鄭維金,黃 晶,鄭小宇,熊 波,廖晴瑤
(重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,重慶 400010)
冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)冠心病)是危害人類(lèi)生命健康的主要心血管疾病之一,具有較高致死率和致殘率。隨著人口老齡化,我國(guó)老年冠心病患者人數(shù)急劇增加[1]。經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈支架植入術(shù)是治療冠心病的重要手段[2]。目前臨床常用支架主要有藥物洗脫支架(drug-eluting stents, DES)和裸金屬支架(bare-metal stents, BMS)。研究[3]顯示,DES的有效性和安全性?xún)?yōu)于BMS。但目前多數(shù)研究?jī)H選擇性納入較年輕的冠心病患者,其結(jié)果在合并癥多、病變復(fù)雜和出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高的老年患者中不具有代表性[4],對(duì)后者在支架選擇策略上尚存在爭(zhēng)議[5]。本研究采用Meta分析比較老年冠心病患者采用DES與BMS的有效性和安全性。
1.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索檢索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)和萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)于2017年10月28日前發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)。英文檢索詞為“coronary artery disease”“acute coronary syndrome”“ angina pectoris”“myocardial infarction”“aged”“drug-eluting stent”“bare metal stent”;中文檢索詞為“冠心病”“急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征”“心絞痛”“老年”“藥物洗脫支架”“金屬裸支架”,檢索策略為主題詞加自由詞。
1.2 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡≥65歲因冠心病接受冠狀動(dòng)脈支架植入者;比較DES和BMS的有效性和安全性;報(bào)告全因死亡(all-cause mortality, ACM)、心肌梗死(myocardial infarction, MI)、靶血管再次血運(yùn)重建(target vessel revascularization, TVR)、心源性死亡(cardiac death, CD)、支架內(nèi)血栓形成(stent thrombosis, ST)和出血中一項(xiàng)或多項(xiàng)結(jié)局事件數(shù);研究設(shè)計(jì)分為隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究(randomized controlled trial, RCT)和隊(duì)列研究(cohort studies, CS);隨訪(fǎng)時(shí)間≥12個(gè)月。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):未能獲取全文文獻(xiàn);重復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)分析;數(shù)據(jù)過(guò)少無(wú)法利用的文獻(xiàn)。將納入文獻(xiàn)分為RCT組和CS組。
1.3 文獻(xiàn)篩選及資料提取 由2名研究者分別根據(jù)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獨(dú)立篩選文獻(xiàn),并提取納入研究數(shù)據(jù),相互核對(duì);意見(jiàn)不一致時(shí)經(jīng)協(xié)商解決。提取資料包括第一作者、發(fā)表年、研究國(guó)家、研究設(shè)計(jì)類(lèi)型、樣本量、研究對(duì)象的基本特征和結(jié)局事件數(shù)。
結(jié)局事件包括主要結(jié)局和次要結(jié)局。主要結(jié)局為ACM和任何原因?qū)е碌腗I,次要結(jié)局為T(mén)VR、CD、可疑或明確的ST和出血,事件定義參考美國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)研究聯(lián)合會(huì)(Academic Research Consortium, ARC)推薦[6],出血定義為出血學(xué)術(shù)研究聯(lián)合會(huì)(Bleeding Academic Research Consortium, BARC)2~5型[7]。
1.4 研究質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)對(duì)RCT采用Cochrane Library偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具,CS采用Newcastle-Ottawa Scale文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)量表。由2名研究者獨(dú)立進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),存在分歧時(shí)經(jīng)協(xié)商解決。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析采用Revman 5.3和Stata 12.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件。以I2檢驗(yàn)和Q檢驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)各研究異質(zhì)性,定義I2>50%或Q檢驗(yàn)P<0.1為存在異質(zhì)性;此時(shí)篩選異質(zhì)性影響因素,改用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型,否則采用固定效應(yīng)模型。合并所有研究數(shù)據(jù)作為整體效應(yīng)量,按研究設(shè)計(jì)行RCT組和CS組分析。以相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度(relative risk, RR)及其95%置信區(qū)間(confidence interval, CI)作為合并效應(yīng)量進(jìn)行分析,采用漏斗圖和Egger檢驗(yàn)評(píng)價(jià)發(fā)表偏倚,通過(guò)逐個(gè)剔除納入文獻(xiàn)的方法進(jìn)行敏感度分析,評(píng)價(jià)研究結(jié)果的穩(wěn)定性。
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索及篩選結(jié)果文獻(xiàn)篩選流程見(jiàn)圖1。
圖1 文獻(xiàn)篩選流程圖
共獲得文獻(xiàn)3 160篇,經(jīng)去除重復(fù)以及閱讀題目、摘要和全文共排除文獻(xiàn)3 143篇。最終納入文獻(xiàn)17篇[8-24],包括2篇RCT、1篇RCT預(yù)設(shè)亞組分析和14篇CS。
2.2 納入文獻(xiàn)基本特征及質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征見(jiàn)表1,包括DES植入患者5 782例和BMS植入患者5 031例。2篇[8-9]CS分析只描述了亞組年齡分組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別為≥65歲和≥75歲,未描述DES和BMS患者年齡。14篇[8-12,14-16,19-24]CS NOS評(píng)分均≥6分,最高評(píng)分8分,3篇[13,17-18]RCT質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)均為低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
