何海 黃仕紅 黃建華
【摘要】 目的:評(píng)價(jià)超聲引導(dǎo)聯(lián)合神經(jīng)刺激儀肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯在老年患者上肢手術(shù)中的臨床應(yīng)用效果。方法:選取2017年1月-2018年1月本院擬行上肢手術(shù)者120例。按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為超聲引導(dǎo)聯(lián)合神經(jīng)刺激儀定位組(UN組)、神經(jīng)刺激儀定位組(N組)、傳統(tǒng)方法組(T組),各40例。記錄并比較各組麻醉情況、麻醉阻滯效果、麻醉總體效果及并發(fā)癥。結(jié)果:UN組麻醉完成時(shí)間、麻醉起效時(shí)間均短于N組和T組,麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于N組和T組,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);
N組麻醉起效時(shí)間短于T組,麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于T組,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);UN組各支配神經(jīng)分支阻滯完善率均高于N組和T組,麻醉Ⅰ級(jí)占比高于N組和T組,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且UN組無(wú)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。結(jié)論:超聲引導(dǎo)聯(lián)合神經(jīng)刺激儀應(yīng)用于老年患者肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯,麻醉操作更快,起效更迅速,鎮(zhèn)痛持續(xù)時(shí)間更長(zhǎng),阻滯更加完善,麻醉相關(guān)并發(fā)癥少,值得在臨床上推薦應(yīng)用。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 超聲; 神經(jīng)刺激儀; 臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯; 老年人
Clinical Application of Ultrasound Combined with Neurostimulator Guided Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block for Elderly Patients Undergoing Upper Limb Surgery/HE Hai,HUANG Shihong,HUANG Jianhua.//Medical Innovation of China,2018,15(14):107-110
【Abstract】 Objective:To evaluate the effect of ultrasound combined with neurostimulator guided interscalene brachial plexus block for elderly patients undergoing upper limb surgery.Method:A total of 120 patients with upper limb surgery from January 2017 to January 2018 in our hospital were selected.According to the random digital table method,they were divided into ultrasound combined with neurostimulator location group(UN group),the nerve stimulator location group(N group) and traditional method group(T group),40 cases of each group.The anesthetic condition,anesthetic block effect,overall anesthetic effect and complications were recorded and compared.Result:The time of anesthesia completion and the onset time of anesthesia in UN group were shorter than those of N and T group,and the duration of analgesia was longer than that of N and T group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).The onset time of anesthesia in N group was shorter than that of T group,and the duration of analgesia was longer than that of T group,the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05).The improvement rate of each innervation branch block in UN group were higher than those of N and T group,and the proportion of Ⅰ grade anesthesia was higher than those of N and T group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05),and there was no complication in UN group.Conclusion:Ultrasound combined with neurostimulator is used in the elderly patients with interscalene brachial plexus block,with faster anesthesia,more rapid onset,longer duration of analgesia,more perfect block and less complications related to anesthesia,which is worthy of clinical application.
【Key words】 Ultrasound; Neurostimulator; Brachial plexus block; Elderly people
First-authors address:Huizhou Shuikou Peoples Hospital,Huizhou 516003,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2018.14.026
臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯已廣泛應(yīng)用于上肢的手外科和骨科手術(shù),具有安全可靠、操作方便、效果確切、鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)效長(zhǎng)、對(duì)循環(huán)呼吸影響輕微等諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn)[1-2]。相較于其他麻醉方式,尤其在老年人的應(yīng)用中,術(shù)后可加速老年患者的康復(fù),減少圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[3]。隨著可視化及神經(jīng)刺激定位技術(shù)的逐漸普及,可有效地提高臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯的完善率和成功率。本文擬對(duì)超聲引導(dǎo)聯(lián)合神經(jīng)刺激儀下行肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯進(jìn)行研究,探討其在老年患者上肢手術(shù)中臨床應(yīng)用的有效性及安全性?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取2017年1月-2018年1月本院手外科、骨科擬行上肢手術(shù)者120例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡65~85歲;ASAⅡ~Ⅲ級(jí);無(wú)明顯心肺肝腎功能異常;擇期施行上肢手術(shù)者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):穿刺部位皮膚炎癥、缺損或感染者;凝血功能異常者;外周神經(jīng)感覺(jué)障礙者;精神異常或意識(shí)不清,難以表述及配合者;對(duì)局麻藥過(guò)敏者。按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為超聲引導(dǎo)聯(lián)合神經(jīng)刺激儀定位組(UN組),神經(jīng)刺激儀定位組(N組),傳統(tǒng)方法組(T組),各40例。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),并與患者及家屬簽署知情同意書(shū)。
1.2 麻醉方法 三組麻醉均由同一位高年資麻醉醫(yī)師進(jìn)行?;颊咝g(shù)前均禁飲禁食,入室后建立外周靜脈輸液通路,常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)ECG、HR、BP和SpO2?;颊呔⊙雠P位,頭往對(duì)側(cè)偏斜,手臂自然放于身體雙側(cè)。(1)UN組實(shí)施超聲引導(dǎo)聯(lián)合神經(jīng)刺激儀方案,采用Sonosite超聲(M-Turbo,美國(guó))高頻(5~10 MHz)線陣探頭定位,選用22G神經(jīng)刺激針(Stimuplex A,B.Braun Melsungen),同時(shí)連接神經(jīng)刺激器(Stimuplex HNS11,B.Braun)進(jìn)行穿刺。頸部皮膚常規(guī)消毒鋪巾,于頸部肌間溝,環(huán)狀軟骨水平附近掃描,探頭垂直于頸部皮膚,辨認(rèn)臂叢神經(jīng)的上、中、下干。在超聲監(jiān)視下,采用平面內(nèi)技術(shù),實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)視穿刺針的走向。開(kāi)啟神經(jīng)刺激儀初始電流1.0 mA(波寬0.1 ms,頻率2 Hz),穿刺針?lè)謩e接近各干神經(jīng)。當(dāng)引出各干神經(jīng)支配的肌肉抽動(dòng)時(shí),減小電流強(qiáng)度至0.3~0.4 mA仍可引出各干支配區(qū)的肌肉輕微顫動(dòng)時(shí)認(rèn)為定位成功。隨后各干神經(jīng)周圍推注羅哌卡因8~10 mL,使各目標(biāo)神經(jīng)在超聲可視下被局麻藥包繞浸潤(rùn)。(2)N組采用神經(jīng)刺激儀定位,針刺皮膚后開(kāi)始初始電流1.0 mA,調(diào)整位置直至上肢肌肉出現(xiàn)明顯抽動(dòng),調(diào)整電流強(qiáng)度至0.3~0.4 mA仍維持輕微顫動(dòng),然后將局麻藥全部注入。(3)T組常規(guī)采用解剖定位,將穿刺針垂直刺入皮膚2~3 cm,調(diào)整穿刺針角度與方向直至引出異感后,注入全部局麻藥。各組的局麻藥均為0.5%羅哌卡因(生產(chǎn)廠家:瑞典阿斯利康公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):進(jìn)口藥品注冊(cè)證號(hào)H20140763,批號(hào):PS05073),注入總量25 mL。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)與判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)觀察三組麻醉操作完成時(shí)間(開(kāi)始穿刺至注藥結(jié)束時(shí)間),麻醉起效時(shí)間(注藥結(jié)束至針刺皮膚疼痛感覺(jué)消失時(shí)間),麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛持續(xù)時(shí)間(針刺皮膚疼痛感覺(jué)消失至手術(shù)切口出現(xiàn)疼痛時(shí)間)。(2)麻醉阻滯效果評(píng)價(jià):使用針刺法記錄各神經(jīng)(橈神經(jīng)、尺神經(jīng)、正中神經(jīng)、肌皮神經(jīng))支配區(qū)域阻滯效果,阻滯完善為針刺痛覺(jué)完全消失;阻滯良好為針刺痛覺(jué)部分消失;阻滯無(wú)效為針刺痛覺(jué)正常。(3)麻醉總體效果評(píng)價(jià):Ⅰ級(jí)為可完全滿足手術(shù)要求,無(wú)需加用輔助用藥;Ⅱ級(jí)為患者自覺(jué)有輕度疼痛感,需加用鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛藥完成手術(shù);Ⅲ級(jí)為患者自覺(jué)疼痛明顯,需改全身麻醉完成手術(shù)。(4)記錄血腫、局麻藥中毒、神經(jīng)損傷等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 使用SPSS 17.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),多組間比較采用方差分析;計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 三組基線資料比較 三組患者一般資料比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性,見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 三組麻醉情況比較 UN組麻醉完成時(shí)間、麻醉起效時(shí)間均短于N組和T組,麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于N組和T組,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);N組麻醉起效時(shí)間短于T組,麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于T組,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 三組各支配神經(jīng)分支阻滯效果評(píng)價(jià)比較 UN組各支配神經(jīng)分支阻滯完善率均高于N組和T組,麻醉Ⅰ級(jí)占比均高于N組和T組,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表3、4。
