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超聲引導(dǎo)下臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯在小兒上肢手術(shù)的療效分析

2018-08-31 09:58黃碩饒榮王翠寶許淑珍盧華輝
中外醫(yī)療 2018年13期
關(guān)鍵詞:臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯超聲小兒

黃碩 饒榮 王翠寶 許淑珍 盧華輝

[摘要] 目的 探討超聲引導(dǎo)下臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯用于小兒上肢手術(shù)的麻醉效果及安全性。 方法 方便選取該院于2015年2月—2017年10月收治的64例行小兒上肢手術(shù)的患兒,隨機分為超聲引導(dǎo)下臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯組(A組,n=32)和喉罩全麻組(B組,n=32)。于麻醉前、切皮、術(shù)中、術(shù)畢記錄其血壓(BP)、心率(HR)、血氧飽和度(SpO2),并比較兩組麻醉起效時間、蘇醒時間、不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率及術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果。 結(jié)果 兩組在手術(shù)中各觀察時間點的BP、HR、SpO2差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,A組明顯低于B組(P<0.01)。兩組的蘇醒時間[(6.3±4.8)min vs (35.23±4.1)min]比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=4.76, P<0.01),兩組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率(6.25% vs 37.5%)和追加鎮(zhèn)痛藥次數(shù)(3.12% vs 25.0%)比較也差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=4.293、5.395, P<0.05)。結(jié)論 超聲引導(dǎo)下臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯簡單實用、麻醉起效快、用藥少、蘇醒時間短,療效確切、安全可靠,是小兒上肢手術(shù)較理想的麻醉方法。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯;超聲;麻醉;小兒

[中圖分類號] R4 [文獻標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1674-0742(2018)05(a)-0187-04

Analysis of Curative Effect of Ultrasound-guided Brachial Plexus Block in Upper Limb Surgery in Children

HUANG Shuo, RAO Rong, WANG Cui-bao, XU Shu-zeh, LU Hua-hui

Department of Anesthesia, Xiamen Fifth Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361101 China

[Abstract] Objective To study the anesthesia effect and safety of ultrasound-guided brachial plexus block in upper limb surgery in children. Methods 64 cases of children with upper limb surgery in our hospital from February 2015 to October 2017 were convenient selected and randomly divided into two groups with 32 cases in each, the group A were the ultrasound-guided brachial plexus block patients, the group B were the general anesthesia of laryngeal mask patients, and the BP, HR and SpO2 before anesthesia, at skin incision, in operation and after surgery, and the anesthesia onset time, awakening time, incidence rate of adverse reactions and postoperative analgesic effect were compared between the two groups. Results The differences in the BP, HR, SpO2 at various time points between the two groups were statistically significant, and the indicators in the group A were obviously lower than those in the group B(P<0.01), and the difference in the awakening time between the two groups was obvious, with statistical significance[(6.3± 4.8)min vs (35.23±4.1)min], (t=4.76,P<0.01), and the differences in the incidence rate of adverse reactions and number of additional analgesics between the two groups were statistically significant[(6.25% vs 37.5%),(3.12% vs 25.0%)], and the differences were statistically obvious (χ2=4.293、5.395, P<0.05). Conclusion The ultrasound-guided brachial plexus block is simple and practical with rapid anesthesia and onset, few medications, short awakening time and the curative effect is definite, and it is safe and reliable, and it is an ideal anesthesia method of upper limb surgery in children.

