林梢青?付玉婷?孫雯
“不要人夸好顏色,只留清氣滿乾坤”,這句最近很熱的詩(shī)是元代畫家王冕寫在他《墨梅圖》里的。
畫史中的王冕,以擅畫墨梅著稱。明朝畫梅高手姚浙說(shuō)“王家元章傳墨法,雪月風(fēng)煙種種奇”。明末清初的張岱當(dāng)年搜集紹興府舊屬八縣名人家傳遺像,后來(lái)刊刻了一部書,關(guān)于王冕,他的說(shuō)法很有代表性:諸暨人,隱居九里山,種梅千樹,還把自己的住處題為“梅花樹屋”。
王冕的畫都有一個(gè)特點(diǎn):“凡畫必題詩(shī)其上”。所以,今天我們能讀到他許多梅花詩(shī)。他曾說(shuō):“寫梅作詩(shī),其來(lái)一也。名之雖異,意趣實(shí)同?!睙o(wú)論是“墨梅圖”或是“梅花詩(shī)”,勾勒的其實(shí)都是一個(gè)文人的理想世界。
浙江大學(xué)出版社出版的“中國(guó)歷代繪畫大系”之《元畫全集》里,收錄的王冕作品共有7件,分別藏于故宮博物院、上海博物館、美國(guó)克利夫蘭藝術(shù)博物館、美國(guó)紐約大都會(huì)藝術(shù)博物館和日本宮內(nèi)廳三之丸尚藏館。7件作品的主題,無(wú)一例外,都是梅。
作為迄今最權(quán)威最完整的元代繪畫編纂集成,《元畫全集》共收錄海內(nèi)外600多件元代作品,涉及全球近百家博物館、美術(shù)館等收藏單位,其中,海外作品270余件。加之前所未有的高清圖像采集與印刷技術(shù),使我們得以欣賞到最全最精的元代畫作。
藏于北京故宮博物院的這張王冕《墨梅圖》,是一件集詩(shī)、書、畫三絕于一體的神妙之作。
假如對(duì)作品沒(méi)有一定了解,很難找到它準(zhǔn)確的出處。原來(lái),它藏在一件手卷里,全名叫:元趙雍等《元五家合繪》卷。
翻開《元畫全集》第一卷第三冊(cè),第一件便是這件手卷。從右至左,王冕《墨梅圖》列于趙雍《松溪釣艇圖》之后——趙雍為趙孟之子;其后為朱德潤(rùn)《松溪放艇圖》、張觀《疏林茅屋圖》和方從義的《林屋幽居圖》。五件作品是在后人手中合為一卷的。
《元畫全集》中除了作品原大圖像外,還放大至130%的高清圖像,呈現(xiàn)了《墨梅圖》,可以很細(xì)致地觀察每一個(gè)細(xì)部。
這是一幅紙本水墨畫,約一本常見的期刊大小,縱31.6厘米,橫51.0厘米。
題畫詩(shī)見于畫幅左上角偏中:“吾家洗研池頭樹,個(gè)個(gè)華開澹墨痕。不要人夸好顏色,只流清氣滿乾坤。王冕元章為良佐作?!?/p>
元章,即王冕的字。畫中的題詩(shī)與如今流傳的略有區(qū)別,比如“流”與“留”,這是因?yàn)楹笫涝谡砜r(shí),將“流”字作“留”字,后來(lái),“留”字的版本就流傳得更廣了。
緊跟著落款的是“王元章”和“文王子孫”兩枚白文方印,左右兩下角還分別有“會(huì)稽佳山水”和“方外司馬”兩方白文方印。這些都是王冕的印章,特別自然樸拙。在很多記載中說(shuō),王冕是自篆自刻的開創(chuàng)者,在他之前,一般先由專業(yè)人員寫好印稿,再交給專業(yè)工匠刻制,但工匠因?yàn)槲幕仞B(yǎng)不足,常會(huì)缺乏筆墨意趣,而當(dāng)時(shí)印章材質(zhì)多為質(zhì)地較堅(jiān)硬的金屬與玉石,一般文人又刻不了。而王冕用了一種名為“花藥石”的石材,從此,文人開始在篆刻中融入了更多精微的金石意韻。
王冕在《梅譜》中說(shuō)過(guò):“古人從畫為無(wú)聲詩(shī),詩(shī)乃有聲畫,是以畫之得意猶詩(shī)之得句,有喜樂(lè)憂愁而得之者,有感慨憤怒而得之者,此皆一時(shí)之興耳。”
讀完詩(shī),再來(lái)看畫,之所以將《墨梅圖》的畫面欣賞留待最后,這是因?yàn)椋趺岬哪吩谥袊?guó)畫梅的歷史中非常具有代表性,了解歷史,才會(huì)更懂得他的好。
整幅作品墨色清雅,神韻秀逸。畫中繪水墨梅花一枝,枝干秀挺,花朵疏朗。以淡墨暈染花瓣,濃墨勾點(diǎn)花蕊。
這墨梅究竟特別在哪兒?那就要提到另外一位在畫面中留下題跋的重要人物——乾隆。盡管很多人不喜歡乾隆亂題跋,卻不得不承認(rèn)他對(duì)繪畫的心得。乾隆極愛梅花,他在題跋中的第一句話便直指王冕的技法:鉤圈略異楊家法,春滿冰心雪壓腰。何礙旁人呼作杏,問(wèn)他杏得爾清標(biāo)?
