張浩然 喬旭旭 畢明宏 翟云芝 錢立宇 潘成武 趙論
[摘要] 目的 探討沉默RPMI-8226 DEPTOR基因表達(dá)在非接觸式共培養(yǎng)體系下,對破骨細(xì)胞分化因子(RANKL)蛋白表達(dá)及THP-1細(xì)胞向破骨樣分化的作用,并研究其可能機制。 方法 構(gòu)建DEPTOR shRNA重組慢病毒載體轉(zhuǎn)染RPMI-8226細(xì)胞。通過Western blot技術(shù)從蛋白水平檢測RPMI-8226細(xì)胞中DEPTOR及RANKL的表達(dá),Western blot檢測自噬相關(guān)蛋白LC-3和Atg5表達(dá)。構(gòu)建共培養(yǎng)體系,分三組:THP-1細(xì)胞單培養(yǎng)組、THP-1+RPMI-8226細(xì)胞組和THP-1+DEPTOR shRNA組。應(yīng)用抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色法檢測THP-1向破骨樣細(xì)胞分化過程中抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶活性改變,應(yīng)用RT-PCR法檢測THP-1細(xì)胞降鈣素受體(CTR)和組織蛋白酶(Cathepsin)-K mRNA表達(dá)水平。 結(jié)果 DEPTOR shRNA可明顯抑制RPMI-8226細(xì)胞中DEPTOR及RANKL蛋白表達(dá)(P < 0.05),DEPTOR shRNA組自噬相關(guān)蛋白LC-3和Atg5的蛋白的表達(dá)水平較陰性對照轉(zhuǎn)染組及未轉(zhuǎn)染組下降(P < 0.05)。THP-1細(xì)胞與RPMI-8226細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng)條件下可誘導(dǎo)THP-1細(xì)胞破骨樣分化,CTR和Cathepsin-K基因表達(dá)上調(diào)(P < 0.05);DEPTOR shRNA共培養(yǎng)條件下可抑制THP-1細(xì)胞向破骨樣細(xì)胞分化,CTR和Cathepsin-K基因表達(dá)減弱,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 DEPTOR shRNA能明顯抑制共培養(yǎng)體系中THP-1細(xì)胞的破骨樣分化,該作用可能與DEPTOR下調(diào)RPMI-8226細(xì)胞RANKL有關(guān),抑制自噬可阻礙破骨細(xì)胞的分化成熟。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 骨髓瘤骨??;DEPTOR;RNA干擾;自噬;THP-1
[中圖分類號] R733.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)02(a)-0018-04
The role of DEPTOR-mTOR signaling pathway-mediated autophagy on osteoclasts differentiation and maturation in multiple myeloma
ZHANG Haoran1 QIAO Xuxu1 BI Minghong1 ZHAI Yunzhi1 QIAN Liyu2 PAN Chengwu2 ZHAO Lun1
1.Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui Province, Bengbu 233004, China; 2.Department of Surgical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui Province, Bengbu 233004, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the role of DEPTOR knockdown in RPMI-8226 cells on the protein expression of RANKL and differentiation of THP-1 into osteoclast-like cells in a contactless co-culture system and its possible mechanism. Methods Constructed DEPTOR shRNA expression vector GV115-shRNA was transferred into RPMI-8226 cell to produce packaged lentivirus. Western blot was applied to measure the protein levels of DEPTOR and RANKL. The expression of autophagy-associated proteins LC-3 and Atg5 were confirmed by Western blot analysis. Three groups were divided:THP-1 group, THP-1 + RPMI-8226 group and THP-1 + DEPTOR shRNA group. Osteoclast-like cells were identified by TRAP. The mRNA levels of calcitonin receptor (CTR) and Cathepsin-K were examined using RT-PCR. Results The results showed that protein expression levels of DEPTOR and RANKL were significantly lower in RPMI-8226 cells transfected with GV115 DEPTOR shRNA compared with that in untransfected cells (P < 0.05). The expression levels of autophagy-associated proteins LC-3 and Atg5 in the DEPTOR shRNA group were significantly lower than those in the control shRNA group and the parental group (P < 0.05). In the co-culture system, THP-1 cell could differentiate into TRAP positive multinuclear cells. RPMI-8226 promoted mRNA expression of CTR and Cathepsin-K (P < 0.05). DEPTOR shRNA suppressed osteoclast-like cells formation and decreased CTR and Cathepsin-K mRNA expression in co-cultures, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion In the coculture system, DEPTOR shRNA inhibits the differentiation of THP-1 cells into TRAP positive multinuclear cells, which may be due to its inhibition on RANKL expression in RPMI-8226 cells, and the inhibition of autophagy will restrain osteoclast maturation.
