑被釋放至室外,未實(shí)現(xiàn)能量在室內(nèi)“多存”。因此,主動(dòng)采光蓄熱需要和其他室內(nèi)主動(dòng)蓄熱設(shè)備或材料聯(lián)合使用才能更好的發(fā)揮其效果。

2.2 空氣循環(huán)蓄熱

2.2.1地下空氣循環(huán)蓄熱

地下空氣循環(huán)蓄熱在園藝設(shè)施的土壤中應(yīng)用較早,馬承偉[48-49]研究了塑料大棚的地-氣熱交換系統(tǒng),結(jié)果表明,該系統(tǒng)可有效地貯存太陽能并用于夜間加溫,能使塑料大棚在不加溫條件下在夜間維持 10 ℃左右的棚內(nèi)外氣溫差。孫忠富[50]的研究結(jié)果表明,地-氣熱交換系統(tǒng)可使塑料大棚白天降溫 2.5~6.5 ℃,夜間升溫 2.0~4.4 ℃。袁巧霞[51-52]設(shè)計(jì)了一種半被動(dòng)式塑料大棚地下熱交換系統(tǒng),試驗(yàn)表明,該系統(tǒng)可在夜間維持8~9 ℃的棚內(nèi)外氣溫差,同時(shí)棚內(nèi)地溫可提高10 ℃左右。Santamouris等[53]利用地下熱交換系統(tǒng)對(duì)1 000 m2的玻璃溫室進(jìn)行蓄熱,結(jié)果表明具有良好的白天降溫、夜間增溫的效果。吳德讓等[54-55]運(yùn)用傳熱學(xué)的基本理論,建立了日光溫室地下熱交換系統(tǒng)土壤溫度場(chǎng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型,同時(shí)通過試驗(yàn)研究了日光溫室采用地下熱交換系統(tǒng)在冬季生產(chǎn)喜溫蔬菜的可行性和實(shí)用性,結(jié)果顯示,300 m2的日光溫室采用地下熱交換系統(tǒng)的整個(gè)冬季放熱量為1.575×106kJ、節(jié)煤量達(dá)1 950 kg。孫周平等[56]在彩鋼板保溫裝配式節(jié)能日光溫室室內(nèi)地下 0.5 m位置設(shè)計(jì)安裝了空氣—地中熱交換系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行蓄熱,整個(gè)冬季的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,該系統(tǒng)具有良好的蓄熱效果,與溫室水循環(huán)蓄熱系統(tǒng)結(jié)合可確保試驗(yàn)溫室內(nèi)熱環(huán)境滿足番茄生長(zhǎng)所需。

2.2.2墻體空氣循環(huán)蓄熱

張勇等[57-58]設(shè)計(jì)了一種能夠?qū)滋旄挥嗄芰窟M(jìn)行有效存儲(chǔ)的日光溫室空氣循環(huán)式主動(dòng)蓄熱后墻(如圖 2所示的后墻結(jié)構(gòu)),在墻體內(nèi)部分層安裝蓄熱風(fēng)道,墻體表面安裝有軸流風(fēng)機(jī),風(fēng)機(jī)將室內(nèi)熱空氣抽入后墻蓄熱風(fēng)道,經(jīng)過熱交換,熱量蓄積入墻體內(nèi)蓄熱體中,與傳統(tǒng)9 m跨的普通磚墻日光溫室進(jìn)行了對(duì)比分析表明,在晴天、多云天夜間保溫時(shí)段(16:00~次日 09:00),主動(dòng)蓄熱后墻日光溫室溫度較 9 m跨普通磚墻日光溫室分別提高1.8~2.8、1.6~4.2 ℃。鮑恩財(cái)?shù)萚59]改進(jìn)了原有的后墻空氣循環(huán)蓄熱系統(tǒng),將原有進(jìn)風(fēng)口和出風(fēng)口之間的距離由80 m縮短至40 m,并利用試驗(yàn)地(內(nèi)蒙古烏海地區(qū))豐富的沙土作為后墻蓄熱體的一部分,實(shí)測(cè)結(jié)果表明,典型晴天條件下,固化沙主動(dòng)蓄熱后墻日光溫室室內(nèi)日平均氣溫較固化沙被動(dòng)蓄熱后墻日光溫室和普通磚墻日光溫室分別高3.3、3.6 ℃,典型陰天的夜間氣溫分別高3.2、3.8 ℃;固化沙主動(dòng)蓄熱后墻溫室的墻體內(nèi)部恒定溫度區(qū)域處于740~1 000 mm之間,蓄熱體厚度超過740 mm,其中固化沙蓄熱厚度超過620 mm,蓄熱風(fēng)道上下表面各200 mm的高度范圍內(nèi)均屬于蓄熱體。王昭等[60]測(cè)試了基于太陽能光伏板提供電能的后墻主動(dòng)蓄熱日光溫室,與當(dāng)?shù)仄胀ㄈ展鉁厥覍?duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),后墻主動(dòng)蓄熱日光溫室較普通日光溫室晴、陰天夜間平均溫度分別高2.1、0.9 ℃,試驗(yàn)溫室蓄熱體厚度為320~520 mm,番茄采收期產(chǎn)量提高17.8%。

