朱 晉 尹福成
(1.成都理工大學(xué)工程技術(shù)學(xué)院 樂山 614000)(2.內(nèi)江師范學(xué)院 內(nèi)江 641000)
光電捕獲、跟蹤、瞄準(zhǔn)(ATP)系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)集光學(xué)、機(jī)械、自動(dòng)控制、電子等技術(shù)為一體的復(fù)雜系統(tǒng),在艦船打靶,天文觀測(cè)、光通信、航天航空等領(lǐng)域有著廣泛的應(yīng)用[1~3]。跟蹤望遠(yuǎn)鏡作為ATP系統(tǒng)的核心設(shè)備,具有響應(yīng)速度快、跟蹤精度高、跟蹤距離遠(yuǎn)等特點(diǎn)[3~4]。由于所跟蹤目標(biāo)距離的變化以及環(huán)境溫度的變化,會(huì)引起成像面沿軸向位置改變,造成目標(biāo)像離焦,影響目標(biāo)成像質(zhì)量進(jìn)而影響系統(tǒng)探測(cè)精度,因此跟蹤望遠(yuǎn)鏡需要調(diào)焦來保持像面的穩(wěn)定,并能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)任意時(shí)刻對(duì)目標(biāo)物體的正確對(duì)焦,以提高跟蹤系統(tǒng)目標(biāo)探測(cè)能力[5~8]。
在跟蹤望遠(yuǎn)鏡系統(tǒng)中運(yùn)用最廣泛的自動(dòng)調(diào)焦方法是測(cè)距調(diào)焦法,其工作原理是通過向被攝目標(biāo)發(fā)射光或波輻射,并接收反射波來獲取目標(biāo)的距離和方位信息,然后根據(jù)光學(xué)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)計(jì)算正確對(duì)焦位置,從而啟動(dòng)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)來完成自動(dòng)對(duì)焦[9~10]。測(cè)距調(diào)焦法作為主動(dòng)式調(diào)焦方法可以很好地對(duì)跟蹤目標(biāo)距離變化帶來的離焦量進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償,但無法對(duì)環(huán)境溫度變化所帶來的離焦量進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償,因此,溫度調(diào)焦法作為測(cè)距調(diào)焦法的補(bǔ)充也被廣泛運(yùn)用。
隨著數(shù)字圖像處理技術(shù)的發(fā)展,望遠(yuǎn)鏡跟蹤系統(tǒng)已發(fā)展成為數(shù)字成像系統(tǒng),基于數(shù)字圖像處理的自動(dòng)調(diào)焦法也被引用到跟蹤望遠(yuǎn)鏡系統(tǒng)[11~15]。它的原理是通過評(píng)價(jià)所采集圖像的質(zhì)量來判斷目標(biāo)物體所成的像是否在要求的像平面上,從而驅(qū)動(dòng)鏡頭或反射鏡對(duì)離焦量進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償。作為一種被動(dòng)式調(diào)焦方法,具有不依賴測(cè)距信息等優(yōu)點(diǎn),能夠同時(shí)對(duì)距離變化以及溫度的變化所造成的離焦進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償[16~17]。因此,將圖像調(diào)焦與距離調(diào)焦相結(jié)合,以提高系統(tǒng)的調(diào)焦精度,使跟蹤望遠(yuǎn)鏡系統(tǒng)的成像更為清晰。
望遠(yuǎn)鏡跟蹤系統(tǒng)是典型的卡塞格林系統(tǒng),如圖1所示,主反射鏡為拋物面,次鏡為雙曲面。拋物面和雙曲面有一個(gè)共同的焦點(diǎn),雙曲面的另一個(gè)焦點(diǎn)為整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的焦點(diǎn)。調(diào)焦的方法為驅(qū)動(dòng)次鏡沿軸移動(dòng),即讓次鏡的前焦點(diǎn)始終和變化后的第一像面重合,并且在調(diào)焦時(shí),第二像面的像和第一像面的像倍率保持不變。
一般情況下可將此成像系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)化為理想的透鏡成像模型,滿足如下公式:
在望遠(yuǎn)鏡成像系統(tǒng)中,物距為u(嚴(yán)格的講,u應(yīng)為目標(biāo)到前焦點(diǎn)的距離,但由于物距遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于焦距,所以可把物距看成從目標(biāo)到儀器垂直軸的距離),f為第一像面焦距,x為近物距時(shí)第一像面位置和物距無窮遠(yuǎn)時(shí)第一像面位置的位移量,也就是調(diào)焦距離。
