李文娟
分析近幾年高職高考英語的考題,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)非謂語動詞的用法在詞匯和語法項目考查中比較穩(wěn)定。其中分詞作狀語的用法屬于重點考查項目。根據(jù)實際教學(xué)實踐和考試要求,筆者對分詞作狀語的用法淺析如下。
一、分詞的分類和各種形式的具體含義
分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種。從時態(tài)和語態(tài)上看,現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動、進(jìn)行,過去分詞表示被動、完成,不及物動詞的過去分詞僅表完成。
現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)用法如下表(以do為例):
當(dāng)只強調(diào)被動,時間早于謂語動詞之前發(fā)生時,having been done=done.
現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的否定形式為:not doing/not having done/ not done 等。
二、應(yīng)用分詞作狀語的前提條件
1. 分詞作狀語時,它的邏輯主語應(yīng)與主句的主語一致。
例如:(1)If you turn left, you will find our school.該條件狀語從句中的主語和主句中的主語一致,都是you,并且狀語從句中主語和謂語是主動關(guān)系,且發(fā)生時間幾乎同時,即表示主動、進(jìn)行。在這種情況下,條件狀語從句可簡化為現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語: Turning left, you will find our school.
(2)Because we hadnt visited the Palace, we were all surprised by its glory.該原因狀語從句中的主語和主句主語都為we,且從句動作visit發(fā)生時間早于主句謂語動詞were surprised,從句為否定句。所以,該句子用分詞作狀語形式如下:Not having visited the Palace, we were all surprised by its glory.
(3)Even though I am invited to his wedding, I wont like to go. 該讓步狀語從句和主句的主語都為I,且讓步狀語從句中主語和謂語之間是被動關(guān)系,所以可以用過去分詞改寫該句子:Even though invited to his wedding, I wont like to go.
2. 當(dāng)狀語從句與主句主語不一致的情況下,且狀語從句的主語為名詞或代詞時,表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨、方式或結(jié)果的狀語從句可以改寫成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如:(1)If time permits, we will visit more places of interest here.可改為: Time permitting, we will visit more places of interest here.
(2)When it had been done, we left for Beijing.可改為:When it done, we left for Beijing.
(3)If the gymnasium isnt completed on time, we will have to put off the sports meeting. 可改為:If the gymnasium not being completed on time, we will put off the sports meeting.
綜上所述,分詞應(yīng)用于獨立主格的形式應(yīng)為: n./pron. +(not)done/doing.
3. 如果狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不一致,且該狀語從句表示地點、目的、讓步或比較等時,必須用完整的狀語從句。
例如:(1)Where there is a will, there is a way.(表原因)
(2)I got up early so that I could catch the early bus.(表目的)
(3)I will never give up my dream however difficult it is.(表讓步)
(4)You play basketball better than I(do).(表比較)
三、分詞作狀語的分類
1. 作時間狀語。如:Hearing the good news, we all jumped with joy.
2. 作原因狀語。如:Not knowing which road to take, we stopped to look at the map.
3. 作結(jié)果狀語。如:Marry stayed up too late last night and got up late this morning, missing the first bus.
4. 作條件狀語。如:Seen from the hill, our school looks like a garden.
5. 作伴隨狀語。如:He kept looking at her, wondering whether he had seen her somewhere.
因此,正確應(yīng)用分詞作狀語的前提是要熟練掌握句子成分,清楚判斷出狀語部分。熟練掌握幾種常見的狀語從句,能夠判斷出從句謂語動詞和主句主語的邏輯關(guān)系(即主動或被動),能判斷出從句謂語動詞和主句謂語動詞發(fā)生時間的先后順序(即進(jìn)行或完成)。
責(zé)任編輯 魏文琦