張若蹊 劉殿剛
[摘要] 肥胖已經(jīng)成為全世界焦點問題之一,阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(OSAHS)是睡眠障礙的一種,在肥胖患者中極為常見。減重手術已經(jīng)被證實是治療合并OSAHS的肥胖患者的有效手段之一,然而目前對于減重手術治療合并有OSAHS的肥胖患者仍舊沒有一部指南出臺。本文將對減重手術治療肥胖合并OSAHS的相關最新進展進行綜述。
[關鍵詞] 肥胖;超重;阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征;減重手術;綜合治療
[中圖分類號] R766 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2018)02(a)-0035-04
The progress of bariatric surgery treated obesity with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome
ZHANG Ruoxi LIU Diangang
Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
[Abstract] Obesity has become one of the greatest public health concerns and obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is prevalent among obese patients. Bariatric surgery has been proved to be a effect strategy for obese patients with OSAHS. However, no related bariatric surgical guideline for OSAHS was found up to now. This article aims at summarizing the progress of the effect of bariatric surgery on obesity with OSAHS.
[Key words] Obesity; Overweight; Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome; Bariatric surgery; Multidisciplinary treatment
全世界數(shù)以千萬計的人群正在遭受睡眠障礙的困擾,而阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)是睡眠障礙中最常見的一種[1]。OSAHS是以反復發(fā)作的上呼吸道完全阻塞(呼吸暫停)或部分阻塞(低通氣)為特征,患者在睡眠過程中反復出現(xiàn)呼吸暫停和低通氣現(xiàn)象,表現(xiàn)為打鼾、反復被憋醒(睡眠中斷),睡眠效率明顯降低,白天出現(xiàn)嗜睡、記憶力下降,嚴重者會出現(xiàn)認知功能障礙[2]。我國的OSAHS患病率在4%左右[3]。肥胖[體重超過標準體重的20%或以上,體重指數(shù)(BMI)≥28 kg/m2]是OSAHS最重要的危險因素[4]。肥胖患者,特別是擬行減重手術患者,OSAHS的患病率高達60%~83%[5],而在確診為OSAHS的人群中,肥胖者約占70%。OSAHS的其他危險因素有:性別(男性)、年齡、上氣道解剖異常、大量飲酒吸煙、服用鎮(zhèn)靜藥物、甲狀腺功能低下、心功能不全、胃食管反流等[5]。
1 OSAHS的診斷
本病診斷手段中最重要的是多導睡眠監(jiān)測(polysomnography,PSG),而整夜PSG監(jiān)測(不少于7 h)是診斷OSAHS的金標準[6],其可記錄睡眠中平均每小時呼吸暫停和/或低通氣次數(shù)之和,即呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)(apnea hypopnea index,AHI)或呼吸暫停指數(shù)(apnea index,AI)。如無PSG監(jiān)測條件,可使用便攜式監(jiān)測(portable monitoring,PM),如Apnea Link Plus(ALP)[7]。如患者出現(xiàn)夜間睡眠打鼾,反復呼吸暫停及覺醒,白天有明顯嗜睡表現(xiàn),最常采用(Epworth slee?鄄piness scale,ESS)嗜睡量表來主觀評價。同時患者有肥胖,查體發(fā)現(xiàn)有上呼吸道解剖異常,如咽腔狹窄、鼻腔阻塞、扁桃體肥大、舌根后墜、小頜畸形等OSAHS危險因素,AHI>5次/h者可以診斷為OSAHS[8]。OSAHS的病情程度可依據(jù)AHI進行評判,并注明低氧血癥的情況,夜間最低SpO2:AHI 5~15為輕度,AHI 16~30為中度,AHI>30為重度[9]。