王慶榮等[61]設(shè)計(jì)了一種中空墻體,該墻體可實(shí)現(xiàn)與室內(nèi)空氣的自然對(duì)流循環(huán)蓄熱,通過測(cè)試及 Fluent軟件模擬分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)墻體構(gòu)造所形成的循環(huán)氣流可以在一定程度上擾動(dòng)室內(nèi)空氣,進(jìn)而在溫室內(nèi)走道和作物栽培行間等位置形成氣流,其中溫室跨中栽培行間的下部平均氣流速度可達(dá)0.25 m/s,對(duì)日光溫室冬季封閉栽培條件下的氣流環(huán)境有一定的改善作用。任曉萌等[62]測(cè)試了該墻體的蓄放熱效果,在晴天白天,內(nèi)部中空層兩側(cè)墻體表面的溫度高于相鄰實(shí)心構(gòu)造部分,但比中空層空氣溫度的19.2 ℃分別低2.2、3.7 ℃,表明墻體深處處于蓄熱狀態(tài);清晨,中空層兩側(cè)表面溫度分別比其中空層空氣溫度的11.7 ℃高1.3、0.8 ℃,表明墻體內(nèi)部直至清晨仍處于放熱階段。

上述研究表明可以通過強(qiáng)迫對(duì)流或自然對(duì)流的方式將室內(nèi)富余熱量蓄積進(jìn)入較深層的土壤或墻體內(nèi)儲(chǔ)存起來,對(duì)室內(nèi)氣溫的提高具有一定的效果。強(qiáng)迫對(duì)流需要增加通風(fēng)管道、風(fēng)機(jī)等設(shè)備投入,且運(yùn)行過程消耗電能,因此,在安裝制作之前,需要計(jì)算土壤或墻體可蓄積的能量與電能消耗量,并確定是否具有節(jié)能性;自然對(duì)流依靠溫差形成氣流,故氣流速度較小,為最大化利用墻體的蓄放熱潛力,可通過增加變頻風(fēng)機(jī)繼續(xù)研究不同流速對(duì)蓄放熱量的影響,進(jìn)而分析得到最佳風(fēng)速及其控制策略。氣流運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)室內(nèi)溫度場(chǎng)、濕度場(chǎng)、氣體濃度場(chǎng)均會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響,今后在氣流運(yùn)動(dòng)均勻性方面需加強(qiáng)研究。

2.3 水循環(huán)蓄熱

水的比熱容較大且易于流動(dòng),適于作為熱能的貯存和傳遞介質(zhì),國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者均有將水作為蓄熱體為溫室供熱的研究報(bào)道[63-65]。Zaragoza等[66]介紹了熱水供暖在農(nóng)業(yè)建筑(包含溫室)上的應(yīng)用前景及趨勢(shì);Sethi等[67]采用地下水(24 ℃)對(duì)溫室開展冬季供暖及夏季降溫試驗(yàn)研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)冬季可提高室內(nèi)氣溫 7~9 ℃;Attar等[68-69]使用太陽能熱水加溫系統(tǒng)對(duì)溫室加熱,將毛細(xì)熱交換管布置在地下作物根部附近,并使用TRNSYS軟件模擬了毛細(xì)熱交換管的適宜長(zhǎng)度和水流速度。

2.3.1水幕簾蓄放熱系統(tǒng)

張義等[70]設(shè)計(jì)了一種水幕簾蓄放熱系統(tǒng),該系統(tǒng)以日光溫室墻體結(jié)構(gòu)為依托,以水為介質(zhì)進(jìn)行熱量的蓄積與釋放,白天利用水循環(huán)通過水幕簾吸收太陽能,同時(shí)將能量?jī)?chǔ)存在水池中,夜晚利用水循環(huán)通過水幕簾釋放熱量,該水幕簾蓄放熱系統(tǒng)可使溫室內(nèi)夜間氣溫提高5.4℃以上,作物根際溫度提高1.6 ℃以上。Fang等[71-74]利用不同材質(zhì)和顏色的封裝膜改進(jìn)了該水幕簾蓄放熱系統(tǒng),如圖 3所示。測(cè)試結(jié)果表明,晴、陰天時(shí)采用雙黑膜封裝的蓄放熱裝置能將溫室夜間平均氣溫分別提高4.6、4.5 ℃,與電加熱方式相比該系統(tǒng)的節(jié)能率超過51.1%;采用金屬膜封裝的蓄放熱裝置集熱效率達(dá)到了83%,對(duì)太陽輻射的吸收率為0.81,優(yōu)于雙黑膜封裝的蓄放熱裝置。孫維拓等[75-78]進(jìn)一步拓展了水幕簾蓄放熱系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用,或?qū)⑵渑c熱泵結(jié)合使用提高蓄放熱性能,或應(yīng)用于大跨度日光溫室中。

