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氟比洛芬酯復(fù)合地佐辛在肋軟骨隆鼻術(shù)中多模式超前鎮(zhèn)痛作用

2018-05-23 10:02施超
中國美容醫(yī)學(xué) 2018年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:芬太尼評(píng)分統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)

施超

[摘要]目的:探討氟比洛芬酯復(fù)合地佐辛在肋軟骨隆鼻術(shù)中行多模式超前鎮(zhèn)痛的應(yīng)用效果。方法:選擇肋軟骨隆鼻就醫(yī)者80例,隨機(jī)雙盲分為4組,每組20例。麻醉誘導(dǎo)前5min,對(duì)照組給予靜注生理鹽水5ml,氟比洛芬酯組靜注氟比洛芬酯1mg/kg,地佐辛組靜注地佐辛0.1mg/kg,氟比洛芬酯復(fù)合地佐辛組靜注氟比洛芬酯1mg/kg+地佐辛0.1mg/kg。術(shù)畢記錄拔管時(shí)間、意識(shí)恢復(fù)時(shí)間,拔管后1、3、5min的鎮(zhèn)靜躁動(dòng)評(píng)分(Sedation agitation score, SAS)。拔管后1、3、6、24h的疼痛評(píng)定數(shù)字量表(Numerical rating scale, NRS)評(píng)分,及各組需要鎮(zhèn)痛藥物補(bǔ)救例數(shù)。結(jié)果:四組就醫(yī)者拔管時(shí)間、意識(shí)恢復(fù)時(shí)間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);與對(duì)照組比較,氟比洛芬酯復(fù)合地佐辛組拔管后1、3、5min的SAS評(píng)分均降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);與對(duì)照組、氟比洛芬酯組、地佐辛組比較,氟比洛芬酯復(fù)合地佐辛組拔管后1、3、6、24h的NRS評(píng)分均降低(P<0.05);需鎮(zhèn)痛藥物補(bǔ)救例數(shù)氟比洛芬酯復(fù)合地佐辛組<氟比洛芬組、地佐辛組<對(duì)照組,各組間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:應(yīng)用氟比洛芬酯復(fù)合地佐辛對(duì)肋軟骨隆鼻就醫(yī)者行多模式超前鎮(zhèn)痛,效果確切,優(yōu)于單獨(dú)使用氟比洛芬酯或地佐辛。

[關(guān)鍵詞]氟比洛芬酯;地佐辛;多模式超前鎮(zhèn)痛;鼻整形;肋軟骨

[中圖分類號(hào)]R622 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]B [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2018)03-0044-03

Preemptive Multimodal Analgesia Effect of Flurbiprofen Axetil Combined with Dezocine in Patients Undergoing Augmentation Rhinoplasty Using Costal Cartilage

SHI Chao

(Department of Anesthesiology,Shanghai Basilica Medical Beauty Clinic,Shanghai 200030,China)

Abstract: Objective To determine the preemptive multimodal analgesia effect of flurbiprofen axetil combined with dezocine in patients undergoing augmentation rhinoplasty using costal cartilage. Methods 80 cases of rhinoplasty using costal cartilaginous were selected and divided into 4 groups randomly, 20 cases in each group. Five minutes before induction of anesthesia, the control group was given 5ml normal saline intravenously, flurbiprofen axetil group was given flurbiprofen axetil 1mg/kg intravenously, dezocine group was given dezocine 0.1mg/kg intravenously, flurbiprofen axetil combined with dezocine group was given flurbiprofen axetil 1mg/kg + dezocine 0.1mg/kg intravenously. The time of extubation and recovery of consciousness were recorded at the end of the operation. The SAS score of 1,3 and 5min after extubation and the NRS score of 1, 3, 6,24h after extubation were measured, and the number of patients who needed rescue anesthetics was recorded for each group. Results There were no statistical significance for consciousness recovery time and extubation time of four groups(P>0.05). The SAS scores of 1,3 and 5min after extubation in flurbiprofen axetil combined with dezocine group were lower than those of the control group(P<0.05). The NRS scores of 1,3,6,24h after extubation of flurbiprofen axetil combined with dezocine group were lower than those of the other groups(P<0.05). The number of patients who needed rescue anesthetics in flurbiprofen axetil combined with dezocine group was the least(P<0.05). Conclusion The preemptive multimodal analgesia with flurbiprofen axetil combined with dezocine is more effective than single use flurbiprofen axetil or dezocine in patients undergoing augmentation rhinoplasty using costal cartilage.