2 OSAHS的治療方法
OSAHS的治療主要是針對病因及高危因素的治療。如戒煙戒酒,慎用鎮(zhèn)靜催眠藥物;治療甲狀腺功能低下及胃食管反流等。如為體位性OSAHS(仰臥位AHI/側臥位AHI≥2)[10],可采用側臥位睡眠以改善癥狀。持續(xù)氣道正壓通氣(continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP)是OSAHS患者治療選擇的金標準以及減重手術的初始治療手段[11],其分為標準固定壓力CPAP、智能型CPAP及雙水平氣道正壓(BiPAP),以標準CPAP最為常用,CO2潴留明顯者建議使用BiPAP[12]。而對于伴有下頜后縮的輕中度OSAHS患者,或CPAP治療不耐受或失敗者亦可采用口腔矯治器進行治療[13]。有明確上氣道口咽部阻塞,可行局部外科手術以緩解阻塞、改善癥狀,如懸雍垂腭咽成形術(uvulopalatopharyngoplasty,UPPP)等[14]。
肥胖是OSAHS最重要的危險因素,BMI升高6 kg/m2會使OSAHS的發(fā)生風險提高4倍[15],所以減重治療在肥胖合并OSAHS的治療中被推薦為第一選擇。臨床上通過對患者進行強化生活方式干預(intensive lifestyle intervention,ILI),包括飲食調整、體力活動、行為治療以及藥物減重,可獲得體重減輕從而達到治療效果,但長期效果較差[16]。如果要獲得相對穩(wěn)定和確實的減重效果以及對相關合并癥如OSAHS的治療,應該行減重手術。
2.1 減重手術治療肥胖合并OSAHS的機制研究
首先,中心性肥胖(脂肪主要分布于腹部,上半身及頸部)與OSAHS關系比較密切[17]。腹部脂肪的增加,縮小了腹腔的空間,影響膈肌,降低了肺容量[18]。肥胖合并OSAHS的患者頸部脂肪與正常人相比要多42%,從而會引起咽腔狹窄,增加OSAHS的風險[19]。減重手術可以改善肺容量,減少頸部脂肪,增加氣道橫徑,從而緩解AHI。另外的機制可能涉及脂肪細胞產(chǎn)生的相關的激素類物質,如:瘦素(Leptin)。Leptin不僅在體重調節(jié)中發(fā)揮重要作用(肥胖與高水平的瘦素有相關性,表明存在Leptin抵抗),而且對呼吸中樞有影響。OSAHS患者較非OSAHS患者有明顯偏高水平的Leptin[20],Leptin抵抗環(huán)境下,較高水平的Leptin可能與OSAHS的病理生理有關[21]。減重手術可以降低肥胖合并OSAHS患者的Leptin水平,從而緩解OSAHS的癥狀。最近還有研究表明,肥胖/OSAHS與系統(tǒng)性炎癥有關[22]。OSAHS的患者體內(nèi)多伴有促炎因子的釋放[23],血清中可有IL-6、TNF-α及受體、C反應蛋白(CRP)等升高。代謝減重手術可以明顯減少這些炎性因子的釋放[24],并能明顯改善胰島素抵抗[25],從而達到一種抗炎狀態(tài),起到緩解OSAHS的作用。
2.2 減重手術治療OSAHS
對于肥胖合并OSAHS進行減重手術治療的適應證目前仍無專門的規(guī)定,而是在一些指南中被提及。美國內(nèi)科醫(yī)師協(xié)會(ACP)2013年《成人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征臨床治療指南》[26]的推薦意見僅僅提到:所有超重或肥胖合并OSAHS的患者均鼓勵進行減重治療,但未明確什么情況下行減重手術治療?!吨袊逝趾?型糖尿病外科治療指南(2014)》[27]中規(guī)定BMI>27.5 kg/m2的2型糖尿病患者如果合并OSAHS可考慮手術。對于肥胖合并OSAHS的患者,目前報道采用的減重手術可分為限制攝入型手術:如腹腔鏡胃袖狀切除術(laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy,LSG)、腹腔鏡可調節(jié)胃束帶術(laparoscopic adjustable gastric bandage,LAGB);減少吸收型手術:如腹腔鏡膽胰曠置和十二指腸轉位術(laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch,LBPD-DS);兼具前兩者的混合型手術:如腹腔鏡胃旁路術(laparosocpic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass,LRYGB)[28]。而目前最為常用術式是LSG和LRYGB。