對(duì)于靜態(tài)目標(biāo),閉環(huán)步長(zhǎng)決定了調(diào)焦精度與閉環(huán)時(shí)間。將檢焦值誤差模型考慮為零均值正態(tài)分布時(shí),長(zhǎng)時(shí)間閉環(huán)后,次鏡位置的數(shù)學(xué)期望為系統(tǒng)的正焦位置。對(duì)于存在徑向速度的運(yùn)動(dòng)目標(biāo),通過式(1)、(2)得到成像的正焦位置與距離的關(guān)系;雖然目標(biāo)在運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),不同距離上成像尺度的變化會(huì)帶來檢焦值的差異,但與正焦位置變化帶來的檢焦值變化相比,這種差異是可以忽略的,因此我們采取將靜態(tài)目標(biāo)的檢焦值模型加由距離變化引起的正焦位置偏移量來建立運(yùn)動(dòng)目標(biāo)的檢焦值模型。其模型如圖2所示,圖中的兩條清晰度評(píng)價(jià)值曲線的峰值分別代表同一目標(biāo)在不同距離上的正焦位置,顯然,正焦位置與調(diào)焦頻率和目標(biāo)運(yùn)動(dòng)速度有關(guān)。
當(dāng)系統(tǒng)無速度補(bǔ)償時(shí),假定上幀為圖3光柵位置為1處,通過上幀計(jì)算運(yùn)行至下一幀2處,在前后兩幀時(shí)間差上,若正焦位置不發(fā)生變化,2處檢焦值大于1處,系統(tǒng)下一幀應(yīng)該增大光柵數(shù)。但由于運(yùn)動(dòng)目標(biāo)前后兩幀時(shí)間內(nèi)正焦位置發(fā)生了變化,使得實(shí)際檢焦值為3處,小于1處,從而使得系統(tǒng)下一幀減小光柵數(shù),往錯(cuò)誤方向移動(dòng),造成閉環(huán)失敗,這也是前述當(dāng)閉環(huán)步長(zhǎng)與兩幀間正焦位置變化量可比擬,出現(xiàn)閉環(huán)失敗的原因。因此期望當(dāng)下一幀獲得2處檢焦值時(shí),對(duì)由于目標(biāo)徑向位置變化帶來的正焦位置偏移進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償,使電機(jī)移動(dòng)至4處,以獲取期望的檢焦值。因此實(shí)際移動(dòng)步長(zhǎng)應(yīng)該為
其中,d′為實(shí)際步長(zhǎng),d為靜態(tài)閉環(huán)步長(zhǎng),dc為速度補(bǔ)償值,并滿足以下公式:
圖4為仿真中未經(jīng)速度補(bǔ)償?shù)慕Y(jié)果,當(dāng)目標(biāo)徑向運(yùn)動(dòng)至2.5km左右時(shí),次鏡理論光柵位置與實(shí)際光柵位置偏差較大,意味著圖像調(diào)焦閉環(huán)失敗,相對(duì)應(yīng)的,此時(shí)離焦量較大,系統(tǒng)所成的像為模糊的。圖5為仿真中經(jīng)速度補(bǔ)償?shù)慕Y(jié)果,可以調(diào)焦閉環(huán)至1km處,顯然速度補(bǔ)償提高了對(duì)系統(tǒng)對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)目標(biāo)的調(diào)焦速度。與未經(jīng)補(bǔ)償相比,對(duì)于相同徑向速度的目標(biāo),圖像調(diào)焦方式可以對(duì)更近的運(yùn)動(dòng)目標(biāo)閉環(huán)。
[1]M.Subbarao Tyan and J-K Tyan,The Optimal Focus Mea?sure for Passive Autofocusing and Depth-from-Focus[C]//Proceedings of SPIE Symposium on Videometrics IV,Philadelphia,1995,2598(10):89-99.
[2]M.Subbarao Tyan and J-K Tyan,The Optimal Focus Mea?sure for Passive Autofocusing and Depth-froNg Kuang Chern,Nathaniel,Poo Ann Neow and Marcelo H.Ang Jr,Practical issues in Pixel-based Autofocusing For Maxhine Vision[C]//Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Conference on Robtics&Automation,2001(05):2791.
[3]M.Subbarao Tyan and J-K Tyan,The Optimal Focus Mea?sure for Passive Autofocusing and Depth-froN.Kehtar?naraz,H.-J.Oh,Development and real-time implementa?tion of a rule-based auto-focus algorithm[J].Real-Time Imaging,2003(9):197-203.