[Key words] Myeloma bone disease; DEPTOR; RNA interference; Autophagy; THP-1
多發(fā)性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)居血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤第二位,占10%~15%[1]。70%~80%的MM患者可出現(xiàn)不同程度的骨質(zhì)破壞即骨髓瘤骨病(myeloma bone disease,MBD)。目前認(rèn)為在骨髓微環(huán)境中,破骨細(xì)胞(osteoclast,OC)是MBD的主要效應(yīng)細(xì)胞,其起源于骨髓單核/巨噬細(xì)胞系[2]。目前認(rèn)為有多種機制參與OC的分化[3-5]。
自噬是廣泛存在于真核細(xì)胞中的生命現(xiàn)象,細(xì)胞自噬與腫瘤的關(guān)系十分復(fù)雜,研究顯示在人類腫瘤中存在自噬活性的改變[6]。且有研究提示自噬可能參與OC的形成[7]。研究顯示DEPTOR基因高表達(dá)于大部分多發(fā)性骨髓瘤細(xì)胞系[8],DEPTOR是mTOR的負(fù)性因子,我們前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在MM細(xì)胞株中DEPTOR基因沉默對自噬有抑制作用[9]。
本研究從骨髓微環(huán)境入手,使用人外周血的THP-1細(xì)胞株,shRNA抑制RPMI-8226細(xì)胞DEPTOR表達(dá),通過建立共培養(yǎng)模型,觀察其對OC分化因子(RANKL)蛋白表達(dá)及THP-1細(xì)胞向破骨樣分化的作用,并研究其可能機制,以期更好地揭示MBD發(fā)生的分子機制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 主要材料
DEPTOR shRNA由蚌埠醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院中心實驗室構(gòu)建。Transwell小室(孔徑0.4 μm)(2500655)購于Millipore,抗體DEPTOR(09463)購自美國Millipore公司,兔抗人RANKL多克隆抗體(GTX59855)購于GeneTex。Atg5(sc33210)、LC-3:(sc271625)和GAPDH抗體(sc47724)購自Santa Cruz公司。PCR引物由上海生工生物工程有限公司合成,RT-PCR試劑盒(20140801)購自美國Promega公司。PMA(佛波醇)(ICA1042)及TRAP(抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶)染色試劑盒(SLBJ7300V)購于美國Sigma公司。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng) THP-1細(xì)胞及人MM細(xì)胞株RPMI-8226細(xì)胞用含10%小牛血清的RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng),在37℃、5%CO2飽和濕度的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)培養(yǎng)。
1.2.2 DEPTOR shRNA載體轉(zhuǎn)染RPMI-8226細(xì)胞 特異DEPTOR shRNA的篩選及慢病毒載體的構(gòu)建見本課題組的先前報道[10],將感染復(fù)數(shù)為10的DEPTOR shRNA病毒液加入RPMI-8226細(xì)胞中,在37℃、5%CO2飽和濕度的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱培養(yǎng),經(jīng)鑒定轉(zhuǎn)染成功后收集細(xì)胞進行下面的實驗。
1.2.3 Western blot檢測RPMI-8226細(xì)胞中DEPTOR、RANKL、LC-3及Atg5蛋白水平 在RPMI-8226細(xì)胞感染72 h后收集DEPTOR shRNA處理的細(xì)胞提取總蛋白,RIPA裂解液與蛋白酶抑制劑PMSF混合液提取蛋白質(zhì),測定濃度。凝膠電泳并常規(guī)轉(zhuǎn)膜,脫脂奶粉封閉2 h,一抗(DEPTOR、RANKL、Atg5及LC-3抗體)4℃孵育過夜,二抗室溫孵育2 h,ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光顯像,以GAPDH為對照。