Key words: flurbiprofen axetil; dezocine; preemptive multimodal analgesia; rhinoplasty; costal cartilage

肋軟骨隆鼻手術(shù)已成為各美容外科醫(yī)院的常見手術(shù)。但是術(shù)后創(chuàng)面的急性疼痛,如果不及時(shí)治療,可能發(fā)展為慢性疼痛[1],會(huì)對(duì)就醫(yī)者的術(shù)后康復(fù)造成負(fù)面影響。近年來,多模式超前鎮(zhèn)痛在臨床麻醉中廣泛應(yīng)用,本院自2015年8月-2017年10月,對(duì)80例肋軟骨隆鼻手術(shù)就醫(yī)者采用氟比洛芬酯復(fù)合地佐辛行多模式超前鎮(zhèn)痛,觀察其鎮(zhèn)痛作用。

1 資料和方法

1.1 一般資料:選擇行肋軟骨隆鼻就醫(yī)者80例,ASA I~Ⅱ級(jí),年齡20~35歲,體重42~61kg。就醫(yī)者肝腎功能均未見異常,無長(zhǎng)期服鎮(zhèn)痛藥物史,無煙酒成癮,無認(rèn)知功能障礙,無非甾體類及阿片類藥物過敏史,將其隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組、氟比洛芬酯組、地佐辛組、氟比洛芬酯復(fù)合地佐辛組,每組各20例。

1.2 麻醉方法:術(shù)前常規(guī)禁食禁飲,入室后開放上肢靜脈,常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)BP、HR、SpO2、PaCO2。麻醉誘導(dǎo)前5min,對(duì)照組靜脈給予5ml生理鹽水;氟比洛芬酯組靜脈注射氟比洛芬酯1mg/kg;地佐辛組靜脈注射地佐辛0.1mg/kg;氟比洛芬酯復(fù)合地佐辛組靜脈注射氟比洛芬酯1mg/kg+地佐辛0.1mg/kg。各組均給予丙泊酚20~30mg/kg、芬太尼0.004mg/kg、羅庫溴銨0.8~1mg/kg快速誘導(dǎo),氣管內(nèi)插管。術(shù)中持續(xù)靜脈泵注異丙酚5~7mg/(kg·h),瑞芬太尼0.012~0.024mg/(kg·h)維持麻醉。根據(jù)術(shù)中血壓情況,調(diào)整用藥速度,確保術(shù)中血壓變化不超過原血壓的20%。術(shù)畢停止用藥,待呼之能睜眼,吸痰后拔管。術(shù)后需要鎮(zhèn)痛藥物補(bǔ)救的靜注舒芬太尼0.005mg。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo):麻醉醫(yī)生記錄拔管時(shí)間、意識(shí)恢復(fù)時(shí)間,記錄拔管后1、3、5min的鎮(zhèn)靜躁動(dòng)評(píng)分(Sedation agitation score, SAS)評(píng)分(其中1~4分為無躁動(dòng),5~7分為蘇醒期躁動(dòng))。由就醫(yī)者對(duì)拔管后1、3、6、24h的疼痛評(píng)定數(shù)字量表(Numerical rating scale, NRS)評(píng)分:0表示無痛,10表示疼痛最強(qiáng),在0~10中由就醫(yī)者選擇最能代表自身疼痛的數(shù)字,納入記錄。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:采用SPSS 13.0軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x?±s)表示,組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組內(nèi)比較采用重復(fù)測(cè)量設(shè)計(jì)的方差分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 四組就醫(yī)者拔管時(shí)間、意識(shí)恢復(fù)時(shí)間比較結(jié)果:四組就醫(yī)者拔管時(shí)間、意識(shí)恢復(fù)時(shí)間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。

2.2 四組就醫(yī)者拔管后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)SAS評(píng)分比較結(jié)果:與對(duì)照組比較,氟比洛芬酯復(fù)合地佐辛組拔管后1、3、5min的SAS評(píng)分均降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。

2.3 四組就醫(yī)者拔管后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)NRS評(píng)分比較結(jié)果:與對(duì)照組、氟比洛芬酯組、地佐辛組比較,氟比洛芬酯復(fù)合地佐辛組拔管后1、3、6、24h的NRS評(píng)分均降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表3。

2.4 四組就醫(yī)者需鎮(zhèn)痛藥物補(bǔ)救情況:氟比洛芬酯組需鎮(zhèn)痛藥物補(bǔ)救5例,地佐辛組6例,氟比洛芬酯復(fù)合地佐辛組1例,對(duì)照組14例,各組間比較差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。

3 討論

“超前鎮(zhèn)痛”是指在手術(shù)切皮前,通過藥物和鎮(zhèn)痛技術(shù)達(dá)到充分、有效鎮(zhèn)痛,并持續(xù)應(yīng)用直至傷口愈合,有效預(yù)防手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷和組織損害所導(dǎo)致的外周和中樞敏化,防止術(shù)后持續(xù)性疼痛和慢性疼痛的發(fā)生[2]。臨床上往往針對(duì)不同的手術(shù)類型及手術(shù)刺激強(qiáng)度,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用不同鎮(zhèn)痛技術(shù)或作用機(jī)制不同的鎮(zhèn)痛藥,作用于疼痛傳導(dǎo)通路的不同靶點(diǎn),發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛藥物的相加或協(xié)同作用,可使每種藥物劑量減少,副作用減輕,這就是多模式超前鎮(zhèn)痛(Preemptive multimodal analgesia, PMMA)[3]。氟比洛芬酯是一種非甾體類藥物,通過抑制環(huán)氧化酶的活性,來抑制花生四烯酸生成前列環(huán)素、前列腺素;除此之外還可抑制炎癥過程中緩激肽的釋放,具有強(qiáng)大的外周止痛作用。非甾體類抗炎藥物的使用,也能降低阿片類藥物相關(guān)的副作用,而且有利于胃腸功能的恢復(fù),減少惡心,降低呼吸抑制的發(fā)生。地佐辛完全激動(dòng)κ受體,部分激動(dòng)拮抗雙重作用于μ受體,對(duì)δ受體也有一定的激動(dòng)作用。其通過激動(dòng)脊神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞膜上的κ受體產(chǎn)生脊髓水平的鎮(zhèn)痛[4],外周應(yīng)用阿片受體激動(dòng)劑可顯著減輕炎性痛[5]。

