賀月蓮

1. 引言

目前英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中仍然存在重閱讀輕寫作以及讀寫分離的問(wèn)題。雖然教師對(duì)于讀寫結(jié)合的教學(xué)方式已經(jīng)有所了解，但如何充分有效地利用閱讀文本的輸入助力語(yǔ)言輸出，對(duì)于很多教師而言課堂實(shí)踐的難度依然很大。其中，怎樣有效地進(jìn)行讀與寫的詞匯教學(xué)成為了困擾教師的難題之一。

一篇優(yōu)秀的閱讀文本，可以為寫作提供豐富的詞匯、句型、結(jié)構(gòu)等素材，閱讀永遠(yuǎn)和寫作掛鉤。閱讀就是縮句，留主干，簡(jiǎn)化從句，要求學(xué)生具有較強(qiáng)的歸納提煉能力。寫作就是拓句，圍繞一個(gè)主題來(lái)描寫，靈活運(yùn)用已學(xué)的高級(jí)詞匯，句型，從句等，最后發(fā)表作者真實(shí)的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度，而這些觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度往往也來(lái)自于閱讀，同學(xué)們可以模仿和借鑒。

2. 閱讀寫作相結(jié)合

讀與寫的教學(xué)與閱讀文本的語(yǔ)言材料特征密切相關(guān)，課堂本身就肩負(fù)著實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言輸出的教學(xué)目標(biāo)，而這也對(duì)閱讀文本的詞匯處理提出了高難度的要求?；诮處熢谔幚黹喿x文本詞匯方面的困惑，潘云梅等（2013）于2011年開(kāi)展了一項(xiàng)中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師專業(yè)發(fā)展研究，為教師提出了一個(gè)優(yōu)質(zhì)的參考方案：“從文本特征出發(fā)，制定明確的詞匯目標(biāo);以閱讀為中心，把握詞匯處理的度;創(chuàng)設(shè)梯度性任務(wù)，有效地循環(huán)和提升詞匯學(xué)習(xí)?！比绻堰@一實(shí)踐所得演繹于讀寫課，在課堂上把篩選出的核心詞匯，以及可運(yùn)用于讀后寫作任務(wù)的語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容，利用有層次、多樣化的課堂活動(dòng)進(jìn)行梳理和鞏固，就能夠完成目標(biāo)詞匯從輸入到輸出的有效提升。

現(xiàn)以《牛津高中英語(yǔ)》模塊九第一單元的閱讀課文Canada—land of maple trees 為例來(lái)具體闡述怎樣做到閱讀與寫作的完美結(jié)合。在這篇文章里，有一些重要的詞匯及詞組，如： be famous for， be abundant in， be delighted by， rank， beautiful scenery， in addition， be home to， consist of etc.， 也包括很多漂亮的句型。如：

（1） Canada is one of the largest countries in the world， and has always been famous for its fantastic natural scenery.

（2） Beautiful scenery is just one of the treasures Canada has to offer.

（3） With all of these attractions， you can see why the UN named Canada one of the best countries in the world to live in 等等。在同學(xué)們熟練掌握了以上詞匯句型之后，讓他們?nèi)シ聦憽＠纾褐曛迖?guó)際旅游節(jié)已經(jīng)拉開(kāi)帷幕，假設(shè)你是一位英語(yǔ)導(dǎo)游，請(qǐng)以“Welcome to ?Zhu Zhou”為題寫一篇英語(yǔ)導(dǎo)游詞，仿寫時(shí)可用到以下技巧。

2.1用高級(jí)詞匯及詞組可以為文章添色

（1） Zhu Zhou is located in the east of Hunan， which has a population of approximately 3.7 million.

（2） Suzhous environment is so charming that it is worth paying a visit to.

2.2用With復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語(yǔ)，文章更簡(jiǎn)約明了

再以《牛津高中英語(yǔ)》模塊九第一單元的Project “Is Australia really a sporting nation？”為例。

① Sitting in front of the television watching a sporting event， with a drink in one hand and some fast food in the other， is very common.

② With most of its people living near the coast， swimming and surfing are popular activities for many families. 仿寫如下：

（1） The Xiangjiang River Scenic Belt attracts many visitors， with countless beautiful flowers and green trees growing alongside.

（2） In the evening， with all the lights shining brightly on the streets and those tall buildings， the city looks modern and attractive.

2.3用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞大顯身手

① In this country， you will see people play cricket in white clothes.

