高麗虹,孫愛軍
(中國醫(yī)學科學院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科,北京 100730)
近年來,代謝綜合征正成為全球主要公共衛(wèi)生問題[1]。它的實質是多種心血管疾病危險因素的聚集,包括中心性肥胖合并血壓、血糖、甘油三酯升高和/或高密度脂蛋白降低[2]。代謝綜合征有多個診斷標準,現(xiàn)多采用國際糖尿病聯(lián)盟(IDF)2005年推薦的定義[3]。絕經(jīng)后女性代謝綜合征患病率增加[4],目前研究較多的是雌、雄激素與之的關系[5-7],卻一直忽略了另一個重要的內分泌紊亂因素:卵泡刺激素(FSH)。2006年,Sun等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)FSH 能刺激破骨細胞表面的卵泡刺激素受體(FSHR),促使破骨細胞活動增強從而引起骨質疏松,而雌激素并不能糾正這一作用。該論文的發(fā)表引起了醫(yī)學界的廣泛關注,也使得研究者開始探索絕經(jīng)后FSH水平和多種老年性疾病的關系?,F(xiàn)就絕經(jīng)后女性卵泡刺激素水平和代謝綜合征的關系作一綜述。
代謝綜合征在不同人群中的發(fā)病率均較高,既往研究認為一般成年人患病率為20%~30%[4,9-11],而絕經(jīng)后女性患病率明顯增高,約為31%~55%[12-14],也有研究提示絕經(jīng)后女性患病率是絕經(jīng)前的3.3倍[15]。MORGAM項目數(shù)據(jù)提示,60~78歲女性患病率較19~39歲增加5倍,男性則增加2倍[10]。國內一項31省150個監(jiān)測點104 098 名18歲以上成年人代謝綜合征(采用中華醫(yī)學會糖尿病分會診斷標準)流行情況的研究顯示,我國成年人代謝綜合征患病率為11.0%,城市高于農(nóng)村,50歲前男性患病率高于女性,50歲時男女性患病率曲線出現(xiàn)交叉,50~70歲女性患病率繼續(xù)增加,而男性患病率在50歲以后處于平穩(wěn)狀態(tài)[16],這和既往研究相似[11,17]。
FSH是由垂體前葉嗜堿性細胞分泌的一種糖蛋白激素,因最早發(fā)現(xiàn)其能刺激女性卵泡成熟而得名,其分泌和釋放受下丘腦促性腺激素釋放激素調控,并受外周雌激素反饋調控。絕經(jīng)后女性卵巢功能衰竭,雌激素下降,失去對FSH的負反饋,形成了絕經(jīng)后的高FSH狀態(tài)。研究顯示,F(xiàn)SH在絕經(jīng)前6.10年開始上升,絕經(jīng)前2.05年迅速上升,絕經(jīng)前0.20年上升幅度減慢,絕經(jīng)2年后基本處于穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)[18-19]。FSH變化模式和絕經(jīng)年齡、吸煙等無關,而與肥胖和種族有關[19]。絕經(jīng)后肥胖婦女FSH較瘦者低(45.5 U/L vs. 64.1 U/L)[20],部分原因可能是脂肪組織的間葉細胞產(chǎn)生雌激素,并對FSH產(chǎn)生負反饋[21]。超重婦女減重后FSH水平有所回升[22]。
卵泡刺激素受體(FSHR)屬于G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體,分胞外區(qū)、7個跨膜區(qū)和胞內區(qū)三個結構域[23]。FSH結合FSHR,經(jīng)由G蛋白激活的多種信號通路對細胞的功能產(chǎn)生作用。FSHR除了在生殖細胞表達外,還存在于血管[24]、肝臟[25]、脂肪[26]以及其他,F(xiàn)SHR的存在為FSH發(fā)揮廣泛的功能提供了生物學基礎。
最近兩項研究提示,絕經(jīng)后代謝綜合征女性FSH低于無代謝綜合征女性,并認為FSH是很好的預測代謝綜合征發(fā)生的指標,預測價值與瘦素/脂聯(lián)素相似,優(yōu)于性激素結合球蛋白(SHBG),超敏C反應蛋白(CRP)和瘦素[27-28]。Wang等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)絕經(jīng)后女性高FSH水平和動脈粥樣硬化性心血管疾病風險下降有關。以上研究均提示絕經(jīng)后女性高FSH水平可能是代謝綜合征的保護性因子,但在代謝綜合征各病理狀態(tài)中,F(xiàn)SH的作用卻不總是表現(xiàn)為有利的作用。
1.與肥胖的關系:肥胖是代謝綜合征發(fā)生的關鍵因素[20]。代謝綜合征采用腰圍作為評價肥胖的指標,而腰圍的增加會導致女性心血管疾病發(fā)病風險和總體死亡率的增加[30]。有學者對543例42~52歲絕經(jīng)前和圍絕經(jīng)期女性進行長達了6年的隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)6年后女性脂肪量增加3.4 kg,腰圍增加5.7 cm,F(xiàn)SH和脂肪量兩者變化的對數(shù)呈正相關[31]。但也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)絕經(jīng)后糖尿病女性低水平FSH和高體質指數(shù)有關[32]。Liu等[33]在人和小鼠脂肪組織和細胞中都發(fā)現(xiàn)存在FSHR表達,F(xiàn)SH直接參與3T3-L1細胞的成脂分化,其對成脂的調控呈濃度依賴效應。