圖3 水幕簾系統(tǒng)示意圖[73]Fig.3 Schematic diagram of water curtain system

2.3.2管道水循環(huán)蓄熱

一些學(xué)者將太陽能熱水系統(tǒng)引入日光溫室中,如方慧等[79]以溫室淺層土壤為蓄熱體,白天將后墻集熱器獲得的熱量收集并儲(chǔ)存到溫室淺層土壤中,夜間通過土壤的自然放熱將熱量釋放到溫室中,與對(duì)照相比夜間平均氣溫差為4.0 ℃;王雙喜等[80-81]在日光溫室的后墻頂部安裝太陽能熱水器,熱水管道埋置于室內(nèi)土壤中;余學(xué)江[82]將加熱盤管在靠近地面位置進(jìn)行迂回鋪設(shè);于威等[83-84]利用 ANSYS軟件分析了日光溫室地中埋熱水管對(duì)土壤加溫效果的影響,結(jié)果表明,水溫對(duì)地表溫度影響顯著,管道內(nèi)水流速≥0.10 m/s時(shí)地表溫度變化不大,在長(zhǎng)期平穩(wěn)條件下,埋管深度、管徑對(duì)地表溫度影響不大,而管間距對(duì)土壤溫度分布影響顯著,篩選出適宜管間距200 mm、管徑25 mm。

佟雪姣等[85-86]采用聚乙烯(polyethylene,PE)軟管為輸水管道,以聚碳酸酯(polycarbonate,PC)板為集/散熱裝置,研究日光溫室太陽能水循環(huán)系統(tǒng)冬季的蓄熱增溫效果,對(duì)PC板的不同顏色、厚度、黑膜添加方式及水的不同流量開展了研究,試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,同等條件下褐色、8 mm厚的PC板的蓄熱量最多,透明陽光板內(nèi)外側(cè)均添加黑膜后蓄熱量增加20%,當(dāng)流量為4.4~4.5 L/h時(shí),8 mm的透明陽光板蓄熱效果最好;冬季晴天,日光溫室內(nèi)光照條件好,水循環(huán)系統(tǒng)日蓄熱量為 159.8 MJ,可將溫室內(nèi)夜間溫度提高3~5 ℃,集熱效率為54.5%,蓄熱增溫效果明顯。馬承偉等[87]研究了日光溫室鋼管屋架管網(wǎng)水循環(huán)集放熱系統(tǒng)(圖4),理論計(jì)算表明,在屋架間距為1 m,上、下弦桿件均為外徑33.5 mm的圓管時(shí),系統(tǒng)的太陽能截獲率可達(dá)7%~8%;測(cè)試結(jié)果表明,與對(duì)照日光溫室相比,平均提高夜間室內(nèi)最低氣溫2.4 ℃,容積為8.6 m3的蓄熱水體白晝?nèi)掌骄顭釡厣?.7 ℃,平均蓄熱量為149 MJ,夜間水體日平均放熱溫降2.5 ℃,平均放熱量為78.9 MJ。

圖4 鋼管屋架管網(wǎng)水循環(huán)集放熱系統(tǒng)[87]Fig.4 Water circulation system of steel pipe network formed by roof truss for heat collection and release

水循環(huán)蓄熱的效果較為明顯,水流的均勻性較好,但缺點(diǎn)也較為明顯,即對(duì)循環(huán)管道的密閉性和抗腐蝕性要求較為嚴(yán)格,且施工過程增加了水池、管道、水泵等設(shè)備,故施工工藝要求較高。在原有后墻南側(cè)安裝水循環(huán)蓄熱的集/放熱裝置會(huì)削減后墻的蓄放熱效果,應(yīng)分析水循環(huán)蓄熱與原有墻體蓄熱之間的“競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”關(guān)系并量化,在維持室內(nèi)作物生產(chǎn)適宜熱環(huán)境的基礎(chǔ)上,可適當(dāng)降低后墻蓄熱結(jié)構(gòu)部分的厚度或減少水循環(huán)蓄熱的投入以達(dá)到最佳投入。

2.4 相變材料蓄熱

相變材料在日光溫室中具有白天“削峰”、夜間“填谷”的作用,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者主要從相變材料的篩選制備[88-97]、封裝[89-90,93-98]、與溫室的結(jié)合方式[92,98-101]等方面進(jìn)行了大量研究。主要篩選的材料有石蠟[89,93]、芒硝 基[89]、 Na2SO4·10H2O[90,93-94]、 CaCl2·6H2O[91-92]、Na2HPO4·12H2O[95,97]、脂肪酸類[96]等。采用的封裝方式有共混浸泡[93]、砌塊封裝[93]、稻殼吸附[94,98]、石墨吸附[96]等,制備成微膠囊[89]、板材[90,93,95-97]、砌塊[93-94,98]。與溫室的結(jié)合方式主要是將封裝之后的相變材料放置在溫室的北墻[92,99],或利用板材或砌塊直接砌筑在日光溫室后墻內(nèi)側(cè)[98,100-101]。