[Key words] Brachial plexus block; Ultrasound; Anesthesia; Children

小兒因恐懼而不配合,上肢手術(shù)傳統(tǒng)多采用喉罩全身麻醉,盡管喉罩全身麻醉較氣管內(nèi)插管全身麻醉有更少并發(fā)癥[1],但術(shù)中可出現(xiàn)呼吸、循環(huán)不穩(wěn)定,蘇醒延長,蘇醒期躁動、夢魘等并發(fā)癥,還可發(fā)生惡心、嘔吐,給患兒帶來很大風(fēng)險[2]。超聲引導(dǎo)下臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯具有定位準(zhǔn)確,對呼吸、循環(huán)干擾小等優(yōu)點,成功率高、療效好、安全性高,在小兒上肢手術(shù)中越來越受歡迎[3]。該院于2015年2月—2017年10月對32例小兒上肢手術(shù)應(yīng)用超聲引導(dǎo)下臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯取得很好的麻醉效果,現(xiàn)報道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

方便選取該組患兒共64例,隨機分兩組,臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯組(A組)32例,男25例,7女例,平均年齡(7.23±3.16)歲,喉罩全麻組(B組)32例,男24例,女8例,平均年齡(7.15±4.31)歲。其中單側(cè)肱骨骨折切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù)26例,單側(cè)橈骨骨折切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù)30例,單側(cè)上肢壓榨傷8例。兩組患兒的年齡、性別、體重、病情嚴(yán)重程度等比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。所有患兒均無心、肝、肺、腎疾病。經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),所有患兒家屬對麻醉方式的選擇均簽署知情同意書。

1.2 麻醉方法

術(shù)前常規(guī)禁食、禁飲6~8 h,開放靜脈。A組:靜脈注射丙泊酚(國藥準(zhǔn)字H20084531)2 mg/kg,待患兒入睡予鼻導(dǎo)管給氧1~2 L/min,并給予芬太尼(國藥準(zhǔn)字H20113508)1 ug/kg、阿托品(國藥準(zhǔn)字H61020370)0.01 mg/kg做基礎(chǔ)麻醉后行B超定位下臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯,采用肌間溝聯(lián)合腋路法,肌間溝局麻藥選擇0.375%鹽酸左旋左布比卡因(商品名伊捷卡,國藥準(zhǔn)字H20050403)0.5 mL/kg,腋路局麻藥選擇0.375%鹽酸左旋左布比卡因0.3 mL/kg。肌間溝法:頭偏向?qū)?cè),將探頭置于環(huán)狀軟骨水平,找到頸動脈圖像,輕輕沿外側(cè)滑動探頭,辨認(rèn)斜角肌和位于前、中斜角肌之間臂叢,接著采用平面內(nèi)技術(shù),用一次性穿刺針,由外向內(nèi)穿刺,確認(rèn)抵達臂叢處,回抽確認(rèn)無血后注入2 mL升局麻藥常常將臂叢從針的位置處推開,然后再將針推進1~2 cm回抽無血后將剩余局麻藥推完,確保局麻藥在合適的位置擴散。全程都應(yīng)避免高阻力注射以免神經(jīng)內(nèi)注射。腋路法:患肢外展90°前臂外旋,在腋窩處將探頭平行置于臂短軸方向,找到腋動脈后,用一次性穿刺針從頭側(cè)向腋動脈后方進針,在動脈下方注藥形成環(huán)形包繞,注意回抽確認(rèn)無血。術(shù)中予丙泊酚1~2 mg/kg泵注維持;B組:32例均采用喉罩全麻,麻醉誘導(dǎo):0.01 mg/kg阿托品,芬太尼2 μg/kg、丙泊酚2~3 mg/kg、順阿曲庫胺(國藥準(zhǔn)字H20060869)0.2~0.3 mg/kg。維持用藥為吸入1個肺泡最低有效濃度(MAC)七氟醚(國藥準(zhǔn)字H20070172)維持麻醉,持續(xù)靜脈輸注丙泊酚1~2 mg/(kg·h),瑞芬太尼(國藥準(zhǔn)字H20143314)6~8 μg/(kg·h),全程監(jiān)測呼末二氧化碳、揮發(fā)性麻醉藥濃度。

