陸瑤瑤,蘇瑞景,董輝,王夢瑤,楊玉榮
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ME 49株弓形蟲速殖子對昆明小鼠的致病性
陸瑤瑤,蘇瑞景,董輝,王夢瑤,楊玉榮
(河南農業(yè)大學牧醫(yī)工程學院, 鄭州 450002)
【目的】通過ME 49株弓形蟲速殖子對小鼠致病性的研究,了解該蟲株速殖子的毒力特點,為深入研究弓形蟲弱毒株的致病特征提供研究基礎?!痉椒ā恳訫E 49株弓形蟲速殖子為研究對象,用血球計數(shù)板將速殖子梯度濃度稀釋為<100,100-106個/mL,腹腔注射昆明小鼠,死亡小鼠的組織直接涂片檢測肺臟及腸系膜淋巴結速殖子或大腦組織中弓形蟲包囊數(shù)量,肺臟常規(guī)石蠟切片進行H.E及IHC染色,統(tǒng)計涂片和MAT方法的結果分析弓形蟲的感染情況,并統(tǒng)計小鼠的感染率和生存率。【結果】0-60 DPI,死亡小鼠組織涂片顯微鏡檢查和MAT法檢測小鼠血清中弓形蟲IgG抗體結果顯示,<100、100、101及≥102速殖子濃度組小鼠的弓形蟲感染率分別為0、20%、60%及100%。104速殖子濃度組小鼠有3只分別在12、16、19 DPI死亡;105速殖子濃度組小鼠有2只在11 DPI死亡,1只在8 DPI死亡;106速殖子濃度組小鼠有2只在9 DPI死亡,在7、8、10 DPI各死亡1只,感染弓形蟲的小鼠生存率為62.07%(18/29)。對死亡小鼠的肺臟和腸系膜淋巴結直接涂片,顯微鏡鏡檢可見弓形蟲速殖子;H.E及IHC染色,肺臟可以觀察到弓形蟲包囊及弓形蟲抗原。對<100、100、101及102處死小鼠的大腦組織研磨鏡檢,結果顯示<100和100感染組陽性小鼠大腦中弓形蟲包囊數(shù)均為0;101感染組陽性小鼠大腦中弓形蟲包囊數(shù)分別為60、100和0;102感染組陽性小鼠大腦中弓形蟲包囊數(shù)量分別為20、40、40、60和0。60 -600 DPI,103速殖子濃度組小鼠在184 、435 和569 DPI各有1只死亡,大腦中未檢測到弓形蟲包囊;105速殖子濃度組小鼠1只在188 DPI死亡,大腦包囊數(shù)量為20,其余小鼠存活時間為590 DPI?!窘Y論】本研究探討了ME 49株弓形蟲速殖子對昆明小鼠的致病性,≥102速殖子濃度可引起小鼠100%感染,106速殖子濃度可引起小鼠100%死亡,小鼠死亡的時間為7-19 DPI,感染小鼠生存率為62.07%(18/29),大腦包囊成囊率為53.85%(7/13),平均包囊量為0-53個包囊/小鼠大腦,最長存活時間590 DPI。ME 49株弓形蟲速殖子對小鼠致病性較弱,大腦可見弓形蟲包囊,高濃度速殖子可引起小鼠死亡。
弓形蟲;ME 49蟲株;速殖子;昆明小鼠;致病性
【研究意義】弓形蟲()是一種細胞內寄生原蟲,可以侵染溫血動物的有核細胞,誘發(fā)弓形蟲病,對人類及家畜造成重大危害及經濟損傷[1-2]。弓形蟲有極其復雜的生活史,可分為有性生殖和無性生殖,僅在終末宿主貓科動物的小腸上皮細胞內發(fā)生有性生殖,在終末宿主及中間宿主的有核細胞內均可發(fā)生無性生殖,健康宿主體內弓形蟲速殖子增殖受阻轉化為緩殖子,形成包囊[3-5]。弓形蟲的卵囊、速殖子和包囊3種形態(tài)均具有感染性[1]。人類或動物食入含有速殖子的牛奶或奶制品可引起弓形蟲病[6]。因此,掌握弓形蟲速殖子的致病性,對了解弓形蟲以速殖子形式傳播具有重要意義?!厩叭搜芯窟M展】Dubey等[7]將ME 49株弓形蟲的卵囊灌胃Swiss小鼠,發(fā)現(xiàn)100—1 000個卵囊可引起小鼠100%死亡,100個卵囊灌胃小鼠后大腦包囊數(shù)為618個。另外,DUBEY[8]研究ME 49株弓形蟲包囊灌胃小鼠后,引起小鼠感染的最低量為100個,平均包囊量為566,而經皮下注射10個組織包囊即可引起小鼠感染,大腦包囊平均數(shù)為680。【本研究切入點】ME 49株弓形蟲的基因型為典型的TypeII蟲株,為弱毒蟲株,而在國內流行的蟲株主要為弱毒株,基因型為ToxoDB#9[9],未見ME 49蟲株對昆明小鼠致病性的相關報道。因此對ME 49株弓形蟲對小鼠的致病性特點進行深入研究。【擬解決的關鍵問題】本研究以ME 49株弓形蟲速殖子為研究對象,探討該蟲株對昆明小鼠的致病特點,以期為中國弱毒蟲株的毒力特點提供參考依據。