2.4 三組并發(fā)癥統(tǒng)計(jì) T組發(fā)生氣胸1例(經(jīng)對(duì)癥處理,自行吸收痊愈),橈神經(jīng)阻滯恢復(fù)遲緩1例(經(jīng)給予營(yíng)養(yǎng)神經(jīng)藥后,逐漸康復(fù));N、T組各發(fā)生血腫3例;三組均無(wú)局麻藥中毒癥狀發(fā)生。
3 討論
傳統(tǒng)的臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯依靠的是體表標(biāo)志及解剖定位,缺乏客觀可靠的神經(jīng)定位指標(biāo)。在一些體形肥胖,頸部解剖觸摸欠清晰的患者,臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯的失敗率較高。在傳統(tǒng)的盲探法肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯中,由于中、下干位置較深,穿刺針難以達(dá)至目標(biāo)位置,對(duì)于上干的阻滯效果往往優(yōu)于中、下干,因此不可避免存在阻滯效果欠佳,而且靠穿刺針頭盲探引發(fā)異感,尋找目標(biāo)神經(jīng),容易損傷神經(jīng)及引起多種并發(fā)癥[4-5]。本研究中T組發(fā)生氣胸1例(經(jīng)對(duì)癥處理,自行吸收痊愈),橈神經(jīng)阻滯恢復(fù)遲緩1例(經(jīng)給予營(yíng)養(yǎng)神經(jīng)藥后,逐漸康復(fù)),在一定程度上也佐證了傳統(tǒng)臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯的局限及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
神經(jīng)刺激儀定位可使穿刺針在接近神經(jīng)時(shí),通過(guò)電流的刺激,引發(fā)神經(jīng)支配區(qū)域肌肉的顫動(dòng),明確目標(biāo)神經(jīng)的位置。由于穿刺針不觸及神經(jīng)干即可引起肌肉收縮而定位準(zhǔn)確,因此減少了損傷神經(jīng)的機(jī)會(huì)[6]。與傳統(tǒng)方法相比,神經(jīng)刺激儀定位雖在一定程度上改善定位目標(biāo)神經(jīng)的成功率,但仍然是盲探操作,需依靠局麻藥的容量及擴(kuò)散作用去阻滯目標(biāo)神經(jīng)[7-8]。因此神經(jīng)阻滯起效時(shí)間較慢,某些分支神經(jīng)阻滯不全。Barrington等[9]在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)少數(shù)病例存在應(yīng)用神經(jīng)刺激儀反復(fù)穿刺仍難以引出肌肉抽動(dòng),需在超聲引導(dǎo)下找到目標(biāo)神經(jīng)才穿刺成功。
超聲成像技術(shù)在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的臨床應(yīng)用已有數(shù)十年的歷史。近年因超聲的成像直觀,操作簡(jiǎn)單方便,對(duì)患者無(wú)創(chuàng)無(wú)放射損傷等優(yōu)點(diǎn),廣泛應(yīng)用于急診、重癥、麻醉及其他臨床科室[10-12]。在麻醉科,已經(jīng)可以利用其可視無(wú)創(chuàng)來(lái)引導(dǎo)神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉。通過(guò)超聲成像技術(shù),可在肉眼下直接觀察臂叢神經(jīng)及其周圍結(jié)構(gòu),引導(dǎo)穿刺針靠近目標(biāo)神經(jīng)[13-14]。還可通過(guò)超聲觀察局麻藥的注射過(guò)程及其擴(kuò)散范圍,確保局麻藥在神經(jīng)周圍均勻擴(kuò)散,充分浸潤(rùn)各目標(biāo)神經(jīng),有效提高神經(jīng)阻滯的成功率,減少并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[15-16]。但僅用超聲引導(dǎo),對(duì)某些局部組織解剖變異,神經(jīng)顯示判斷不清的患者,也可能無(wú)法達(dá)到有效的阻滯效果[17-18]。
盧悅淳等[19]應(yīng)用超聲聯(lián)合神經(jīng)刺激儀引導(dǎo)下閉孔神經(jīng)阻滯相較于僅用神經(jīng)刺激儀引導(dǎo),定位更準(zhǔn),操作更快,痛苦更小,安全性更高。Bowens等[20]在鎖骨下臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯應(yīng)用中發(fā)現(xiàn),兩者聯(lián)合應(yīng)用可提高有效性和安全性。本研究結(jié)果顯示,UN組麻醉完成時(shí)間、麻醉起效時(shí)間均短于N組和T組,麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于N組和T組,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);N組麻醉起效時(shí)間短于T組,麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)于T組,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);UN組各支配神經(jīng)分支阻滯完善率均高于N組和T組,麻醉Ⅰ級(jí)占比高于N組和T組,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);三組均無(wú)局麻藥中毒癥狀發(fā)生。
綜上所述,在老年患者的上肢手術(shù)中,應(yīng)用超聲引導(dǎo)聯(lián)合神經(jīng)刺激儀實(shí)施肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯,麻醉操作更快,起效更迅速,鎮(zhèn)痛持續(xù)時(shí)間更長(zhǎng),阻滯更加完善,麻醉相關(guān)并發(fā)癥少,值得在臨床上推薦應(yīng)用。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] Liu S S,Yadeau J T,shaw P M,et al.Incidence of unintentional intraneural injection and postoperative neurological complications with ultrasound-guided interscalene and supraclavicular nerve blocks[J].Anaesthesia,2011,66(3):168-174.