近年來,也有學(xué)者[91,102-104]將相變材料與太陽能集熱器結(jié)合應(yīng)用于溫室中,并取得了一定的效果,如 Benli等[91]利用相變材料與太陽能平板集熱器為溫室供熱,測(cè)試發(fā)現(xiàn)該系統(tǒng)為試驗(yàn)溫室提供了每日熱能需求量的 18~23%,閆彥濤[104]分析得到太陽能相變蓄熱器單位面積放熱量為4.05 MJ/m2;凌浩恕等[105-107]將多曲面槽式空氣集熱器結(jié)合相變材料應(yīng)用于帶豎向風(fēng)道的日光溫室后墻 (圖 5),研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)墻體內(nèi)豎向空氣通道間距為400 mm、空氣通道內(nèi)空氣速度為0.26 m/s、空氣流動(dòng)方向?yàn)樯线M(jìn)下出時(shí),相變蓄熱墻體換熱效率為66.2%,主動(dòng)蓄熱量約為9.43 MJ/m3。

圖5 帶豎向空氣通道的太陽能相變蓄熱墻體體系[105]Fig.5 Phase change material wall with vertical air channels integrating solar concentrators

相變材料種類繁多,但真正被研究者系統(tǒng)研究過的種類卻屈指可數(shù),且需要契合日光溫室冬季室內(nèi)溫度環(huán)境;相變材料在使用過程中體積變化率大,對(duì)封裝密閉性的要求較高,目前的封裝方式都有不同程度的泄露問題,有一定的環(huán)境污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,需要進(jìn)一步篩選適宜日光溫室使用的材料種類及混合配比,并在封裝技術(shù)上加強(qiáng)研究。

2.5 卵石蓄熱

卵石是良好的顯熱儲(chǔ)能材料,國(guó)外一般在溫室中部的地下土壤中埋置卵石床,?ztürk等[108]利用卵石床結(jié)合太陽能空氣集熱器為120 m2的塑料大棚供熱,卵石床面積為6 m×2 m,深0.6 m,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)卵石床的平均日蓄熱量為1 242 W,夜間放熱量為601.3 W,可提供室內(nèi)總需熱量的18.9%;Kürklü等[109]以2座面積均為15 m2的塑料大棚為試驗(yàn)對(duì)象,其中1座埋置有卵石床,PVC管道穿過卵石床,采用流量1 100 m3/h的風(fēng)機(jī)強(qiáng)制將室內(nèi)空氣通過管道流經(jīng)卵石床,測(cè)試發(fā)現(xiàn)試驗(yàn)溫室夜間氣溫比對(duì)照溫室提高約10 ℃,卵石蓄熱系統(tǒng)的能量吸收及釋放效率均超過 80%。國(guó)內(nèi)將卵石作為日光溫室蓄熱材料有 2種形式,一種是直接作為墻體材料;一種是作為蓄熱床。張潔等[110]以鉛絲網(wǎng)籠裝填卵石作為墻體主要材料,認(rèn)為卵石之間的縫隙可以加強(qiáng)熱空氣的流動(dòng),從而增強(qiáng)墻體的蓄熱性能,與普通磚墻日光溫室相比,卵石墻體溫室內(nèi)平均氣溫在典型晴天高4.0 ℃。Chen等[111]將卵石床鋪在室內(nèi)土壤表面,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)卵石孔隙率一定時(shí),應(yīng)適當(dāng)增大卵石床的粒徑,當(dāng)卵石粒徑大于一定值時(shí),適當(dāng)增加卵石床孔隙率可以增強(qiáng)卵石床與溫室氣流,以及卵石床內(nèi)部的對(duì)流換熱。張峰等[112]測(cè)試發(fā)現(xiàn)卵石床地下蓄熱系統(tǒng)的蓄熱功率約為 94 W/m2,大于地下埋管蓄熱系統(tǒng)(蓄熱功率約為76 W/m2),該日光溫室的夜間最低溫度比無蓄熱裝置的對(duì)照溫室提高了5~8 ℃。

卵石的傳熱速率較快,卵石之間的孔隙也有利于對(duì)流傳熱,但在冬季夜間卵石放熱過快會(huì)導(dǎo)致前半夜室內(nèi)氣溫較高、后半夜室內(nèi)氣溫偏低。因此,需要研究如何減緩卵石所蓄積熱量的釋放,或?qū)⒙咽罘e熱量傳導(dǎo)至其他材料中儲(chǔ)存起來。