該調控可能是通過上調過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體-γ(PPARγ)等基因表達而發(fā)揮作用,并提出FSH通過Gai/Ca(2+)/CREB信號通路來調節(jié)脂肪堆積和分布。近期Nature上發(fā)表了一項研究成果,阻斷實驗小鼠FSH作用后會出現(xiàn)骨量增加和脂肪堆積減緩,研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)FSH作用被阻斷后,解偶聯(lián)蛋白1(UCP1)蛋白表達量增加,白色脂肪細胞米色化[34]。該項研究具有重要的意義,揭示了FSH在絕經(jīng)后女性肥胖和骨質疏松中的作用,并揭示了FSH在低雌激素下引致肥胖和骨質疏松的機制,并為將來研究提供了新的靶點和理論基礎[35-36]。
2.與血脂的關系:絕經(jīng)后女性多有血脂代謝紊亂[37-39]。2003年,Chu等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn)即使月經(jīng)規(guī)律,F(xiàn)SH≥7 U/L女性總膽固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)較FSH<7 U/L組高,高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和甘油三酯(TG)在兩組間沒有統(tǒng)計學差異。SWAN研究分析了絕經(jīng)過渡期女性FSH水平和血脂的關系,發(fā)現(xiàn)高FSH組TC、LDL、TG、HDL等指標均更高[41]。FSH與絕經(jīng)后女性血脂代謝的研究較少。近年來,有學者開始探討絕經(jīng)后女性FSH如何在低雌激素水平下影響血脂。Song等[25]研究了400例絕經(jīng)后婦女FSH和血脂的關系,發(fā)現(xiàn)高FSH組TC和LDL更高,給予激素補充治療后FSH下降明顯者TC和LDL改善程度也更大。我們推測,導致各個研究結論不同的部分原因可能和絕經(jīng)階段有關,但以上研究均提示高FSH參與了TC、LDL等血脂紊亂的發(fā)生。另外,是否可以通過監(jiān)測FSH下降幅度來預測血脂改善效果,值得進一步研究。
絕經(jīng)后FSH和血脂關系的基礎研究在過去幾年也取得一定進展。Cui等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn) FSH可以通過上調雞的腹部脂肪組織中的FSHR mRNA表達來刺激脂質生物合成。體外實驗也發(fā)現(xiàn)FSH可通過濃度依賴性及時間依賴性抑制LDL受體的表達而影響LDL代謝。當通過SiRNA敲除FSHR之后,F(xiàn)SH對LDLR的作用被完全抑制[25]。
3.與血糖的關系:絕經(jīng)后血糖較絕經(jīng)前上升4.64 mg/dL[38],高血糖和代謝綜合征關系密切[42]。我國華東地區(qū)代謝性疾病和危險因素患病率調查首次探討了55歲以上絕經(jīng)后糖尿病婦女FSH水平與血糖的關系。根據(jù)FSH四分位數(shù)分為四組,低FSH四分位數(shù)組與高FSH四分位數(shù)組相比,空腹血糖、空腹胰島素、胰島素抵抗指數(shù)(HOMA-IR)明顯升高。低FSH引起糖尿病前期和糖尿病的OR值分別為1.93和3.02,而這一作用在調整雌激素作用后仍然存在[32],提示低FSH和高血糖、糖尿病前期以及糖尿病有關,推測高FSH可能是絕經(jīng)后婦女血糖代謝的保護性因子。低FSH引起血糖升高的部分原因可由肥胖和胰島素抵抗來解釋[32],另外,炎癥因子可能也參與了FSH導致糖尿病的發(fā)生。炎癥標記物CRP、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)等不僅與雌激素水平正相關[43],而且在動物實驗中也證實其可抑制促性腺激素釋放激素的釋放[44],從而產(chǎn)生低FSH,引起血糖的升高。這些還需要進一步研究證實。
4.與血壓的關系:高血壓是導致女性心血管疾病發(fā)生率和死亡率增加的主要風險因素,65以上女性患病率為60%[45]。絕經(jīng)后女性收縮壓和舒張壓均升高,分別上升6.11 mmHg和3.54 mmHg[39]。有研究提示,低FSH組和血壓升高有關[29,32]。但是,也有學者認為絕經(jīng)后女性FSH的升高與血壓上升有關,它可能通過上調兒茶酚胺水平發(fā)揮作用,并進一步通過動物和體外實驗證實并探討FSH促進兒茶酚胺合成和分泌的細胞內機制[46]。
綜上所述,絕經(jīng)后女性高FSH似乎是代謝綜合征的保護因素,但是相關臨床和機制研究不足,F(xiàn)SH對代謝綜合征各組分作用亦存在矛盾。高FSH不利于LDL和TC代謝,在激素補充治療過程中血脂改善程度和FSH下降幅度是否相關,這得進一步研究和驗證。絕經(jīng)后FSH水平與代謝綜合征的關系是一個全新的研究切入點,相關研究和發(fā)現(xiàn)必將為衰老病理和老年相關疾病診療開辟一個全新的視野和領域。
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