1.2.4 建立非接觸式共培養(yǎng)體系 培養(yǎng)THP-1細(xì)胞,1×105/mL接種24孔板中。使用Transwell小室進行細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng),上室接種1×105/mL RPMI-8226細(xì)胞,Transwell小室下室接種有貼壁THP-1細(xì)胞。在37℃、5%CO2飽和濕度的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)培養(yǎng)。
1.2.5 TRAP染色及細(xì)胞計數(shù) 培養(yǎng)10 d后,應(yīng)用4%多聚甲醛固定各組細(xì)胞后,進行TRAP染色,按試劑盒操作步驟進行染色。觀察TRAP染色陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)目。
1.2.6 RT-PCR檢測CTR和Cathepsin-K mRNA的表達(dá) 以前述條件培養(yǎng)48 h后,提取細(xì)胞總RNA,逆轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA,以RT-PCR法檢測CTR和Cathepsin-K mRNA表達(dá)水平。PCR反應(yīng)條件:95℃ 2 min,95℃ 30 s,60℃ 30 s,72℃ 45 s,共35個循環(huán)。PCR引物序列,CTR序列:5′-TGGCGACTATCTACTGCTTCTG-3′(上游);5′-GTTGTTGCTGATTGGAGGATTC-3′(下游);Cathepsin-K序列:5′-GTTGTATGTATAACGCCACGGC-3′(上游);5′-CTTTCTCGTTCCCCACAGG?鄄A-3′(下游);內(nèi)參GAPDH序列:5′-TGACTTCAACAG?鄄CGACACCCA-3′(上游);5′-CACCCTGTTGCTGTAG?鄄CCAAA-3′(下游)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 DEPTOR shRNA對RPMI-8226細(xì)胞DEPTOR蛋白表達(dá)的影響
Western blot檢測顯示,慢病毒感染RPMI-8226細(xì)胞72 h后,DEPTOR shRNA組DEPTOR蛋白表達(dá)量[(33.0±1.7)%]較陰性對照轉(zhuǎn)染組(Control shRNA組)[(89.3±1.5)%]顯著下降,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見圖1。
2.2 Western blot檢測RANKL蛋白
DEPTOR shRNA組RANKL的蛋白表達(dá)水平[(36.0±2.1)%]較Control shRNA組[(92.5±1.8)%]顯著下降,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見圖2。
2.3 Western blot技術(shù)檢測自噬相關(guān)蛋白LC-3和Atg5
DEPTOR shRNA組Atg5蛋白[(18.6±2.1)%]表達(dá)量與Control shRNA組[(48.5±1.8)%]相比顯著下降,DEPTOR shRNA組LC-3Ⅱ的蛋白表達(dá)水平[(11.3±1.6)%]與Control shRNA組[(22.6±1.9)%]相比下調(diào),差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見圖3。
2.4 DEPTOR shRNA對破骨樣細(xì)胞生成的影響
本研究顯示,THP-1細(xì)胞單培養(yǎng)組TRAP染色呈陰性;THP-1+RPMI-8226組中可見TRAP染色陽性多核破骨樣細(xì)胞,DEPTOR shRNA組中OC數(shù)量較THP-1+RPMI-8226組減少。見圖4。
2.5 RT-PCR檢測CTR和Cathepsin-K mRNA表達(dá)