2.6 熱泵蓄熱

熱泵根據(jù)所利用熱源的不同主要分為水源熱泵、空氣源熱泵和土壤源熱泵 3類。國(guó)外學(xué)者將熱泵應(yīng)用到溫室中較早,Marsh等[113]采用生命周期成本分析法(life cycle costing,LCC)分析了利用熱泵將礦井中的恒溫空氣作為空氣源對(duì)溫室進(jìn)行加溫的可行性;Bot等[114]分析了利用熱泵夏季儲(chǔ)熱為冬季供熱的溫室節(jié)能模式,預(yù)計(jì)節(jié)能率超過 60%;Ozgener等[115]測(cè)試得到土壤源熱泵為溫室供熱的性能系數(shù)(coefficient of performance,COP)為 2.13(多云天)~2.84(晴天);Yang等[116-117]利用空氣源熱泵對(duì)溫室進(jìn)行冬季加溫、夏季降溫,均取得了良好的節(jié)能效果。

進(jìn)入21世紀(jì),國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者開始探索熱泵在日光溫室上的應(yīng)用,柴立龍等[118-119]采用地下水作為熱源的熱泵系統(tǒng)對(duì)北京地區(qū)日光溫室進(jìn)行了供暖試驗(yàn)研究,結(jié)果表明,整個(gè)供暖期(2007-10-15~2008-03-10)熱泵的 COP為3.83,與燃煤熱水采暖相比,可節(jié)約42%的能源消耗。孫維拓等[75,120]設(shè)計(jì)了一套日光溫室水循環(huán)主動(dòng)蓄放熱與熱泵聯(lián)合加溫系統(tǒng)(如圖 6所示),主動(dòng)蓄放熱系統(tǒng)為熱泵機(jī)組提供熱源,與對(duì)照溫室相比,試驗(yàn)溫室夜間氣溫高出 5.26~6.64 ℃,系統(tǒng)集熱效率達(dá)到了 72.32%~83.62%,總體 COP值達(dá) 5.59,而單純使用熱泵制熱的COP為4.38~5.17。孫維拓等[121]還設(shè)計(jì)了一套日光溫室空氣余熱熱泵加溫系統(tǒng),白天適時(shí)運(yùn)行系統(tǒng),將日光溫室內(nèi)富余空氣熱能泵取并儲(chǔ)存于蓄熱水池中;夜間室內(nèi)氣溫較低時(shí),首先開啟風(fēng)機(jī)和水泵,當(dāng)蓄熱水池水溫降至一定溫度,逆向運(yùn)行熱泵系統(tǒng)強(qiáng)制放熱;與對(duì)照溫室相比,試驗(yàn)溫室白天平均氣溫降低 3.7~5.2 ℃,相對(duì)濕度降低12.3%~16.5%;夜間平均氣溫高出2.8~4.4 ℃,相對(duì)濕度降低8.0%~11.5%。孫先鵬等[122-123]采用太陽能聯(lián)合空氣源熱泵供熱系統(tǒng)為日光溫室供熱,在西安地區(qū)-6~10 ℃冬季氣溫條件下開展了試驗(yàn)研究,結(jié)果表明,在試驗(yàn)天氣條件下,熱泵單獨(dú)供熱時(shí)系統(tǒng)的 COP在2.09~2.45之間,太陽能聯(lián)合空氣源熱泵供熱時(shí)系統(tǒng)的COP在3.45~5.56之間,具有顯著的節(jié)能減排效果。

圖6 溫室主動(dòng)蓄放熱-熱泵聯(lián)合加溫系統(tǒng)原理圖[120]Fig.6 Principle diagram of active heat storage-release associated with heat pump heating system in greenhouse

熱泵系統(tǒng)具有節(jié)能環(huán)保、供熱穩(wěn)定的優(yōu)點(diǎn),但設(shè)備投資較高、運(yùn)行耗電量較大,在日光溫室中的應(yīng)用研究還處于初級(jí)階段,其系統(tǒng)參數(shù)配置、加工工藝等還有待優(yōu)化。在使用熱泵蓄熱時(shí),對(duì)日光溫室的蓄熱性能要求降低,因此可適當(dāng)減少溫室蓄熱墻體結(jié)構(gòu)的投入,同時(shí)在運(yùn)行時(shí)間上與峰谷電價(jià)相結(jié)合,可降低部分運(yùn)行成本。