另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),地佐辛可以通過結(jié)合去甲腎上腺素和5-羥色胺轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體抑制去甲腎上腺素和5-羥色胺的重吸收[6-7]。也有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,地佐辛可用于直腸癌手術(shù)麻醉,以及預(yù)防肺大泡就醫(yī)者全麻誘導(dǎo)期嗆咳反應(yīng)[8-9]。由于本品具有較強(qiáng)的鎮(zhèn)痛作用,臨床上主要用于中、重度的術(shù)后疼痛、內(nèi)臟絞痛和癌癥患者的鎮(zhèn)痛治療,并有滿意療效。由于瑞芬太尼無蓄積、代謝極快,使就醫(yī)者術(shù)后阿片類藥物使用量增加,并易引起術(shù)后痛覺過敏[10-11]。而氟比洛芬酯和地佐辛聯(lián)合使用能有效減輕瑞芬太尼術(shù)后痛覺過敏[12]。綜上所述,兩者聯(lián)合使用,具有相加或協(xié)同作用,鎮(zhèn)痛效果佳,又減少了惡心、呼吸抑制等副作用的發(fā)生,故其超前鎮(zhèn)痛效果優(yōu)于兩者單獨(dú)應(yīng)用,且不影響就醫(yī)者拔管時(shí)間、意識(shí)恢復(fù)時(shí)間,還抑制了就醫(yī)者拔管后的躁動(dòng)。術(shù)后就醫(yī)者對(duì)鎮(zhèn)痛藥物補(bǔ)救的需求更少,還能有效預(yù)防瑞芳太尼引起的痛覺過敏。對(duì)于肋軟骨隆鼻術(shù)就醫(yī)者來講,氟比洛芬酯復(fù)合地佐辛多模式超前鎮(zhèn)痛,能從多途徑有效防治就醫(yī)者的術(shù)后疼痛,大大加快了就醫(yī)者的術(shù)后康復(fù)進(jìn)程。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1]Reddi D,Curran N.Chronic pain after surgery: pathophysiology, risk factors and prevention[J].Postgrad Med J,2014,90(1062):222-227.

[2]吳新民,王俊科,岳云,等.麻醉學(xué)高級(jí)教程[M].北京:人民軍醫(yī)出版社,2014:737.

[3]熊利澤,鄧小明.2017版中國麻醉學(xué)指南與專家共識(shí)[M].北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,2017:221.

[4]師小偉,孫海峰.地佐辛超前鎮(zhèn)痛對(duì)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)病人術(shù)后芬太尼的節(jié)儉效果[J].中華麻醉學(xué)雜志,2013,33(1):122-133.

[5]Reuben SS,Buvanendran A.Preventing the development of chronic pain after orthopaedic surgery with preventive multimodal analgesic techniques[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am,2007,89(6):1343-1358.

[6]Liu R,Huang XP,Yeliseev A,et al.Novel molecular targets of dezocine and their clinical implications[J].Anesthesiology,2014,120(3):714-723.

[7]Wu L,Dong YP,Sun L,et al.Low Concentration of Dezocine in Combination With Morphine Enhance the Postoperative Analgesia for Thoracotomy[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2015,29(4):950-954.

[8]張勇,余前土,鄺立挺,等.地佐辛或瑞芬太尼聯(lián)合丙泊酚用于直腸癌手術(shù)中麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛效應(yīng)的比較[J].廣東醫(yī)學(xué),2015,36(22):3269-3272.

[9]余前土,余曉娟,徐康清,等.地佐辛預(yù)防肺大泡就醫(yī)者全麻誘導(dǎo)期嗆咳反應(yīng)的臨床研究[J].廣東醫(yī)學(xué),2015,36(22):3277-3279.

[10]Lee M,Silverman SM,Hansen H,et al.A comprehensive review of opioid-induced hyperalgesia[J].Pain Physician,2011,14(2):145-161.

[11]Bornemann-Cimenti H,Lederer AJ,Wejbora M,et al.Preoperative pregabalin administration significantly reduces postoperative opioid consumption and mechanical hyperalgesia after transperitoneal nephrectomy[J].Br J Anaesth,2012,108(5):845-849.

[12]張?jiān)圃疲瑥埖貙?,盛勝,?氟比洛芬酯、地佐辛單獨(dú)或復(fù)合用藥減輕瑞芬太尼誘發(fā)病人術(shù)后痛覺過敏的療效[J].蚌埠醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2017,42(4):462-468.

[收稿日期]2017-11-16 [修回日期]2017-12-21

編輯/朱婉蓉

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