2.3 減重手術與非手術減重的比較
Ashrafian等[29]對減重手術(主要是RYGB、VBG等)及非手術減重(藥物、行為及生活方式的干預)治療OSAHS進行了系統(tǒng)文獻回顧。在減重手術組,BMI降低了14 kg/m2,AHI降低了29次/h,而非手術減重組分別僅有3.1 kg/m2和11次/h,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。相對于非減重手術,減重手術在BMI及AHI方面顯示了更為明顯的改善作用。Fredheim等[30]對133例病態(tài)肥胖患者(84例合并OSAHS)進行了研究,研究分析表明OSAHS患者的獲益來源于體重的下降,而非手術本身。另一60例肥胖(BMI:35~55 kg/m2)伴OSAHS(AHI≥20次/h)患者的2年隨機對照研究顯示:減重手術組(LAGB)術后體重減輕較傳統(tǒng)治療組體重減輕明顯,有顯著性差異[31]。該研究還提示:體重下降可引起AHI的降低,但大多數(shù)的獲益是輕度或中度的體重下降患者,體重進一步下降則AHI改變較小??傊跍p重治療OSAHS的比較中,手術減重較非手術治療有相對較好的緩解效果。
3 減重手術治療OSAHS存在的問題
減重手術在世界范圍內(nèi)得到越來越多的開展,每年手術量達到50萬并逐年增加。但減重手術治療OSAHS的研究相對較少,國內(nèi)更未見有論著性研究。國外相關研究中,RCT研究數(shù)量較少,且病例數(shù)均較少,前瞻性研究中最大的病例數(shù)也只有197例[32]。各研究的隨防時間也大不相同,所以對相關結果的分析應謹慎。有研究顯示,行減重手術后4.5個月,患者AHI從40次/h降至11次/h,但7.5年后又升至24次/h[33]。另一研究有相似的結果,術后12個月AHI從56.5次/h降至31.5次/h,而3年后又升高至40.7次/h[34]。隨著隨防時間的延長,OSAHS加重復發(fā)可能性增大,可能是由于術后一定時間體重不同程度恢復或其他原因而引發(fā)[35]。而Obeid等[36]的研究結果卻不同,在長期的隨防中(5年),術后OSAHS的改善結果得到了維持。但有人認為減重術后的體重下降可能在中短期(1~2年)內(nèi)可維持,所以OSAHS患者在這個時期之后,復發(fā)加重的風險可能會隨著復胖而升高[37]。此外,各研究的患者準入標準也各不相同,一致性受影響;診斷方法和評價標準也有不同,如對于OSAHS的診斷主要依據(jù)AHI,也有用AI或RDI的;術前是否應用CPAP或應用時間也各不相同;PSG為較特殊設備,進行檢測相對困難較大,使得術后隨訪的依從性較差;有多種不同的減重手術方式,相同術式也有腹腔鏡或開腹區(qū)別等等。以上問題均對研究結果的判定產(chǎn)生一定的影響,所以得出結論需謹慎。針對以上問題,需要更好的入組標準同質、診斷方法一致、細化分層隨訪時間的隨機對照研究來進一步確定代謝減重手術對肥胖合并OSAHS患者的治療效果。
4 展望和挑戰(zhàn)
雖然國內(nèi)減重外科發(fā)展迅猛,但開展多學科協(xié)作治療肥胖合并OSAHS的單位則相對較少。在國內(nèi),目前減重代謝外科手術治療肥胖合并OSAHS仍處于起步和探索階段,對于手術適應證的判斷主要依據(jù)2014版《中國肥胖和2型糖尿病外科治療指南》[27],而無關于肥胖合并OSAHS的指南及規(guī)范。
2015年,中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會睡眠醫(yī)學專業(yè)委員會成立了減重代謝外科學組,這是國內(nèi)治療肥胖合并OSAHS領域的里程碑,該學組的成立為該領域的經(jīng)驗、學術交流提供了平臺。在目前國內(nèi)外諸多臨床證據(jù)已經(jīng)證實減重手術可使肥胖合并OSAHS獲益的情況下,仍需更多的臨床中心進行大規(guī)模、前瞻性的、多學科、多中心的臨床研究,進一步積累經(jīng)驗、探索機制并總結規(guī)范,使得更多的肥胖合并OSAHS患者得到精準診斷和規(guī)范治療。
[參考文獻]
[1] Peromaa-Haavisto P,Tuomilehto H,K?觟ssi J,et al. Obstructive sleep apnea:the effect of bariatric surgery after 12 mon?鄄ths. A prospective multicenter trial [J]. Sleep Med,2017, 35:85-90.