2.7 聯(lián)合方式蓄熱

為了提高蓄熱技術(shù)的應(yīng)用效果,部分學(xué)者將 2項(xiàng)或以上蓄熱方式結(jié)合應(yīng)用到日光溫室中,如Benli[124]將地源熱泵與相變材料蓄熱技術(shù)結(jié)合應(yīng)用于溫室采暖;孫周平等[56]在大跨度日光溫室中將空氣—地中熱交換系統(tǒng)與水循環(huán)蓄熱系統(tǒng)結(jié)合使用可代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)土墻的蓄熱能力,經(jīng)過整個(gè)冬季的測(cè)試發(fā)現(xiàn),該聯(lián)合系統(tǒng)可以確保日光溫室冬季的熱環(huán)境滿足作物所需;凌浩恕等[105-107]將相變材料、帶空氣通道的后墻與太陽能空氣集熱器結(jié)合構(gòu)建帶豎向空氣通道的太陽能相變蓄熱墻體體系;Kürklü等[109]將卵石蓄熱與地下空氣循環(huán)蓄熱結(jié)合應(yīng)用;孫維拓等[120]將水循環(huán)主動(dòng)蓄放熱系統(tǒng)與熱泵機(jī)組聯(lián)合使用,測(cè)試發(fā)現(xiàn),聯(lián)合系統(tǒng)的效果大于單一使用熱泵的效果,也遠(yuǎn)高于傳統(tǒng)太陽能熱水系統(tǒng)以及地源熱泵,節(jié)能效果顯著;高文波等[125]將主動(dòng)采光與墻體空氣循環(huán)主動(dòng)蓄熱結(jié)合,典型晴天、多云天主動(dòng)采光蓄熱型日光溫室室內(nèi)平均光照度分別提高了21.28%、11.73%,平均氣溫分別提高了5.6、2.1 ℃。

除此之外,部分學(xué)者還就溫室蓄熱相關(guān)技術(shù)做了前言探索性研究,如Liu等[126]開發(fā)了一種新型的由乙烯—四氟乙烯(ETFE)膜和相變材料RT28組成的溫室薄膜,對(duì)該薄膜的光學(xué)性能進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn)研究,結(jié)果表明,相變材料在液態(tài)下,薄膜的透射率高于固態(tài),此外,透光率與相變材料的溫度有關(guān)。Anifantis等[127]結(jié)合光伏制氫技術(shù)與地源熱泵技術(shù)為溫室供暖,白天通過光伏板電解產(chǎn)生H2,然后將其儲(chǔ)存在壓力罐中,夜間H2通過燃料電池轉(zhuǎn)化為電力,為地源熱泵供電,從而為溫室供暖。

上述研究表明,從目前聯(lián)合方式蓄熱的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀來看,國(guó)內(nèi)較國(guó)外的技術(shù)更加成熟和豐富,盡管國(guó)外的前沿性研究較多,但仍處于初期階段。要實(shí)現(xiàn)蓄熱技術(shù)在日光溫室上的推廣應(yīng)用,除技術(shù)先進(jìn)、符合科技發(fā)展趨勢(shì)外,也要滿足市場(chǎng)現(xiàn)狀。因此,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)蓄熱技術(shù)的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)性指標(biāo)分析。

3 討 論

本文總結(jié)了目前節(jié)能日光溫室蓄熱技術(shù)的主要形式,包括主動(dòng)采光蓄熱、空氣循環(huán)蓄熱、水循環(huán)蓄熱、相變材料蓄熱、卵石蓄熱、熱泵蓄熱、聯(lián)合方式蓄熱,均為結(jié)構(gòu)、材料、設(shè)備 3個(gè)方面的單一或協(xié)同應(yīng)用,如主動(dòng)采光蓄熱通過溫室前屋面結(jié)構(gòu)的角度轉(zhuǎn)變實(shí)現(xiàn)光能的主動(dòng)利用,但蓄熱體未變;空氣循環(huán)蓄熱通過空氣循環(huán)將室內(nèi)多余熱量存儲(chǔ)進(jìn)入地下土壤或墻體內(nèi);水循環(huán)蓄熱是通過設(shè)備將水循環(huán)蓄熱,以水為主要蓄熱體;相變材料蓄熱與卵石蓄熱嚴(yán)格意義來說包括主動(dòng)蓄熱和被動(dòng)蓄熱 2種形式,如與太陽能集熱器結(jié)合應(yīng)用的相變材料蓄熱屬于主動(dòng)蓄熱,而單純的利用材料改變來蓄熱集熱是被動(dòng)的熱量蓄積;熱泵蓄熱通過消耗電能提取空氣、水或土壤中的低溫?zé)嵩吹臒崮軐⑵滢D(zhuǎn)移到室內(nèi);聯(lián)合方式蓄熱通過以上2種或以上蓄熱技術(shù)結(jié)合應(yīng)用。