[2]楊綱華,王立勛,盧增停,等.超聲引導(dǎo)下行肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)麻醉在肥胖患者中的應(yīng)用效果[J].廣西醫(yī)學(xué),2015,37(12):1738-1740.
[3]梁富華,黃志東,裴潤(rùn)萍.超聲引導(dǎo)下腰叢坐骨神經(jīng)阻滯麻醉在老年下肢骨科手術(shù)中應(yīng)用效果觀察[J].白求恩醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2016,14(1):82-83.
[4] Toju K,Hakozaki T,Akatsu M,et al.Ultrasound-guided bilateral brachial plexus blockade with propofol-ketamine sedation[J].J Anesth,2011,25(6):927-929.
[5]董喆,章敏,周玲,等.超聲引導(dǎo)臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯在肘關(guān)節(jié)以下手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用[J].安徽衛(wèi)生職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2015,14(6):23-24.
[6]劉馨燭,周棱,張艷菊,等.神經(jīng)刺激器定位對(duì)周圍神經(jīng)阻滯效果和安全性的影響[J].中國(guó)循證醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2009,9(5):542-551.
[7]朱貴芹,朱霞,鄭閩江,等.超聲聯(lián)合神經(jīng)刺激儀定位腰叢-坐骨神經(jīng)阻滯在危重患者下肢手術(shù)中的臨床應(yīng)用[J].臨床麻醉學(xué)雜志,2013,29(11):1091-1093.
[8]楊世宗,杜津.超聲與神經(jīng)刺激儀引導(dǎo)下連續(xù)股神經(jīng)阻滯在全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果比較[J].中國(guó)鄉(xiāng)村醫(yī)藥,2016,23(14):26-27.
[9] Barrington M J,Gledhill S R,Kluger R,et al.A Randomized Controlled Trial of Ultrasound Versus Nerve Stimulator Guidance for Axillary Brachial Plexus Block[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2016,41(6):671-677.
[10]陳琳.超聲引導(dǎo)下肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯在上肢清創(chuàng)手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用[J].福建醫(yī)藥雜志,2017,39(5):111-112.
[11] Choi S,Mccartney C J.Evidence base for the use of ultrasound for upper extremity blocks:2014 update[J].Reg Anesth Pain Med,2016,41(2):242-250.
[12]宋傳民.超聲定位肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯的臨床觀察[J].中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新,2011,8(33):57-58.
[13]楊光,鄭曼,季方兵,等.超聲或神經(jīng)刺激儀輔助股神經(jīng)阻滯用于膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)快通道麻醉的觀察[J].徐州醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2017,37(5):308-311.
[14]王群,蔣強(qiáng),蘇帆.雙重引導(dǎo)行連續(xù)肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯及術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛[J].實(shí)用疼痛學(xué)雜志,2013,9(3):190-193.
[15] Domingo-Triadó V,Selfa S,Martínez F,et al.Ultrasound guidance for lateral midfemoral sciatic nerve block:a prospective,comparative,randomized study[J].Anesth Analg,2007,104(5):1270-1274.
[16]王曼.腹橫肌阻滯臨床應(yīng)用進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)中西醫(yī)結(jié)合外科雜志,2014,20(3):336-338.
[17]廖俊,王庚,張曉光.超聲聯(lián)合神經(jīng)刺激引導(dǎo)逆行鎖骨下與鎖骨上臂叢阻滯的比較[J].實(shí)用醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2012,28(18):3092-3094.
[18]孫振中,路通俊,黃威,等.超聲引導(dǎo)下肌間溝臂叢聯(lián)合尺神經(jīng)阻滯在前臂尺側(cè)手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用[J].贛南醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2016,36(2):218-220.
[19]盧悅淳,孫健,高春霖,等.超聲聯(lián)合神經(jīng)刺激儀引導(dǎo)下閉孔神經(jīng)阻滯效果的臨床研究[J].臨床麻醉學(xué)雜志,2014,30(7):641-644.
[20] Bowens C Jr,Gupta R K,OByrne W T,et al.Selective local anesthetic placement using ultrasound guidance and neurotimulation for infraclavicular brachial plexus blockl[J].Anesth Analg,2010,110(5):1480-1485.
(收稿日期:2018-03-05) (本文編輯:董悅)
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新2018年14期