ME 49株弓形蟲、兔抗弓形蟲多克隆抗體、弓形蟲抗原受贈于美國農業(yè)部寄生蟲Dubey實驗室。ME 49蟲株于河南農業(yè)大學病理實驗室經Vero細胞培養(yǎng)獲得速殖子。HRP-鼠抗兔(DAB)試劑盒購買于Abcam公司,批號為ab64264。
2016年從鄭州大學試驗動物中心購買健康昆明小鼠45只,45—55日齡,體重18—25 g,弓形蟲檢測陰性,許可證號為SCXK(豫)2010-0002(試驗動物處理遵守動物倫理與福利相關規(guī)定)。小鼠隨機分為9組,8個感染組,1個對照組,每組5只小鼠,雌雄分開,飼養(yǎng)于河南農業(yè)大學試驗動物房,飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境溫度20—27℃,相對濕度40%—65%,照明采用12 h/12 h交替光照,自由采食清潔級全營養(yǎng)顆粒飼料,飲用高壓滅菌水。
收集ME 49株弓形蟲速殖子細胞培養(yǎng)液, 混勻后吸取20 μL滴于一次性血球計數(shù)板,在光學顯微鏡下觀察并計數(shù),計算公式為:(4 large squares/4)×10×104,初始速殖子濃度約為106個/mL。將計數(shù)后的培養(yǎng)液抽取1 mL,加9 mL的0.85%的生理鹽水,依次10倍稀釋為10-1、10-2、10-3、10-4、10-5、10-6直至最終稀釋梯度液體內不含速殖子記為<100個。選取<100、100—106個/mL濃度的速殖子分別腹腔注射感染組昆明小鼠,接種量為1 mL/只,對照組小鼠腹腔注射無菌生理鹽水1 mL/只。
每天觀察小鼠的臨床情況,記錄發(fā)病和死亡情況。腹腔注射后60 d(days post inoculation,DPI),采集全部小鼠血清,采用改良凝集試驗方法(modified agglutination test,MAT)檢測血清中弓形蟲IgG抗體,具體步驟參照Dubey[10],統(tǒng)計小鼠感染率。對60 DPI內死亡的小鼠肺臟及腸系膜淋巴結進行組織涂片,鏡檢觀察是否含有弓形蟲速殖子,并用10%的中性福爾馬林溶液固定死亡小鼠肺臟,制作常規(guī)石蠟切片,采用蘇木素與伊紅染色法(hematoxylin-Eosin staining,H.E)和免疫組織化學(immunohistochemistry,IHC)染色技術觀察蟲體及抗原分布,IHC染色具體步驟見文獻[1]。60 DPI后,保留103、104、105感染組小鼠,將<100、100、101和102感染組小鼠乙醚麻醉后處死,顯微鏡檢查其大腦包囊負載量,試驗方法見文獻[7]。
采用軟件Graph Pad Prism 5.0 software(Graphpad Software Inc.,San Diego,CA,USA)對得到的數(shù)據進行分析,并繪圖。
0—60 DPI,小鼠血清中弓形蟲IgG抗體結果顯示,<100、100、101及≥102速殖子濃度組小鼠的弓形蟲感染率分別為0、20%、60%及100%(表1)。104速殖子濃度組小鼠有3只分別在12、16、19 DPI 死亡;105速殖子濃度組小鼠有2只在11 DPI死亡,1只在8 DPI死亡;106速殖子濃度組小鼠有2只在9 DPI死亡,在7、8、10 DPI各死亡1只(表1)。對死亡小鼠的肺臟和腸系膜淋巴結涂片,顯微鏡鏡檢可見弓形蟲速殖子,見圖1-A、B;H.E及IHC染色,肺臟可以觀察到弓形蟲包囊及弓形蟲抗原,見圖1-D、E、F。感染弓形蟲的小鼠生存率為62.07%(18/29)。
60—600 DPI,103速殖子濃度組小鼠在184、435和569 DPI各有1只死亡;105速殖子濃度組小鼠1只在188 DPI死亡。小鼠最長存活時間為590 DPI(表1)。感染組小鼠生存曲線見圖2。
60 DPI,對處死的感染組小鼠,取大腦并研磨鏡檢計數(shù),結果發(fā)現(xiàn)<100和100感染組陽性小鼠大腦中弓形蟲包囊數(shù)為0;101感染組陽性小鼠大腦中弓形蟲包囊數(shù)分別為60、100和0;102感染組陽性小鼠大腦中弓形蟲包囊數(shù)量分別為20、40、40、60和0。
表1 腹腔注射ME 49株弓形蟲速殖子對昆明小鼠的致病性