1.3 監(jiān)測項目

術(shù)中密切觀測血壓(BP)、心率(HR)、呼吸頻率(RR)、血氧飽和度(SpO2)變化,并對其誘導(dǎo)前、切皮、術(shù)中、結(jié)束時的變化進行比較,并觀察術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果和不良反應(yīng)并記錄蘇醒時間。術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果是指觀察麻醉性鎮(zhèn)痛藥的追加次數(shù);不良反應(yīng)則指惡心、嘔吐、術(shù)中體動反應(yīng)及清醒期躁動;蘇醒時間指手術(shù)縫皮結(jié)束至患兒睜眼、能應(yīng)答或哭鬧的時間。

1.4 統(tǒng)計方法

全部數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進行統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理分析,計量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較行t檢驗,計數(shù)資料采用百分比(%)表示,組間比較行χ2檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 麻醉后兩組的BP、HR、SpO2比較

在切皮時、術(shù)中以及手術(shù)結(jié)束時觀察,A組的SBP、DBP、HR平穩(wěn)程度明顯高于B組(P<0.05),手術(shù)結(jié)束時,A組的SpO2也明顯高于B組(P<0.05),見表1。

2.2 兩組患兒的麻醉起效、入睡、蘇醒時間、不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率及追加鎮(zhèn)痛藥次數(shù)比較

A組與B組患兒的麻醉起效時間[(8.4±1.3) vs (8.9±2.1)min和入睡時間(45.7± 8.1) vs (48.1±7.8)s]比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);但兩組的蘇醒時間[(6.3±4.8) vs (35.23±4.1)min]比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01),兩組的不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率(6.25% vs 37.5%)和追加鎮(zhèn)痛藥次數(shù)(3.12% vs 25.0%)比較也差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),A組僅2例患兒在切皮時發(fā)生體動反應(yīng),予追加芬太尼1ug/kg、丙泊酚1 mg/kg后安靜入睡,B組中有9例患兒在拔除喉罩后發(fā)生哭鬧、煩燥,2例發(fā)生喉痙攣,予手控面罩給氧及靜脈注射丙泊酚1 mg/kg后緩解,還有1例發(fā)生嘔吐。見表2、表3。

3 討論

臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯是上肢手術(shù)常用的麻醉方法之一,傳統(tǒng)的臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯多采用盲探法,依賴于刺激臂叢神經(jīng)時產(chǎn)生不精確的感覺異常,要求患者清醒合作,并能及時描述異感[4],但小兒在清醒狀態(tài)下,由于驚恐常不能配合穿刺,而在基礎(chǔ)麻醉狀態(tài)下又不能表達出異感,對于肥胖或頸部短有解剖異常的患兒,盲探法臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯還可能造成氣胸、損傷神經(jīng)、麻醉藥誤入血管、阻滯效果不佳等缺點[5-6]。因此,傳統(tǒng)小兒上肢手術(shù)常選擇全身麻醉,包括靜脈全麻和插管全麻,常用的氯胺酮靜脈全身麻醉有可能出現(xiàn)呼吸抑制、術(shù)中燥動,嘔吐窒息、蘇醒延遲等各種不良反應(yīng),嚴(yán)重者呼吸抑制、心跳停止[7];而插管全麻雖然降低了呼吸抑制、術(shù)中燥動的發(fā)生率,但易造成氣道損傷、氣道痙攣、拔管困難等風(fēng)險,臨床更常用的是喉罩全麻[8-9],麻醉管理依舊存在嘔吐窒息、蘇醒延遲、蘇醒期躁動,術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛不全等各種不良反應(yīng),給手術(shù)和患兒均帶來極大風(fēng)險[10]。