2.3 主要結(jié)局在整體、CS組和RCT組間ACM和MI均不存在異質(zhì)性,故采用固定效應(yīng)模型合并效應(yīng)量。2篇[13,18]RCT和11篇[8-9,11-12,15-16,19-21,23-24]CS報(bào)道了ACM,DES植入患者ACM風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在整體[RR=0.71,95%CI(0.64,0.80),P<0.001)]和CS組[RR=0.68,95%CI(0.60,0.77),P<0.001]中均明顯低于BMS植入患者,但在RCT組中差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[RR=0.92,95%CI(0.67,1.25),P=0.59;圖2A]。3篇[13,17-18]RCT和9篇[9-12,15-16,20,22,24]CS報(bào)道了MI,與BMS比較,DES在整體[RR=0.66,95%CI(0.53,0.81),P<0.001]、CS組[RR=0.60,95%CI(0.41,0.88),P=0.008]和RCT組[RR=0.68,95%CI(0.53,0.88),P=0.003]中均顯著降低老年冠心病患者M(jìn)I風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(圖2B)。
表1 納入研究基本特征表及質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)表
注:*:隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)亞組分析;#:中位數(shù)(上下四分位數(shù));NR:未報(bào)道
圖2 DES與BMS ACM(A)和MI(B)差異的森林圖
圖3 DES與BMS TVR(A)和CD(B)差異的森林圖
圖4 DES與BMS ST(A)和出血(B)差異的森林圖
2.4 次要結(jié)局TVR、CD、ST及出血在整體、CS組和RCT組中間均不存在異質(zhì)性,故采用固定效應(yīng)模型合并效應(yīng)量。3篇[13,17-18]RCT和12篇[9,11-12,14-16,19-24]CS報(bào)道了TVR,DES植入患者TVR風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在整體[RR=0.50,95%CI(0.43,0.59),P<0.001]、CS組[RR=0.54,95%CI(0.45,0.65),P<0.001]和RCT組[RR=0.43,95%CI(0.32,0.57),P<0.001]中較BMS植入患者均顯著降低(圖3A)。3篇[13,17-18]RCT和8篇[8-9,11-12,15-16,20,22]CS報(bào)道了CD,DES植入患者CD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在整體[RR=0.73,95%CI(0.60,0.90),P=0.003]和CS組[RR=0.72,95%CI(0.54,0.95),P=0.02]中明顯低于BMS植入患者,但在RCT組中差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[RR=0.75,95%CI(0.56,1.01),P=0.06;圖3B]。
2篇[17-18]RCT和8篇[9,11-12,14-16,20,24]CS報(bào)道了ST,DES植入患者ST風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在整體[RR=0.68,95%CI(0.48,0.95),P=0.02]和CS組[RR=0.59,95%CI(0.38,0.90),P=0.01]中較BMS植入患者均顯著降低,但在RCT組中差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[RR=0.87,95%CI(0.49,1.54),P=0.63;圖4A];3篇[13,17-18]RCT和8篇[9,12,15,16,19-22]CS報(bào)道了出血,DES植入患者出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在整體[RR=1.00,95%CI(0.87,1.14),P=0.96]、CS組[RR=1.00,95%CI(0.84,1.18),P=0.97]和RCT組[RR=1.00,95%CI(0.80,1.23),P=0.97]中與BMS植入患者差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(圖4B)。
2.5 發(fā)表偏倚和敏感度分析Egger檢驗(yàn)提示ACM(P=0.226)、MI(P=0.772)、TVR(P=0.278)、CD(P=0.911)、ST(P=0.118)和出血(P=0.234)均不存在發(fā)表偏移,各漏斗圖顯示兩側(cè)對(duì)稱(chēng)(圖5)。敏感度分析結(jié)果顯示ACM、MI、TVR、CD、ST和出血合并效應(yīng)量均未發(fā)生明顯變化,提示研究結(jié)果穩(wěn)定。
經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈支架植入術(shù)中,支架類(lèi)型、介入途徑和病變?cè)u(píng)估工具的發(fā)展可進(jìn)一步改善患者預(yù)后[3,25-26]。DES為新一代常用支架,植入后通過(guò)將支架表面聚合物涂層中的藥物逐漸釋放至血管壁組織而發(fā)揮抗感染、抗血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和平滑肌細(xì)胞過(guò)度增殖效應(yīng)。相比BMS,DES可降低支架內(nèi)再狹窄風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但支架內(nèi)血栓形成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,需更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間抗血小板治療,因而可能增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[27]。老年冠心病患者具有血管功能減弱和出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高等特點(diǎn),使評(píng)價(jià)DES的有效性和安全性存在分歧,各研究之間結(jié)果差異較大,且在支架選擇策略上存在爭(zhēng)議[5,13,15,18]。
本Meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn),與BMS相比,DES可顯著降低老年冠心病患者ACM、MI、TVR和CD風(fēng)險(xiǎn),可能與DES抗感染和抗細(xì)胞過(guò)度增殖有關(guān);DES植入患者ST風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較BMS植入患者降低,而出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,推測(cè)與老年患者本身凝血功能降低和高出血傾向、導(dǎo)致實(shí)際雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療時(shí)間縮短或藥物用量減少有關(guān),需進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。RCT組和CS組間的結(jié)果差異可能與納入RCT較少和其研究設(shè)計(jì)不足以證實(shí)ACM等長(zhǎng)期安全性終點(diǎn)有關(guān)[28]。Gao等[29]納入7篇小樣本文獻(xiàn)的薈萃分析顯示,與BMS相比,DES可顯著降低老年冠心病患者M(jìn)I和TVR風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且不增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),與本研究結(jié)果相同;但該研究中ACM、CD和ST風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在2組間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,可能與其納入研究和患者數(shù)量較少有關(guān)。
本研究的不足:納入RCT文獻(xiàn)較少,隨訪(fǎng)時(shí)間期限不同;未納入未報(bào)道具體結(jié)局事件數(shù)的研究;未納入不能獲取全文的文獻(xiàn),可能存在選擇偏倚。
圖5 評(píng)估發(fā)表偏倚的漏斗圖 A.ACM; B.MI; C.TVR; D.CD; E.ST; F.出血
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