“楊”,指的是以擅畫墨梅而聲名遠(yuǎn)播的畫家揚(yáng)無(wú)咎,藏于故宮博物院的《四梅圖》卷是其代表作。乾隆的意思是說(shuō),王冕畫梅的技法和揚(yáng)無(wú)咎不同。
梅花入畫在中國(guó)起源很早,而用水墨畫梅花,北宋中葉的禪僧仲仁大概是最早的,之后影響最大的便是南宋揚(yáng)無(wú)咎。到了元代,畫梅名家輩出,王冕繼承揚(yáng)無(wú)咎的畫法,加以發(fā)展,對(duì)后世也產(chǎn)生巨大影響。所以,書畫鑒定大家謝稚柳先生將王冕稱之為揚(yáng)無(wú)咎水墨畫派的“嫡系”。
除了故宮博物院藏《墨梅圖》,《元畫全集》中還收錄了王冕其余6件作品。其中3件來(lái)自上海博物館。
2002年上海博物館“晉唐宋元書畫國(guó)寶展”展出的《墨梅圖》立軸,是王冕的經(jīng)意之作,從這件作品中,可以看到王冕筆下的墨梅與前人的不同之處。
清人朱方藹《畫梅題記·題畫》中說(shuō):“宋人畫梅,大都疎枝淺蕊。至元煑石山農(nóng)始易以繁花,千叢萬(wàn)簇,倍覺風(fēng)神綽約,珠胎隱現(xiàn),為此花別開生面?!?/p>
宋代揚(yáng)無(wú)咎時(shí)期的墨梅,多為疏枝淺蕊,構(gòu)圖空曠。而王冕的墨梅以繁花密枝的新形式出現(xiàn)。這件作品還以寫意筆法畫枝干,發(fā)枝善用中鋒,挺拔堅(jiān)韌。
將“中國(guó)歷代繪畫大系”此前出版的《宋畫全集》中的揚(yáng)無(wú)咎《四梅圖》卷(第一卷第三冊(cè),故宮博物院藏),與這件《墨梅圖》高清細(xì)節(jié)細(xì)細(xì)比較,會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)在圈花法上,王冕發(fā)揮揚(yáng)無(wú)咎的技法,改一筆三頓挫為一筆二頓挫,稱為“白花頭”畫法,花須、花英隨意點(diǎn)簇,更為簡(jiǎn)潔明快,灑脫清逸。
王冕本人也尤其珍愛這件作品,在畫中留下了自題詩(shī)5首,幾乎將畫作留白全部填滿。這些題畫詩(shī)直抒性靈,如“明潔眾所忌,難與群芳時(shí)。貞貞歲寒心,惟有天地知?!碑嬈?、詩(shī)品、人品融為一體。
上海博物館藏另一件王冕《墨梅圖》軸,墨梅老干新枝,昂揚(yáng)向上,具有獨(dú)立不羈的氣格。枝條用濃墨勾畫,筆致挺勁堅(jiān)韌,長(zhǎng)枝勢(shì)如彎弓秋月,干枝交叉,分枝多作平行伸展,頗有裝飾意趣。花朵的分布長(zhǎng)枝處疏,短枝處密,顯得清新爛漫。圖中自題七言詩(shī)一首。
上海博物館藏的王冕《梅花圖》亦是一件杰作?!对嬋返诙淼诙?cè)中用23頁(yè)來(lái)完整細(xì)節(jié)地呈現(xiàn)這件作品。畫面中,梅花一枝橫斜而出,枝條簡(jiǎn)疏,枝節(jié)交叉處吐蕊開放,表現(xiàn)不經(jīng)栽接之山間野梅荒率清絕的韻致。筆墨精練蘊(yùn)藉,主干以淡墨揮灑,中鋒勾撇,數(shù)尺長(zhǎng)枝,行枝接續(xù),如彎弓秋月,一氣呵成。短枝撇擢如箭戟,濃墨點(diǎn)苔,蒼古老拙。梅花以圈花法,筆意清勁灑脫,頗得揚(yáng)無(wú)咎筆法。
王冕在《梅先生傳》中云:“為人修潔灑落,秀外瑩中,玉立風(fēng)塵表,飄飄然,真神仙中人?!蓖趺岬睦L畫對(duì)此后的畫家產(chǎn)生了至深影響,特別是通過(guò)陳淳、徐渭等人的豐富和發(fā)展,逐漸出現(xiàn)了大寫意和沒(méi)骨花卉并繁榮的花鳥畫格局。
王冕是浙江諸暨人。不管是吳敬梓的《儒林外史》、宋濂的《王冕傳》,還是清雍正年間的《浙江通志》以及其他古籍,都有類似記載。
從《儒林外史》看,王冕是替別人放牛,自學(xué)成才。
而對(duì)照《王冕傳》,可以發(fā)現(xiàn),他是為自家放牛,可見家庭絕非吳敬梓描述得那般貧窮。史料記載,王冕為王猛后裔,原居關(guān)中,八世祖來(lái)諸暨任軍職,死后歸葬當(dāng)?shù)?,子孫遂為諸暨人。到王冕父親這一代,王家成為農(nóng)家。
無(wú)論對(duì)于時(shí)人還是后來(lái)人,少年王冕都屬于“神童”級(jí)別。
王冕的老師是當(dāng)時(shí)名儒韓性,他聽說(shuō)王冕天賦非同一般,就去收為弟子。王冕對(duì)老師很尊重,韓性去世后,同門像對(duì)待韓性一樣對(duì)待王冕。從另一個(gè)方面來(lái)說(shuō),也是對(duì)王冕的學(xué)問(wèn)與為人的認(rèn)可。
另一位對(duì)王冕頗有影響的人是趙孟。趙、王世家通好。1304年,趙孟在浙江等處儒學(xué)提舉任上,王冕去湖南邵陽(yáng)辦事,路過(guò)杭州時(shí),特地拜訪了趙孟。趙孟為王冕作的《蘭蕙圖》題記:“王元章吾通家子也,將之邵陽(yáng),作此蘭蕙圖以贈(zèng)其行?!边@即宣示了兩家的關(guān)系,也有做人的道理與藝術(shù)的教誨。
王冕讀了一肚子書,當(dāng)然希望通過(guò)考試來(lái)顯親揚(yáng)名,但是從他約寫于1316年的《自感》詩(shī)中可見,王冕此時(shí)已經(jīng)30歲了:“蹭蹬三十秋,靡靡如蠢魚”。學(xué)者考證,這首詩(shī)可能是王冕考試失敗之后的作品。
雖然科舉考試的路子沒(méi)有走通,但王冕一直沒(méi)有放棄濟(jì)世安民的愿望。
60歲左右,王冕沿運(yùn)河北上,到了大都,住在臺(tái)州友人泰不花家中,后又繞道長(zhǎng)安去尋訪遠(yuǎn)祖王猛的遺跡。北地風(fēng)光給了王冕別樣的觀感,但是他也看到了諸多時(shí)弊,在諸多詩(shī)作中留下了見聞與感想,后來(lái)懷著“磊落同誰(shuí)語(yǔ),孤高與世違”的心情回到家鄉(xiāng)。