3.1 主要技術(shù)問題

國(guó)外對(duì)現(xiàn)代日光溫室的研究較少,中國(guó)在日光溫室節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)理論及應(yīng)用上始終處于領(lǐng)先地位[128]。日光溫室蓄熱技術(shù)亦屬于節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)之一,國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者對(duì)此做了大量的研究與改進(jìn)。這些技術(shù)對(duì)改善室內(nèi)環(huán)境均具有一定的效果,但也存在一些缺點(diǎn)與不足之處,因此研發(fā)應(yīng)用蓄熱技術(shù)為日光溫室供熱時(shí)需要重點(diǎn)考慮以下問題:1)主動(dòng)采光蓄熱具有明顯提高室內(nèi)光溫環(huán)境的效果,但是沒有良好的蓄熱系統(tǒng),熱量得不到存儲(chǔ),白天過多的熱量易對(duì)作物形成熱害,只能隨著通風(fēng)被排出去造成熱量浪費(fèi);2)強(qiáng)迫對(duì)流式空氣循環(huán)蓄熱主要是將傳熱風(fēng)道埋置于日光溫室的墻體或土壤中,建成后整個(gè)系統(tǒng)只有風(fēng)機(jī)消耗電能,對(duì)溫室增溫具有一定的效果,在安裝制作之前,需要計(jì)算墻體或土壤可蓄積的能量與電能消耗量,并確定是否具有節(jié)能性。自然對(duì)流式空氣循環(huán)蓄熱依靠溫差形成氣流,故氣流速度較??;3)水循環(huán)蓄熱和相變材料蓄熱都是因其熱容較大,可盡量多的將熱量存儲(chǔ)起來,但是水和相變材料的封裝均需要良好的封閉性,否則容易泄露;4)卵石的傳熱速率較快,往往前半夜放熱量較多,導(dǎo)致溫室內(nèi)后半夜的溫度較低;5)熱泵蓄熱的COP一般都在2以上,避免了環(huán)境污染、節(jié)能效果顯著,但該系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,初始投資較高,系統(tǒng)性能的可靠性、穩(wěn)定性有待于進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證[129];6)通過結(jié)合2項(xiàng)或以上蓄熱方式聯(lián)合應(yīng)用于日光溫室中,效果具有累加效應(yīng),但成本更高。

3.2 研究重點(diǎn)

基于以上節(jié)能日光溫室蓄熱技術(shù)存在的問題,當(dāng)前研究的重點(diǎn)是:1)將主動(dòng)采光技術(shù)與其他蓄熱技術(shù)結(jié)合應(yīng)用,形成主動(dòng)采光—蓄熱聯(lián)合技術(shù),實(shí)現(xiàn)溫室內(nèi)太陽能的“多進(jìn)多存”;2)除管道連接處的密閉性外,強(qiáng)迫對(duì)流式空氣循環(huán)蓄熱應(yīng)考慮風(fēng)機(jī)的風(fēng)速、流量與管道的直徑、材質(zhì)、長(zhǎng)度等條件耦合,不同地區(qū)還應(yīng)結(jié)合土壤的蓄熱系數(shù)來合理布置管道,在墻體中埋置時(shí)還應(yīng)考慮適當(dāng)?shù)姆謱蛹笆┕すに嚨暮?jiǎn)易化。自然對(duì)流式空氣循環(huán)蓄熱可與強(qiáng)迫對(duì)流相結(jié)合,研究適宜的風(fēng)速指標(biāo)及氣流運(yùn)動(dòng)的調(diào)控以實(shí)現(xiàn)最大化蓄熱;3)水在蓄放熱的過程中需要流動(dòng),而相變材料在蓄放熱的過程中會(huì)部分發(fā)生相變,因此,水循環(huán)蓄熱和相變材料蓄熱的循環(huán)管道、封裝材料應(yīng)做到密閉、抗腐蝕;4)卵石的傳熱較快,可增加熱阻簾人為地延緩放熱時(shí)間,也可與其他儲(chǔ)熱介質(zhì)結(jié)合應(yīng)用,如作為墻體的吸熱層,或在其孔隙內(nèi)填充儲(chǔ)熱材料;5)熱泵蓄熱結(jié)合其他蓄熱方式應(yīng)用較單一應(yīng)用的效果會(huì)有所提高,冬季供暖中具有良好的應(yīng)用前景,如何進(jìn)一步合理利用、合理配置溫室地源熱泵系統(tǒng),完善相關(guān)技術(shù),降低其建設(shè)費(fèi)用、運(yùn)行能耗和費(fèi)用,也是今后應(yīng)著重研究解決的問題;6)從蓄熱的2種熱量利用途徑來看,因日光溫室原本就具有土壤和墻體蓄熱的優(yōu)勢(shì),在利用室內(nèi)截獲的太陽能進(jìn)行主動(dòng)蓄熱時(shí)應(yīng)避免主動(dòng)蓄熱系統(tǒng)與室內(nèi)原有蓄熱體之間形成太陽能的“爭(zhēng)奪”。在利用室外太陽能轉(zhuǎn)化為室內(nèi)所需熱能的同時(shí)應(yīng)盡量減少太陽能多級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)化過程中的損耗;7)部分蓄熱技術(shù)在日光溫室應(yīng)用的傳機(jī)理尚不明確,有待進(jìn)一步研究,如墻體空氣循環(huán)蓄熱過程中傳熱的動(dòng)力學(xué)原理,再如卵石墻體對(duì)室內(nèi)的傳熱機(jī)理。計(jì)算流體力學(xué)(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)擁有各種數(shù)值算法,有助于研究流體流動(dòng)、傳熱等,可借助CFD模擬與試驗(yàn)結(jié)合的方式開展蓄熱技術(shù)的傳熱機(jī)理研究。