[2] Sockalingam S,Tehrani H,Taube-Schiff M,et al. Therelationship between eating psychopathology and obstructive sleep apnea in bariatric surgery candidates:A retrospective study [J]. Int J Eat Disord,2017,50(7):801-807.
[3] 何權瀛,王莞爾.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征診治指南(基層版)[J].中國呼吸與危重監(jiān)護雜志,2015,14(4):398-405.
[4] Joosten SA,Khoo JK,Edwards BA,et al. Improvement in Obstructive Sleep Apnea With Weight Loss is Dependent on Body Position During Sleep [J]. Sleep,2017,40(5):332-338.
[5] Ashrafian H,le Roux CW,Rowland SP,et al. Metabolic surgery and obstructive sleep apnoea:the protective effects of bariatric procedures [J]. Thorax,2012,67(5):442-449.
[6] Kushida CA,Littner MR,Morgenthaler T,et al. Practice parameters for the indications for polysomnography and related procedures:an update for 2005 [J]. Sleep,2005,28(4):499-521.
[7] Cho JH, Kim HJ. Validation of ApneaLink Plus for the diagnosis of sleep apnea [J]. Sleep Breath,2017,21(3):799-807.
[8] Senaratna CV,Perret JL,Lodge CJ,et al. Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population:A systematic review [J]. Sleep Med Rev,2017,34:70-81.
[9] de Raaff CAL,Coblijn UK,de Klerk ESM,et al. Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on quality of life after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass [J]. Surgeon,2017.doi:10.1016/j. surge. 2017. 04. 003. [Epub ahead of print].
[10] Benoist L,de Ruiter M,de Lange J,et al. A randomized,controlled trial of positional therapy versus oral appliance therapy for position-dependent sleep apnea [J]. Sleep Med,2017,34:109-117.
[11] Cao MT,Sternbach JM,Guilleminault C. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy in obstuctive sleep apnea:benefits and alternatives [J]. Expert Rev Respir Med,2017, 11(4):259-272.
[12] Kuklisova Z,Tkacova R,Joppa P,et al. Severity of nocturnal hypoxia and daytime hypercapnia predicts CPAP failure in patients with COPD and obstructive sleep apnea overlap syndrome [J]. Sleep Med,2017,30:139-145.
[13] Machado Junior AJ,Pauna HF,Crespo AN. Oral appliance in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome [J]. Sleep Med,2017,34:232-233.
[14] Yamamoto T,F(xiàn)ujii N,Nishimura Y,et al. Mechanisms Underlying Improvement in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome by Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty [J]. Case Rep Otolaryngol,2017,2017:2120165.
[15] Pillar G,Shehadeh N. Abdominal fat and sleep apnea:the chicken or the egg? [J]. Diabetes Care,2008,31(7):S303-S309.
[16] Buchwald H,Avidor Y,Braunwald E,et al. Bariatric sur?鄄gery:a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. JAMA,2004,292(14):1724-1737.
[17] de Sousa AG,Cercato C,Mancini MC,et al. Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome[J]. Obes Rev,2008. 9(4):340-354.