② Throughout Australia， you will see players dressed all in white， hitting and running after the ball.

仿寫如下：

（1） Seen from the top of the hill， the city looks like a big garden.

（2） At dusk you can find lots of people going out of their house， dancing to the music or doing some exercise.

2.4巧用從句使語(yǔ)句緊湊地道

① Since most tennis courts are equipped with lights， many people often play after dusk in the evening and late into the light.

② Sydney is a city with 37 beaches， most of which can be reached within 30 minutes by public transport from the city centre.

仿寫如下：

（1） Zhuzhou clothing market attracts a lot of people who want to buy many beautiful and cheap clothes.

（2） Zhuzhou is a charming city where you can enjoy a large variety of spicy food.

Writing sample 1：

Ladies and gentlemen！Its my great honor to introduce Zhuzhou to you.

Zhuzhou， the population of which is approximately 3.7 million， is located in the east of Hunan， on the south of Changsha and near Xiangjiang River. As is known all over the country， there are many tourist attractions here， such as Fanta Happy world， Taoyuandong Forest Park and Xiangjiang River Scenic Belt， where you can have fun. In addition， you cant miss the Source of China， which consists of the spicy and various foods. Another amazing place to be mentioned here is Zhuzhou clothing market， where you can buy beautiful clothes at a low price. Not only can you get what you want， but you can enjoy yourself.

All in all， if you come to Zhuzhou， you wont be regretful！歐陽(yáng)熙 （G1105）

3. 娛樂(lè)與寫作相結(jié)合

通常情況下，學(xué)生在寫作前如果沒(méi)有充分的與寫作相關(guān)的語(yǔ)言輸入，在寫作中往往會(huì)出現(xiàn)“詞匯匱乏、結(jié)構(gòu)松散、表達(dá)不地道或無(wú)話可說(shuō)等問(wèn)題”（劉美琳、王海玲，2014）。在剛剛結(jié)束的學(xué)校運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)上，我們班獲得了團(tuán)體總分第一名的好成績(jī)，以班長(zhǎng)張銘杰為代表的好幾個(gè)男生獲得單項(xiàng)冠軍，團(tuán)體項(xiàng)目比如30米迎面接力，高一男子4×100米等都獲得了亞軍，運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)期間全班同學(xué)歡天喜地，斗志昂揚(yáng)。晚自習(xí)我設(shè)置了個(gè)問(wèn)題 What is happiness to you all？先小組討論預(yù)寫，第二天上課分組展示：

（1） Happiness is our class winning the first prize in this sports meeting...

（2） Happiness means being cheered by others for our hard work.

（3） Happiness means sitting in the sun and enjoying some music.

（4） Happiness means drinking when thirsty， eating when hungry， and sleeping when tired.

（5） Happiness is staying with my family and my friends.

接下來(lái)課代表總結(jié)說(shuō)：As for happiness， different people have different voices. ?Happiness ?means different things ?to different people.我接著又提出個(gè)問(wèn)題：Boys and girls， how to stay happy？ 同學(xué)們一個(gè)個(gè)爭(zhēng)著上黑板寫：

Set goals; Smile more; Learn to share; Be ready to help others; Have a good sense of humor; Be willing to forgive; Enjoy the family; Doing sports for half an hour every day; and so on.接下來(lái)我布置了一篇作文“My happiness”.并提供一些句式To some， happiness is ....To others， happiness means....while to me， happiness lies in...

When it comes to happiness， I have some ways to stay happy. Firstly， Secondly， the last but not least， ? ? ?All in all， ?二十分鐘后一位同學(xué)把范文寫作黑板上：

What is happiness？ When it comes to this question， different people hold different views. To some， happiness is being surrounded by family and friends; to others， happiness means achieving success in something， such as meeting a goal. To me， happiness means having a true friend of my own.

It was one year ago that I came to this school—No 2 Middle School of Zhuzhou， which is famous all over the province. Here， I met lots of classmates， most of whom are kind to me. With the help of these friends， I felt very happy. So hard did I work that Ive made great progress， which made my parents happy.

With these people， my life is becoming so full that I feel happy every day. It is happy for me to live a life with my dear classmates.

Here， what I want to say is that without a friend the world is a wilderness. My happiness is having a friend of my own.

總之，寫作的目的就是實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言的交際運(yùn)用，促成學(xué)習(xí)者思維品質(zhì)，語(yǔ)言能力，交際能力和文化素養(yǎng)的形成和發(fā)展。