4 結(jié)論與展望

節(jié)能日光溫室經(jīng)過近 1個(gè)世紀(jì)的發(fā)展,蓄熱技術(shù)日臻完善、節(jié)能減排效果顯著,為中國(guó)設(shè)施園藝的發(fā)展做出了歷史性貢獻(xiàn)。本文概述了有關(guān)日光溫室的研究現(xiàn)狀,總結(jié)了當(dāng)前節(jié)能日光溫室蓄熱技術(shù)的主要形式并綜述了國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展,分析主要技術(shù)問題及研究重點(diǎn)。展望未來節(jié)能日光溫室蓄熱技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向與研究?jī)?nèi)容主要包括:

1)利用蓄熱技術(shù)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)日光溫室進(jìn)行節(jié)能化改造。隨著設(shè)施園藝的快速發(fā)展,目前有部分傳統(tǒng)日光溫室因?yàn)楸匦顭嵝阅懿蛔恪h(huán)境調(diào)控能力差、勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度高等原因處于閑置或半閑置狀態(tài),造成土地資源的浪費(fèi)。同時(shí),隨著人口增長(zhǎng)與土地資源有限的矛盾不斷突出,亟需對(duì)這部分日光溫室從結(jié)構(gòu)上進(jìn)行升級(jí)改造,從而滿足日益增長(zhǎng)的園藝產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)需求。節(jié)能日光溫室蓄熱技術(shù)成為傳統(tǒng)日光溫室更新?lián)Q代的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容,通過蓄熱技術(shù)可將日光溫室的土壤、墻體甚至是骨架結(jié)構(gòu)的蓄熱潛力發(fā)揮出來。

2)蓄熱技術(shù)隨著節(jié)能日光溫室新結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展而繼續(xù)完善。墻體(特別是后墻)是節(jié)能日光溫室與其他園藝設(shè)施的最大區(qū)別所在,也是傳統(tǒng)日光溫室節(jié)能化改造的重點(diǎn)對(duì)象。當(dāng)前,設(shè)施園藝朝著大型化、機(jī)械化、智能化方向發(fā)展,日光溫室也不例外,從提高土地利用率的角度出發(fā),出現(xiàn)了墻體被部分或全部替代的日光溫室類型,墻體的減少意味著日光溫室內(nèi)蓄熱體的減少,這就更需要通過蓄熱技術(shù)為室內(nèi)提供更多的熱能來彌補(bǔ)墻體減少的損失。因此,蓄熱技術(shù)在現(xiàn)代節(jié)能日光溫室的發(fā)展中將會(huì)起到越來越重要的作用。

3)運(yùn)用跨學(xué)科、多方法集成的手段深入研究蓄熱技術(shù)。當(dāng)前主要從日光溫室的結(jié)構(gòu)或材料的改變來開展蓄熱技術(shù)的效果研究,研究對(duì)象主要是室內(nèi)溫濕環(huán)境,而對(duì)室內(nèi)氣流場(chǎng)、空氣成分濃度場(chǎng)的分析較少,且對(duì)應(yīng)蓄熱技術(shù)的蓄放熱機(jī)理缺乏深入研究。因此,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)跨學(xué)科綜合研究,從滿足作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過程需求的角度出發(fā),運(yùn)用理論分析、軟件模擬、試驗(yàn)測(cè)試的集成方法來分析溫室內(nèi)綜合環(huán)境,從而對(duì)現(xiàn)有蓄熱技術(shù)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,以進(jìn)一步提高蓄熱性能、改善室內(nèi)環(huán)境、降低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,這也對(duì)新型節(jié)能日光溫室的推廣應(yīng)用具有重要作用。

4)節(jié)能日光溫室蓄熱技術(shù)市場(chǎng)化應(yīng)用前景廣闊。中國(guó)幅員遼闊,在華北、東北、西北、青藏高寒區(qū)、環(huán)渤海及黃淮海地區(qū)的日光溫室面積巨大,蓄熱技術(shù)的市場(chǎng)化前景廣闊。蓄熱技術(shù)應(yīng)在滿足預(yù)期效果的前提下盡可能降低應(yīng)用投入,隨著軟硬件技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,可選用價(jià)格較低、性能較高的構(gòu)件及材料來完善蓄熱技術(shù)。并對(duì)技術(shù)成熟、參數(shù)齊備的蓄熱技術(shù)形成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范的施工工藝,加強(qiáng)市場(chǎng)化推廣應(yīng)用。

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