[4]M.Subbarao Tyan and J-K Tyan,The Optimal Focus Mea?sure for Passive Autofocusing and Depth-froSantos A,Or?tiz de Solorzano C,de la Pena J,Evaluation of autofocus functions in molecular cytogenetic analysis[J].Journal of Microscopy 1997(188):264-72.
[5]M.Subbarao Tyan and J-K Tyan,The Optimal Focus Mea?sure for Passive Autofocusing and Depth-froFrans C.A.Groen,Ian T.Young,Guido Ligthart,A comparison of different focus functions for use in autofocus algorithms[J],Cytometry,1985:81-91.
[6]M.Subbarao Tyan and J-K Tyan,The Optimal Focus Mea?sure for Passive Autofocusing and Depth-froYu Sun,Ste?fan Duthaler,Bradley J.Nelson.Autofocusing in computer microscopy:Selecting the optimal focus algorithm[J].Mi?croscopy Research and Technique.2004,65(3):139-149.
[7]M.Subbarao Tyan and J-K Tyan,The Optimal Focus Mea?sure for Passive Autofocusing and Depth-froMurali Sub?barao,Tse-Chung Wei.Focused image recovery from two defocused images recorded with different camera settings[J].IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,1995,4(12):1613-1627.
[8]M.Subbarao Tyan and J-K Tyan,The Optimal Focus Mea?sure for Passive Autofocusing and Depth-froMurali Sub?barao.Focusing Techniques[J].Optical Engineering,1993,32(11):2824-2836.
[9]M.Subbarao Tyan and J-K Tyan,The Optimal Focus Mea?sure for Passive Autofocusing and Depth-froX.Y.Liu,W.H.Wang,Y.Sun,Autofocusing for automated microscopic evaluation of blood smear and pap smear[J],Proceed?ings of 28th IEEE,2006:4718-4721.
[10]M.Subbarao Tyan and J-K Tyan,The Optimal Focus Mea?sure for Passive Autofocusing and Depth-froYu Sun,Ste?fan Duthaler,Bradley J.Nelson.Autofocusing in comput?er microscopy:Selecting the optimal focus algorithm[J].Microscopy Research and Technique,2004,65(3):139-149.
[11]M.Subbarao Tyan and J-K Tyan,The Optimal Focus Mea?sure for Passive Autofocusing and Depth-froBora Erbas,Dr.C.I.Underwood,Active focusing system for an earth imaging reflecting telescope[J],Proceedings of 2nd In?ternational Conference,June 9-11,2005:545-550.
[12]M.Subbarao Tyan and J-K Tyan,The Optimal Focus Mea?sure for Passive Autofocusing and Depth-froS.Jutamu?lia, T.Asakura, R.D.Bahuguna, et al, Autofocusing based on power-spectra analysis[J].Applied Optics,1994,33(26):6210-6212.
[13]M.Subbarao Tyan and J-K Tyan,The Optimal Focus Mea?sure for Passive Autofocusing and Depth-froJie He,Rongzhen Zhou,Zhiliang Hong,Modified fast climbing search auto-focus algorithm with adaptive step size searching technique for digital camera[J].2003,49(2):257-262.
[14]M.Subbarao Tyan and J-K Tyan,The Optimal Focus Mea?sure for Passive Autofocusing and Depth-froDasarathy B.V.,F(xiàn)usion strategies for enhancing decision reliability in multi-sensorenvironments[J].OpticalEngineering.1996,35(3):603-616.
[15]M.Subbarao Tyan and J-K Tyan,The Optimal Focus Mea?sure for Passive Autofocusing and Depth-froLi H.,Man?junath B.S.,Mitra S.K.,Multi-sensor image fusion us?ing the wavelet transform[J].IEEE International Confer?ence on Image Processing,1994,1(11):51-55.
[16]M.Subbarao Tyan and J-K Tyan,The Optimal Focus Mea?sure for Passive Autofocusing and Depth-froChipman L.J.,Orr Y.M.,Graham L.N.,Wavelets and image fusion[C].Proceedings of the International Conference on Im?age Processing.Washington,USA,1995:248-251.
[17]M.Subbarao Tyan and J-K Tyan,The Optimal Focus Mea?sure for Passive Autofocusing and Depth-froKoren I.,Laine A.,Taylor F.,Image fusion using steerable dyadic wavelet transform[C]//Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing.Washington, DC,USA,1995:232-235.