在葛煥標(biāo)與陳侃章先生的署名文章《王冕隱居地九里山之所見》里可以讀到,公元1354年,王冕帶上一家老小,隱居九里山。文章認(rèn)為九里山“在諸暨縣境內(nèi)”。文章還認(rèn)為:歸隱九里山是其人生的一個(gè)重要轉(zhuǎn)折,他傳世的許多詩(shī)和畫都作于此。在山中他又接待了許多名士顯宦,縱論古今,可以說(shuō)王冕是欲“隱”彌彰。
確實(shí),王冕在北上途中,曾有“赤心思報(bào)國(guó),白首愿封侯”的詩(shī)句,而回鄉(xiāng)之后的《村居四首》之一也不消極:英雄在何處,氣慨屬山家。蟻布出入陣,蜂排早晚衙。野花團(tuán)部伍,溪樹擁旗牙。抱膝長(zhǎng)吟罷,天邊日又斜。
1359年,王冕的生命走向史載的尾聲,但仍留下諸多迷局。
這一年春,朱元璋命胡大海從金華率部攻占諸暨,再向東進(jìn)攻紹興。胡大海攻紹興府城時(shí),屯兵于兩地之間九里山麓。
張辰為王冕所作的傳記,也有記載,大意是,明軍隊(duì)夜里捉了王冕。王冕大呼:“我王元章也?!蓖踉逻@個(gè)名字在時(shí)人耳中是如雷貫耳的,就這樣,王冕被帶到了胡大海的駐扎處,未料,第二天病重,不久便去世了。
這一年,朱元璋32歲。如果王冕的出生日期是1278年,他已81歲——雖然關(guān)于他的出生時(shí)間,史界仍有不同的看法,但無(wú)論如何,他是個(gè)老人了。
據(jù)魏驥《書竹齋先生詩(shī)后》記載:太祖高皇帝召見(王冕)于金華,與語(yǔ)頗合。晌午,具飯一孟,蔬一盤,先生且談且食,盡飽乃已。上喜曰:“先生能甘粗櫥如是,可與共大事。”即授以諮議參軍……
在連冕寫于2007年的《王冕新證:一段不曾深入揭示的個(gè)人史》中,則提到了這樣的說(shuō)法:王冕在見胡大海之后,再次隱居了。
無(wú)論如何,一首詩(shī),給我們一個(gè)重新去認(rèn)識(shí)一個(gè)人、一個(gè)時(shí)代的機(jī)會(huì)。
Wang Mian (1287-1359), an artist of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), specialized in painting ink plum flowers. However, he is best known to most people of today for the poems he wrote on these paintings. It would not be difficult to understand how and why the fame of these poems goes beyond time and space. Not so many people are privileged to take a look at the paintings.
, which is a part of published by Zhejiang University Press, presents seven paintings by Wang Mian. The seven paintings, not surprisingly, are all about plum blossoms. The originals are now respectively housed in the Forbidden City Museum, Shanghai Museum, Cleveland Museum of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, and Sannomaru Shozokan (The Museum of the Imperial Collections).
The most outstanding of the seven in the collection is . The original painting is ink on paper and measures 31.6 centimeters in height and 51.0 centimeters in width. It is about the size of a magazine. The printed version offers a closer look at the original by providing 130% larger details.
In the up left corner of the painting is a 28-word poem. The last two lines state to the effect that “(plum blossoms) dont need other people to applaud how beautiful they are. They freely give fresh fragrance to the world”. At the bottom of the poem are two seal prints of Wang Mian.
It is said that Wang Mian was one of the first artists who wrote poems on their own paintings. It is also said that Wang Mian was the first artist who engraved his own seals. Before his time, artists wrote down inscriptions and left engraving to seal engravers. However, professional engravers, not subtle and sensitive enough to understand what artists really wanted to say and not versed in