Table 1 Pathogenicity of the ME 49 strain oftachyzoites on Kunming mice by intraperitoneally
1)表示小鼠存活天數(shù)/存活小鼠數(shù)目;“alive/n”表示存活小鼠/小鼠數(shù)目;“-”表示小鼠未感染弓形蟲;“0b”表示小鼠感染弓形蟲,未發(fā)現(xiàn)包囊
1)mouse survival days / number of surviving mice; “alive /n” number of alive mice; “-” mice were not infected; “0b” mice were infected, cyst was not found
A:小鼠腸系膜淋巴結中弓形蟲速殖子(箭頭),腸系膜淋巴結涂片,未染色,7 DPI;B:小鼠肺臟中弓形蟲速殖子(箭頭),肺臟涂片,未染色,7 DPI;C:小鼠大腦中弓形蟲包囊(箭頭),大腦組織壓片,未染色,60 DPI;D:小鼠肺臟弓形蟲包囊(箭頭),肺臟H.E染色,7 DPI;E:小鼠肺臟弓形蟲包囊(箭頭),肺臟H.E染色,7 DPI;F:小鼠肺臟弓形蟲(箭頭),肺臟弓形蟲IHC 染色,7 DPI。標尺=50 μm
60—600 DPI,103感染組3只死亡小鼠的大腦中未發(fā)現(xiàn)弓形蟲包囊;105感染組1只死亡小鼠的大腦弓形蟲包囊數(shù)為20。平均包囊負載量為0—53個包囊/小鼠大腦(表1),包囊形態(tài)見圖1-C,ME 49株弓形蟲的大腦成囊率為53.85%(7/13)。
A:0-60 DPI小鼠生存曲線;B:60-600 DPI小鼠生存曲線
Fig. 2 The survival curve of mice after inoculation with gradient concentration of ME 49 straintachyzoites intraperitoneally
攝入弓形蟲卵囊污染的蔬菜、水果和水,食入生的或未煮熟的含有弓形蟲包囊的肉類,是引起人獸共患弓形蟲病的主要傳播途徑[1,11-14]。此外,弓形蟲速殖子可存在于血液、唾液、尿液、淚液、精液及乳汁中,可在輸血、受精和哺乳過程感染弓形蟲病[1,15]。弓形蟲速殖子由于其抵抗外界環(huán)境的能力較弱,經口很容易被胃蛋白酶水解而降低感染率,但有研究提出在極少數(shù)的情況下,速殖子在到達胃之前經口腔或食道黏膜進入宿主血液或淋巴系統(tǒng),另外,速殖子可以在酸性胃蛋白酶溶液中存活短時間(最多2 h)[16-19],因此多采用腹腔注射接種速殖子使小鼠感染弓形蟲。研究不同弓形蟲蟲株的致病性可了解其基本的生物學特征,為弓形蟲致病機制的研究和篩選疫苗候選蟲株提供參考依據。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),同為II型的ME 49和TgNmBr1蟲株對Swiss小鼠的100%致死劑量分別為102—103個和大于103個卵囊,102個ME 49株弓形蟲的卵囊接種小鼠后大腦約有618個包囊,103個TgNmBr1株弓形蟲接種小鼠后約有526個包囊[7],而本研究中ME 49株弓形蟲速殖子接種昆明小鼠后,1個速殖子即可引起昆明小鼠感染,引起小鼠100%致死劑量的速殖子濃度為106,可在大腦中查到組織包囊(0—53個),說明ME 49株弓形蟲速殖子對昆明小鼠的致死性和包囊形成率均低于卵囊灌胃接種的Swiss小鼠。與已報道的同為Type II的PRU株弓形蟲速殖子接種昆明小鼠比較,其感染率及包囊形成率情況基本一致[20]。有研究結果發(fā)現(xiàn)ME 49株弓形蟲速殖子和組織包囊對小鼠的致病性中等,但卵囊對小鼠致病性較強,這也解釋了本研究中ME 49蟲株速殖子在高濃度情況下才能引起小鼠死亡與DUBEY研究的100—1 000個卵囊即可引起小鼠100%死亡的不同原因[7-8]。ME 49株弓形蟲的速殖子和VEG株弓形蟲分別為II型和III型的標準蟲株,1個VEG株弓形蟲卵囊即可感染昆明小鼠,最低引起小鼠死亡的卵囊濃度為102個,且小鼠大腦包囊數(shù)量為9—857個/只[21],從研究結果可以得知,ME 49株弓形蟲速殖子對昆明小鼠的致病性和包囊形成率均低于VEG株弓形蟲卵囊。除此之外,判定弓形蟲的毒力,還需要考慮蟲株的基因型、蟲株的接種方式和形態(tài),且同一蟲株的不同形態(tài)其致病性也不同,卵囊對小鼠的毒力最大,其次是組織包囊,最弱的為速殖子[22]。
