建筑設(shè)計(jì)：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)營造

“微雜院”項(xiàng)目所處的茶兒胡同8號(hào)院子位于北京前門大柵欄區(qū)域，距離紫禁城直線距離1km。院子是一個(gè)曾經(jīng)居住著12戶人家的典型大雜院。在過去的50～60年間，每戶人家都在院子中加建了小廚房——這些所謂的“未授權(quán)”加建形成了非常有趣的社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)和空間屬性。在以往的城市更新項(xiàng)目中，這些自發(fā)的加建結(jié)構(gòu)都被當(dāng)作城市發(fā)展殘余而一概抹去。

與一般的舊城改建思路不同，“微雜院”以當(dāng)下的場所特質(zhì)為出發(fā)點(diǎn)，將原有的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)都予以保留，以居民自發(fā)加建的體量為參考，在尊重大雜院空間特質(zhì)的前提下，對(duì)這些胡同中非正式的加建結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行重新設(shè)計(jì)、修復(fù)和再利用?！拔㈦s院”在讓胡同的日常生活更加豐富多彩的同時(shí)，也以自身作為一個(gè)鮮活的例子，希望讓北京市民和政府看到對(duì)復(fù)雜舊城區(qū)域進(jìn)行改造的新的可能性。這樣，北京老城區(qū)中的那些大雜院才可能會(huì)逐漸被當(dāng)作北京城市更新的基本單元，被視為有價(jià)值的城市形態(tài)，而不是應(yīng)該被完全推平的城市發(fā)展殘余?！?/p>

1-茶兒胡同社區(qū)圖書館/Cha'er Hutong Community Library

2-前門清真寺/Qianmen Mosque

Cha'er Hutong is a quiet spot among the busy Dashilar area, situated 1 km away from the Forbidden City in the city centre of Beijing. The No. 8 Cha'er Hutong courtyard is a typical large"zayuan" – a big messy courtyard – once occupied by over a dozen families. Over the past 50 years, each family built a small add-on kitchen in the courtyard.These add-on works are usually considered as urban scrap and all of them have been wiped out with the renovation practices during the past years.

Different from the conventional redevelopment strategies, by redesigning, renovating and reusing the add-on works in the hutong courtyards, the project allows Beijing citizens and the government to see new and sustainable possibilities for how to put our messy additions to good use. Maybe they can be recognised as cultural relics and critical layers of recent Beijing's hutong life rather than debris to be erased entirely.□

1 總平面/Site plan

2 俯瞰/Overlook view

3 內(nèi)景/Interior view

4 外景/Exterior view

5.6 內(nèi)景/Interior views

7 首層總平面/Site ground floor plan

8 首層平面/Ground floor plan

9 模型/Model

10-13 剖面/Sections

1-圖書室/Library

2-閱覽室/Reading room

3-展亭/Pavilion

4-廚房/Kitchen

5-多功能廳/Multi-funtion room

6-更衣室/Locker room

7-庭院/Courtyard

8-美術(shù)教室/Art classroom

9-傳達(dá)室/Guard room

10-衛(wèi)生間/Toilet

11-浴室/Bathroom

12-辦公室/Offce

13-會(huì)議室/Meeting room

1-茶兒胡同社區(qū)圖書館/Cha'er Hutong Community Library

2-前門清真寺/Qianmen Mosque

14.15 外景/Exterior views

16 改造前外景/Existing exterior view

評(píng)論

支文軍：張軻的“微雜院”項(xiàng)目無論從規(guī)模體量還是目前的社會(huì)影響力，也許都不能與明星建筑師的大型項(xiàng)目等量齊觀，但其在中國城市化進(jìn)程中對(duì)歷史和具體地域性聚居形態(tài)的應(yīng)對(duì)和處理給業(yè)界留下了深刻印象。

1 微更新策略：過去在中國語境中城市更新更多的是涉及大規(guī)模城市更新和歷史街區(qū)更新的議題討論。但在當(dāng)下，城市更新的討論和實(shí)踐正逐漸延伸到日常和規(guī)模較小的項(xiàng)目中去，而與歷史和文脈的復(fù)雜與矛盾關(guān)系是中國城市化和城市更新進(jìn)程中不可避免的議題。建筑師為了回應(yīng)和回答這一系列的議題，構(gòu)建了新舊材料利用、新舊空間轉(zhuǎn)換和使用、尊重已有場地要素、引入公共功能等復(fù)雜的邏輯和策略。這些思考和努力雖然是“微”般少量，但卻對(duì)未來個(gè)體與城市的關(guān)系作出了十分有潛力的嘗試。

2 共生式構(gòu)建：對(duì)300歲參天古槐的保護(hù)、低影響材料和構(gòu)造策略的運(yùn)用以及包容性地改造先前居民自行搭建的廚房空間，都反映了建筑師謙遜的態(tài)度和縝密的思維。通過嫁接加建的新結(jié)構(gòu)和植入的公共功能，“微雜院”將老年原住民的日常生活與兒童圖書館及藝術(shù)中心的使用較好地交合在一起。通過在庭院中的小規(guī)模干預(yù)，社區(qū)之間的聯(lián)系得到加強(qiáng)，并豐富了當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦暮?。盡管“微雜院”甚至都不是傳統(tǒng)意義上的“建筑項(xiàng)目”，但張軻在此項(xiàng)目中提出的“共生式更新”是中國建筑師在面對(duì)和處理本土問題情境下的發(fā)聲。