[18] Jones RL,Nzekwu MM. The effects of body mass index on lung volumes [J]. Chest,2006,130(3):827-833.
[19] Quintas-Neves M,Preto J,Drummond M. Assessment of bariatric surgery efficacy on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)[J]. Rev Port Pneumol(2006),2016,22(6):331-336.
[20] Ip MS,Lam KS,Ho C,et al. Serum leptin and vascular risk factors in obstructive sleep apnea[J]. Chest,2000, 118(3):580-586.
[21] Romero-Corral A,Caples SM,Lopez-Jimenez F,et al. Interactions between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea: implications for treatment [J]. Chest,2010,137(3):711-719.
[22] Pallayova M,Steele KE,Magnuson TH,et al. Sleep apnea determines soluble TNF-alpha receptor 2 response to massive weight loss [J]. Obes Surg,2011,21(9):1413-1423.
[23] Ruchala M,Brominska B,Cyranska-Chyrek E,et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and hormones - a novel insight [J]. Arch Med Sci,2017,13(4):875-884.
[24] Punjabi NM,Beamer BA. C-reactive protein is associated with sleep disordered breathing independent of adiposity [J]. Sleep,2007,30(1):29-34.
[25] Kopp HP,Kopp CW,F(xiàn)esta A,et al. Impact of weight loss on inflammatory proteins and their association with the insulin resistance syndrome in morbidly obese patients [J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2003,23(6):1042-1047.
[26] Qaseem A,Holty JE,Owens DK,et al. Management of obstructive sleep apnea in adults:A clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians[J]. Ann Intern Med,2013,159(7):471-483.
[27] 劉金剛,鄭成竹,王勇.中國肥胖和2型糖尿病外科治療指南(2014)[J].中國實用外科雜志,2014,34(11):1005-1010.
[28] Buchwald H. The evolution of metabolic/bariatric surgery [J]. Obes Surg,2014,24(8):1126-1135.
[29] Ashrafian H,Toma T,Rowland SP,et al. Bariatric Surgery or Non-Surgical Weight Loss for Obstructive Sleep Apnoea?A Systematic Review and Comparison of Meta-analyses [J]. Obes Surg,2015,25(7):1239-1250.
[30] Fredheim JM,Rollheim J,Sandbu R,et al. Obstructive sleep apnea after weight loss:a clinical trial comparing gastric bypass and intensive lifestyle intervention [J]. J Clin Sleep Med,2013,9(5):427-432.
[31] Dixon JB,Schachter LM,O'Brien PE,et al. Surgical vs conventional therapy for weight loss treatment of obstructive sleep apnea:a randomized controlled trial[J]. JAMA,2012,308(11):1142-1149.
[32] Peromaa-Haavisto P,Tuomilehto H,Kossi J,et al. Obstructive sleep apnea:the effect of bariatric surgery after 12 months. A prospective multicenter trial [J]. Sleep Med,2017,35:85-90.
[33] Pillar G,Peled R,Lavie Recurrence of sleep apnea without concomitant weight increase 7.5 years after weight reduction surgery [J]. Chest,1994,6(6):1702-1704.
[34] Feigel-Guiller B,Drui D,Dimet J,et al. Laparoscopic Gastric Banding in Obese Patients with Sleep Apnea:A 3-Year Controlled Study and Follow-up After 10 Years [J]. Obes Surg,2015,25(10):1886-1892.
[35] Cowan DC,Livingston E. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and weight loss:review [J]. Sleep Disord,2012, 2012:163296.
[36] Obeid A,Long J,Kakade M,et al. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass:long term clinical outcomes [J]. Surg End?鄄osc,2012,26(12):3515-3520.
[37] Quintas-Neves M,Preto J,Drummond M. Assessment of bariatric surgery efficacy on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) [J]. Rev Port Pneumol(2006),2016,22(6):331-336.
(收稿日期:2017-10-06 本文編輯:劉學梅)