calligraphy, often failed to satisfy artists. Artists themselves lacked the training to make seals. Wang Mian picked a special kind of seal stone which was not so hard and carved his own seals. Thus his accomplished calligraphy made its way into his paintings. Wang Mian blazed a new trail for painters in his time. Artists in his time and in subsequent dynasties followed his footsteps and designed and made their own seals.
Plum blossoms became an artistic metaphor in very ancient times. It was not until the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127) that artists began to paint plum blossoms in pure ink. Yang Wujiu, the best known ink plum blossom painter of the Southern Song (1127-1279), painted the blossoms in a very succinct style: a few twigs and a few blossoms here and there. In the Yuan Dynasty, many artists took plum blossoms seriously. Wang was one of them. Wangs paintings show the influence of Yang Wujiu, but Wang made some innovations. He preferred a plethora of plum blossoms in the style that seems to say the more the better. Technically, he also made some new brush moves. With such changes, he added a new understanding to the metaphor.
Wang Mian influenced many artists. The techniques and style he developed gradually evolved to a freehand style through the hands of Chen Chun, Xu Wei, and other artists.
Wang Mian was a native of Zhuji, now a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Shaoxing in eastern Zhejiang. After his death, Song Lian (1310-1381) wrote . Wang Mian appeared as the protagonist in the 18th-century novel by Wu Jingzi (1701-1754). compiled during the reign of Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) also mentions Wang Mian.
In the fiction, Wang Mian was a self-made artist who grew up in poverty and was hired to look after buffalos when he was a kid. However, in the biography written by Song Lian, the family did not live in poverty. The boy looked after the familys own buffalos. His ancestral roots were in Shaanxi Province in the northwest. According to the family pedigree, an eighth-generation descendent came to Zhejiang and served as a military official. The ancestor thus put his roots down in Zhuji. The family eventually came down in the world and Wang Mians father became a farmer.
Wang Mians reputation as a wizard boy was known to many people when he was very young. A local scholar named Han Xin took Wang under his wing. After Han passed away, his disciples showed their respect to Wang. Wang Mian also met with Zhao Mengfu, probably the most influential artist of the Yuan.