根據現(xiàn)有資料發(fā)現(xiàn),ToxoDB#9()為中國的主要蟲株,在斯里卡蘭、南美、哥倫比亞及墨西哥都有相關報道[23-25]?;蛐屯瑸門oxoDB#9的不同分離株,蟲株的致病性也各有差異[26]。研究報道,從河南焦作綿羊分離的同為ToxoDB#9型弓形蟲TgSheepHn1蟲株速殖子對小鼠的致病性(104濃度速殖子在30 DPI內小鼠的死亡率為80%)大于TgSheepHn2蟲株速殖子對小鼠的致病性(104濃度速殖子在30 DPI內小鼠的死亡率為60%),而從貓中分離到的TgCatCHn4(ToxoDB#9)和TgCatCHn2(ToxoDB#17)株弓形蟲卵囊(104)接種小鼠在60 DPI內未見死亡[27-30]。ME 49株弓形蟲為弱毒株,104—106個速殖子組的小鼠死亡率較高,急性期死亡時間為7—19 DPI,106個速殖子濃度可引起小鼠在7—10 DPI內全部死亡,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)強毒蟲株104個ToxoDB#216卵囊即可引起小鼠在一周之內100%死亡[31]。101和102速殖子濃度組小鼠在60 DPI均可見大腦包囊,105個速殖子接種組死亡小鼠大腦中存在包囊,可以推斷ME 49株弓形蟲感染小鼠后在依然存活的小鼠大腦中可能存在組織包囊。本試驗研究了典型的Type II蟲株ME 49株弓形蟲對我國昆明小鼠的致病性,這一結果為我國分離蟲株的致病性研究提供了參考依據。
ME 49株弓形蟲速殖子對昆明小鼠的致病性中等,≥102速殖子濃度可引起小鼠100%感染,106速殖子濃度可引起小鼠100%死亡,小鼠死亡的時間為7 —19 DPI,感染小鼠生存率為62.07%(18/29),大腦包囊成囊率為53.85%(7/13),包囊量為0—53個包囊/小鼠大腦,最長存活時間為590 DPI。
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(責任編輯 林鑒非)
Pathogenicity of ME 49 StrainTachyzoites in Kunming Mice
LU YaoYao, SU RuiJing, DONG Hui, WANG MengYao, YANG YuRong
(College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002)
【Objective】In order to provide a basis for study the pathogenic characteristic of(), ME 49 strain oftachyzoites were explored to understand its virulence.【Method】In this study, the tachyzoites of ME 49 strainwere diluted with the concentration of <100, 100-106and inoculated to Kunming mice by intraperitoneal injection. The tachyzoites in lung and mesentery lymph nodes of mice were checked, and the cysts ofin brain were numbered. Besides, the paraffin sections in the lungs were stained with HE and IHC. The results of smear and MAT were used to analyze the infection rate and survival rate of mice.