近年來,超聲引導(dǎo)下區(qū)域阻滯麻醉使神經(jīng)解剖、進針程度、局麻藥的擴散情況可視化,許多研究結(jié)果表明,此法較傳統(tǒng)麻醉更安全,鎮(zhèn)痛更持久,不良反應(yīng)更小,在臨床得到廣泛應(yīng)用[11-12]。由于超聲引導(dǎo)的小兒神經(jīng)阻滯穿刺定位準(zhǔn)確、成功率高,能減少局麻藥用量、避免血管神經(jīng)的損傷、縮短麻醉起效時間、延長阻滯時間,即使新生兒和嬰幼兒手術(shù)也可應(yīng)用,越來越受麻醉醫(yī)師的青睞[13-14]。該研究應(yīng)用超聲引導(dǎo)下臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯行小兒上肢手術(shù),與喉罩全麻比較,結(jié)果顯示,超聲引導(dǎo)下臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯的患兒生命征更平穩(wěn),雖麻醉起效時間和入睡時間兩組比較無差異,但研究組蘇醒時間[(6.3±4.8)min vs (35.23±4.1)min]明顯更短,不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率(6.25% vs 37.5%)也明顯更低,術(shù)后追加鎮(zhèn)痛藥的比率(3.12% vs 25.0%)也明顯更好,研究結(jié)果與報道相似[15]。該研究結(jié)果還顯示,超聲引導(dǎo)下臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉用藥量較傳統(tǒng)麻醉用藥量小,麻醉效果肯定,且患兒蘇醒時間短。

有報道,聯(lián)合麻醉利用不同的麻醉技術(shù)和不同藥物的優(yōu)點,能減少單一麻醉方式的不良反應(yīng),提高麻醉的療效及安全性。臂叢神經(jīng)因其鞘膜內(nèi)的多個結(jié)構(gòu)將其多個分支隔開,造成藥物不能完全擴散,導(dǎo)致腋路入路臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯橈側(cè)阻滯不完善,而肌間溝入路臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯則尺側(cè)的阻滯效果較差,對于肩部和上臂的手術(shù)通常不能提供完善的麻醉。將兩種入路聯(lián)合應(yīng)用于上肢手術(shù)可形成互補,獲得較滿意的阻滯效果,還可以更小劑量、更低濃度的局麻藥達到相同的阻滯效果,顯著減少了損傷血管神經(jīng)及氣胸等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,且利用長效局麻藥的時效達到良好的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果。本研究采用肌間溝-腋路聯(lián)合臂叢阻滯,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),局麻藥量更小,麻醉效果更完善,不良反應(yīng)低,與Fritsch G等[16]研究結(jié)果相似。

該研究在麻醉開始時使用丙泊酚輔以小劑量阿片類藥物芬太尼做基礎(chǔ)麻醉以達到進針時患兒無體動的效果,避免了傳統(tǒng)使用氯胺酮做基礎(chǔ)麻醉所帶來的心率快、分泌物多、喉痙攣、蘇醒延遲、術(shù)后夢魘等不良反應(yīng)[7]。丙泊酚為短效快速靜脈麻醉藥,40 s即可進入睡眠狀態(tài),清除率為20~30 mL/(kg·min),且時量相關(guān)半衰期不隨時間的延長而顯著增加。在小兒體內(nèi)分布容積大及清除率均更高,靜脈給藥后,患兒很快入睡,長時間輸注也能很快蘇醒。丙泊酚對呼吸、循環(huán)影響的程度取決于劑量、注射速度和合并用藥情況,且多呈一過性,該藥本身不具鎮(zhèn)痛作用,但有明顯的抗嘔吐作用[17]。該研究僅在臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯完善鎮(zhèn)痛后應(yīng)用小劑量的丙泊酚維持鎮(zhèn)靜狀態(tài),其小劑量和緩慢泵注速度不足以對患兒的呼吸和循環(huán)產(chǎn)生不良影響,因此使用時呼吸循環(huán)穩(wěn)定,手術(shù)后躁動少,惡心、嘔吐等不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率低[7]。

綜上所述,丙泊酚聯(lián)合超聲引導(dǎo)下肌間溝-腋路聯(lián)合臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯用藥少,鎮(zhèn)痛完善,并發(fā)癥少,用于小兒上肢手術(shù)安全有效。該麻醉方式操作簡單,經(jīng)短期規(guī)范培訓(xùn)即可掌握[18],值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。

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(收稿日期:2018-02-08)

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