3 國際影響力：自2010年李曉東作品“橋上書屋”成為 中國建筑師首個(gè)獲得阿卡汗建筑獎(jiǎng)的作品以來，都市實(shí)踐設(shè)計(jì)的土樓公舍（2010年入圍）、華黎設(shè)計(jì)的高黎貢手工造紙博物館（2013年入圍），張軻的“微雜院”項(xiàng)目也獲得2016阿卡汗建筑獎(jiǎng)，中國建筑師的作品已連續(xù)3屆吸引了阿卡汗建筑獎(jiǎng)評(píng)審委員會(huì)的注意。這些作品的共性是闡釋了中國建筑師如何在當(dāng)下中國的城鄉(xiāng)環(huán)境中結(jié)合實(shí)際問題和挑戰(zhàn)，以適宜的設(shè)計(jì)語言和手法來詮釋建筑師的社會(huì)思考。

4 現(xiàn)實(shí)的困境：“微雜院”項(xiàng)目所處的茶兒胡同8號(hào)院子位于北京前門大柵欄區(qū)域，距離紫禁城直線距離1km。一方面項(xiàng)目區(qū)域的中心位置面臨高強(qiáng)度開發(fā)的壓力，另一方面項(xiàng)目位置太過中心所具有的敏感性保留住了這片雜亂的傳統(tǒng)聚居地幾乎是自生自滅的狀態(tài)。社會(huì)環(huán)境和現(xiàn)實(shí)條件并不具備合理產(chǎn)生和擁有“微雜院”這類對(duì)于社區(qū)和社會(huì)具有積極影響和關(guān)注、并突出強(qiáng)調(diào)具有社會(huì)效益的項(xiàng)目。對(duì)“微雜院”項(xiàng)目來講，建筑師的情懷是至關(guān)重要和值得欽佩的，包括來自建筑師的對(duì)于更新建造資金的投入及建成后的維護(hù)運(yùn)營，這些超越建筑師職能范圍的擔(dān)當(dāng)是項(xiàng)目得以實(shí)現(xiàn)和存在的基礎(chǔ)。希望這只是個(gè)案而已。

Comment

ZHI Wenjun:The "Micro Yuan'er" project of ZHANG Ke may not compete with the large-scale projects of star architects whether in terms of size or previous social influence, but its response and treatment to the history and specific regional inhabitation patterns in the urbanization process of China left a deep impression on the architectural industry.

1 Micro-renewal strategy: In the past, urban renewal in the context of China has been more referring to the discussions about large-scale urban renewal and historical block renewal. But in the present, the discussions and practices of urban renewal are gradually extending to the ordinary and smaller-scale projects, and their complex and contradictory relationship with history and culture is an inevitable topic in the process of urbanization and urban renewal in China. In response to this series of issues, the architect constructed complex logics and strategies, such as the use of old and new materials, the conversion and use of old and new spaces, the respect for existing site elements, and the introduction of public functions. Although these thoughts and efforts are as little as "micro", they have made a very promising attempt at the future relationship between individuals and cities.

2 Symbiotic construction: The protection of the 300-year-old huge pagoda tree, the use of lowimpact materials and construction strategies, and the inclusive renovation of the kitchen space built by the previous residents reflect the architect's modest attitude and careful thinking. Through the grafted new structures and the implanted public functions, "Micro Yuan'er" combines the ordinary life of the elderly original residents with the use of children's library and art center. Through the small-scale interventions in the courtyard, the links between communities have been strengthened and the Hutong life of local residents has been enriched.Although "Micro Yuan'er" is not even technically an "architecture project", the "symbiotic renewal"proposed by ZHANG Ke in this project is the voice of Chinese architects in the context of facing and dealing with local problems.

3 International influence: Since 2010, when LI Xiaodong's "Bridge School" became the first work by Chinese architect that won the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, the Tulou Collective Housing designed by URBANUS (shortlisted in 2010), the Gaoligong Handcraft Paper Making Museum designed by Hua Li (shortlisted in 2013), and ZHANG Ke's "Micro Yuan'er" project also winning the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2016, the works of Chinese architects have attracted the attention of the jury of Aga Khan Award for Architecture for three consecutive years. The commonness of these works is that they explained how Chinese architects combined practical problems and challenges in the current Chinese urban and rural environment, and interpreted the architects' social consideration with appropriate design language and techniques.

4 Realistic dilemma: The No. 8 courtyard of Cha'er Hutong where the "Micro Yuan'er" project is based at is located in the Qianmen Dashilar area of Beijing, one kilometer away from the Forbidden City. On the one hand, the central location of the project area is under the pressure of high-intensity development; on the other hand, the sensitivity of the project location too close to the center keeps the self-evolution state of this chaotic traditional settlement. The social environment and realistic conditions cannot reasonably generate and possess projects like "Micro Yuan'er", which has positive impacts and focuses on the community and society,and highlights its social benefits. For the project"Micro Yuan'er", the heart of the architect is of vital importance and admirable, including the investment from the architect in the renovation and construction funds, and the maintenance and operation after completion. These acts beyond the responsibility of the architect are the basis for the project to come to life and continue to exist.Hopefully this will just be a single case. (Translated by CHEN Yuxiao)