文/五花肉

沿著《盛世華彩》圖的遠(yuǎn)山脈絡(luò)，我們用三期連載和讀者分享了歷史建筑的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化智慧。接下來的三期，我們將從河流主線入手，一起探尋我國古代人民在農(nóng)耕和航運(yùn)領(lǐng)域的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化探索。

Along with veins of the distant hills on the painting Flourishing Cadenzas, we shared the standardization wisdom of historical architecture with readers in three consecutive serials.In the next three serials, along with the river line, we are to explore the standardization endeavor of ancient Chinese people in farming and shipping.

作為封建王朝在農(nóng)耕領(lǐng)域的重要制度創(chuàng)新，屯田制始于西漢、終于清朝，對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)恢復(fù)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、解決國家糧荒起到了極大的促進(jìn)作用，被時(shí)人譽(yù)為定國良式。

As an important institutional innovation for a feudal dynasty in the field of farming, the Tuntian System (militarized farming system) originated in the Western Han Dynasty and ended in Qing Dynasty. It played an important role in resuming agricultural production and solving the food shortage crisis at that time. For this reason, it was praised by the people as a good way to rule the country.

曹氏屯田 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有三

Three Standards on Tuntian System for Wei Regime

東漢末年烽煙四起，全國人口一度減少73%，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)遭到毀滅性打擊，糧食極度缺乏。期間，曹魏欲爭(zhēng)霸天下，數(shù)次出征皆因軍糧不足而退兵。

In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the national population reduced by 73% due to the endless wars, which disrupted agricultural production and caused the extreme food shortage. During the period,Wei Regime(regime founded by Cao Cao 1800years ago) marched out to conquer other states for several times, only to find themselves in retreats due to lack of food.

“夫定國之術(shù)，在于強(qiáng)兵足食，秦人以急農(nóng)兼天下，孝武以屯田定西域，此先代之良式也”。建安元年（公元196年），曹操采納謀士建議，開始實(shí)施屯田制，制定軍屯、民屯和士家屯三種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，全面推廣、分類管理。

"The way to realize a country’s prosperity lies in strong military and sufficient food. Qin unified the country because they put agriculture as the first priority,Emperor Xiao Wu settled the Western Regions due to his Tuntian policy. These were previous dynasties’valuable experience." In 196 AD, advised by his counselor, Cao Cao (a great statesman in Eastern Han Dynasty) began to carry out the Tuntian System and classified the farmland type into military, civilian, and soldier’s family, therefore farmlands were distributed and managed accordingly.

官牛六四 私牛五五

The Allocation Standard Based on the Ownership of the Cattle

曹魏屯田的核心標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在于兩點(diǎn)：一是中央集權(quán)，獨(dú)立于現(xiàn)有行政體系之外，另行建立自上而下、專司屯田的各級(jí)官員，不受地方官員節(jié)制，確保屯田收成上繳國家；二是分配標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，根據(jù)耕牛所有權(quán)確立分配比例，政府提供的耕?？色@得田地收成的百分之六十，反之則與百姓平分。

The core standard of Wei Regime Tuntian System lies in two aspects. The first one is centralization.It established top-down officials at different levels with the responsibility of ensuring the harvest of central authority. These officials did not subject to or restrained by local officials. The second one was the allocation standard. Allocation ratio was set based on the ownership of cattle: use governmentassigned cattle, one can receive 60% of the harvest, or otherwise get 50%.

推廣屯田制僅一年，就得谷百萬斛。鄧艾經(jīng)營淮河六年，更是得谷三千萬斛。一時(shí)之間，曹魏“所在積谷，倉廩皆滿”“征伐四方，無運(yùn)糧之勞”，為其吞吳滅蜀一統(tǒng)天下，打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。

More than a million Hu (a dry measure used in former times) grains were collected in merely one year. Deng Ai minister of Wei Regime , who managed Huaihe river region, collected over 30 million Hu grains in six years. For a while, the scene of Wei Regime was"stacking grains everywhere, all barns were full","conquering around with food around", which paved solid material ground for it to subdue Wu State and Shu State and unify the whole country.

妄改標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 制消政亡

Demise of System and Regime Caused by Standards Changes

曹魏統(tǒng)治后期，中央政權(quán)式微，屯田收成話語權(quán)逐漸旁落日益崛起的地方勢(shì)力。各地為了搜刮民膏、充實(shí)武裝，競(jìng)相提高屯田分配標(biāo)準(zhǔn)至七三、八二，直接導(dǎo)致屯民大批逃亡、暴動(dòng)，屯田制名存實(shí)亡。

In the late period of Wei Regime, as the of the central regime declined, the rising local forces gradually seized the control over the allocation standard of the Tuntian System. To extort from people and strengthen the forces, they increased the allocation ratio to 3:7,even 8:2, resulting in a large number of refugees and rebellions. The Tuntian system rarely enforced and easily violated.

咸熙元年（公元264年），無糧可收的曹魏政權(quán)下令廢除民屯。一年后，魏亡，晉取而代之。此后，雖歷經(jīng)改朝換代，屯田制卻一直被繼承下來，沿用至明、清。

In 264 AD, with no more grain to collect, Wei Regime ordered to abolish the civilian farming part in the Tuntian System. One year later, the Wei Regime was replaced by Jin Dynasty. Although going through diあerent dynasties, Tuntian System was inherited well down until the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

結(jié) 語

Conclusion

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是各方利益均衡的產(chǎn)物，目的是為了凝聚共識(shí)，獲得最佳秩序。曹魏初期，相對(duì)合理的屯田分配標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，獲得了百姓的認(rèn)可和支持，也奠定了其爭(zhēng)霸天下的資本。后期脫離現(xiàn)實(shí)的分配標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，破壞了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用性的基礎(chǔ)，看似獲得短期利益，卻加速了政權(quán)的滅亡。今人當(dāng)以史為鑒！

Standards are the product of balanced interests of all parties. Standards aim to achieve consensus and the best order. The relatively reasonable allocation standard of Tuntian System in the early period of Wei Regime was highly recognized by the public, and it laid the foundation for Wei Regime. In the later period, the allocation standard became impractical and inapplicable. The short-term benefits might have been obtained, however it was accelerating the perdition of Wei Regime. Modern society should take history as a mirror.