【Result】0 DPI-60 DPI, the result ofIgG antibody by MAT showed that the seroprevalence of mice with <100, 100, 101and ≥102were 0, 20%, 60% and 100%, respectively. Three mice with 104tachyzoites died at 12 DPI, 16 DPI and 19 DPI, respectively. Two mice died at 11 DPI and one mouse died at 8 DPI with 105tachyzoites. Two mice with 106tachyzoites died at 9 DPI, three mice died at 7 DPI, 8 DPI and 10 DPI, respectively, and the survival rate of mice infected withwas 62.07% (18/29). The tachyzoites of lungs and mesentery lymph nodes of dead mice were found by microscopy, and the cysts and antigen ofwere observed in the lung by HE and IHC. The cysts in brain ofinfection-positive mice with <100, and 100tachyzoites were not found, the cysts in brain ofpositive mice with 101tachyzoite were 60, 100 and 0, respectively, 102tachyzoites of that were 20, 40, 60, and 0, respectively, 60 DPI-600 DPI, three mice died with 103tachyzoites at 184 DPI, 435 DPI and 569 DPI, respectively, but no cysts ofwere detected in the brains of mice. One mouse died at 188 DPI with the 105tachyzoites and the cysts was 20, while the survived time of remaining mice was 590 DPI.【Conclusion】In this study, the pathogenicity of ME 49 strain oftachyzoites in Kunming mice was explored. 100% infection rate for mice was ≥102tachyzoites, the 100% lethal dose was 106tachyzoites, the time of death in infected mice was 7 DPI-19 DPI, the brain cysts was 0-53 per mouse, and the longest survival time was 590 DPI. Thetachyzoites of ME 49 strain had low pathogenicity to Kunming mice, and the cysts could be formed in brain, and only cause death of mice at high concentration of tachyzoites.
; ME 49 strain; tachyzoites; Kunming mice; pathogenicity
2018-01-14;
2018-06-12
中國博士后科學基金(2016M600577)、河南省高??萍紕?chuàng)新人才支持計劃(17HASTIT038)、河南省自然科學基金(162300410138)
陸瑤瑤,E-mail:Qiaommy@yeah.net。 通信作者楊玉榮,E-mail:yangyu7712@sina.com
10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.19.016