RT-PCR檢測顯示,THP-1+RPMI-8226細(xì)胞組中CTR和Cathepsin-K基因表達(dá)水平均較THP-1細(xì)胞單培養(yǎng)組升高(P < 0.05);THP-1+DEPTOR shRNA組中CTR和Cathepsin-K基因表達(dá)水平較THP-1+RPMI-8226細(xì)胞組均降低(P < 0.05);THP-1+DEPTOR shRNA組中CTR和Cathepsin-K基因表達(dá)水平與THP-1細(xì)胞單培養(yǎng)組比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見圖5。
3 討論
人外周血中的OC前體細(xì)胞,在M-CSF與RANKL的共同刺激下,可分化為OC[11]。M-CSF能夠與OC前體細(xì)胞表面的c-Fms受體結(jié)合,并維持OC前體細(xì)胞的生存。RANKL通過激活OC前體細(xì)胞上的受體使其分化成OC,并增強OC活力。OC與MM細(xì)胞相互作用所導(dǎo)致的惡性循環(huán)是MBD發(fā)生進行性骨質(zhì)破壞最主要的原因[12]。
自噬具有維持細(xì)胞自穩(wěn)的功能。近年來研究表明,細(xì)胞自噬與發(fā)育、氧化性損傷保護、神經(jīng)退行性疾病及腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖有關(guān),并且多種人類腫瘤細(xì)胞中存在自噬活性的改變[13],發(fā)現(xiàn)在MM細(xì)胞中存在較高的自噬活性[14],調(diào)節(jié)自噬可能會為MM治療提供新角度。目前研究顯示DEPTOR-mTOR信號通路在調(diào)控細(xì)胞生長、分化、凋亡、自噬等活動中起重要作用[15-16]。位于mTOR信號通路下游的核糖體蛋白p70S6K抑制細(xì)胞自噬發(fā)生,其活性受mTOR調(diào)節(jié)。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)自噬活性改變參與了骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞向成骨細(xì)胞的分化過程,研究也提示自噬參與了K562細(xì)胞向巨核細(xì)胞的分化演變進程[17]。
自噬和OC功能關(guān)系密切,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)OC產(chǎn)生自噬可能是OC的一種生存保護機制,自噬對機體骨形成及骨骼發(fā)育有重要調(diào)節(jié)作用[18],但相關(guān)分子機制并不清楚。目前發(fā)現(xiàn),自噬主要受mTOR信號通路的調(diào)節(jié),DEPTOR是mTOR的負(fù)性因子,在MM細(xì)胞株中DEPTOR基因沉默后下調(diào)自噬[9]。調(diào)節(jié)自噬活性可能對MM微環(huán)境下OC分化有重要影響,從而可通過調(diào)節(jié)自噬阻斷OC-MM惡性循環(huán)。
本研究采用RNA干擾技術(shù),沉默DEPTOR基因,研究了在非接觸式共培養(yǎng)模式下觀察OC分化的過程。目前已知PMA刺激THP-1可使其分化為貼壁的巨噬細(xì)胞,在RANKL和M-CSF誘導(dǎo)下,可分化形成TRAP染色陽性的OC[19]。本研究顯示,MM細(xì)胞RPMI-8226可誘導(dǎo)THP-1細(xì)胞破骨樣分化,形成TRAP陽性多核破骨樣細(xì)胞,OC特征性基因CTR和Cathepsin-K的mRNA表達(dá)也增高。
本研究表明沉默DEPTOR蛋白表達(dá)后可明顯下調(diào)RPMI-8226細(xì)胞RANKL蛋白表達(dá)。沉默DEPTOR可抑制細(xì)胞的自噬功能,MM細(xì)胞株可表達(dá)RANKL。而RANKL有誘導(dǎo)單核巨噬細(xì)胞系分化為OC的功能。本研究顯示DEPTOR shRNA能明顯抑制共培養(yǎng)體系中THP-1細(xì)胞的破骨樣分化,該作用可能與DEPTOR下調(diào)RPMI-8226細(xì)胞RANKL有關(guān),DEPTOR-mTOR信號通路參與的自噬可能在RANKL介導(dǎo)的OC分化過程中發(fā)揮重要影響,抑制自噬可阻礙OC的分化成熟。
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(收稿日期:2017-11-07 本文編輯:任 念)