陶國(guó)強(qiáng) 曹明華 宗兵
摘 要 靜脈曲張是一種常見(jiàn)疾病,約1/3的患者最終接受手術(shù)治療。對(duì)于單純性靜脈曲張,傳統(tǒng)治療方法是高位結(jié)扎和抽剝術(shù),若合并交通靜脈或深靜脈病變, 可行交通靜脈結(jié)扎或深靜脈瓣膜重建。20年來(lái),隨著微創(chuàng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,下肢淺靜脈曲張的治療也出現(xiàn)了許多新方法,全文分別介紹透光靜脈刨吸術(shù)、泡沫硬化劑注射法、腔內(nèi)激光治療、靜脈皮下環(huán)縫術(shù)等的治療效果。
關(guān)鍵詞 靜脈曲張;外科治療;微創(chuàng)技術(shù)
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R616.4 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-1533(2018)20-0003-03
The combination of intracavitary laser therapy and percutaneous continuous circumsuture in treatment of varicose veins
TAO Guoqiang1 CAO Minghua2 ZONG Bin1(1.Department of General Surgery of Punan Hospital,Pudong New Distract of Shanghai, Shanghi 200125,China; 2. Department of General Surgery of Shanghai 7th Peoples Hospital, Shanghai 200137, China)
ABSTRACT Varicose veins are common in the general population, and about 1/3 of the patients finally received surgical treatment. The methods to treat the simple varicose veins traditionally include high ligation and stripping, while the communicating vein ligation or deep venous valve reconstruction can be performed if the communicating veins or deep vein lesions are combined. In the last 20 years, with the development of minimally invasive surgery, many new methods are used in the treatment of lower extremity varicose veins. This paper introduces the efficacy of the transilluminated powered phlebectomy, foam sclerotherapy, intracavitary laser therapy and subcutaneous ring of vein.
KEY WORDS varicose veins; surgical treatment; minimally invasive technology
靜脈曲張是一種常見(jiàn)疾病,癥狀表現(xiàn)從輕微的腿部不適到慢性靜脈潰瘍,約一半成年人患有輕微的靜脈功能不全,15%的男性和35%的女性患有明顯的靜脈曲張[1]。大約1/3的患者最終接受手術(shù)治療[2]。對(duì)于單純性靜脈曲張,傳統(tǒng)的治療方法是高位結(jié)扎和抽剝術(shù),若合并交通靜脈或深靜脈病變, 可行交通靜脈結(jié)扎或深靜脈瓣膜重建。近20年來(lái),隨著微創(chuàng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,下肢淺靜脈曲張的治療也出現(xiàn)了許多新方法, 包括透光靜脈刨吸術(shù)(transilluminated powered phlebectomy)、泡沫硬化劑注射法(foam sclerotherapy)、腔內(nèi)激光治療(intracavitary laser therapy)和靜脈皮下環(huán)縫術(shù)(percutaneous continuous circumsutur) 等。
1 透光靜脈刨吸術(shù)
透光靜脈刨吸術(shù)是通過(guò)內(nèi)鏡對(duì)曲張靜脈進(jìn)行逐步刨吸的一項(xiàng)技術(shù), 與傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)相比,可以減少手術(shù)時(shí)間、切口數(shù)量、術(shù)后疼痛和患者發(fā)病率,恢復(fù)快,有報(bào)道證實(shí)其有效和安全[3-11]。透光靜脈刨吸術(shù)的并發(fā)癥多見(jiàn)蜂窩組織炎、皮下血腫、皮膚神經(jīng)損傷及局麻藥的不良反應(yīng)等,由于皮下游離范圍較廣,術(shù)野較大,術(shù)后蜂窩組織炎發(fā)生率為0~3.5%[7-11]。皮下血腫是最常見(jiàn)的手術(shù)不良事件,發(fā)病率差異很大(0~95%),與外科醫(yī)生的手術(shù)技術(shù)直接相關(guān)。皮膚神經(jīng)損傷發(fā)生率為0~36.8%[3-13],神經(jīng)損傷與隱靜脈剝離有關(guān) [6]。腫脹、麻醉過(guò)量可能導(dǎo)致血管收縮,增加利多卡因毒性反應(yīng)的可能性。如果患者出現(xiàn)不安,主訴周?chē)蛏囝^麻木、頭暈或耳鳴時(shí),需要警惕是否出現(xiàn)利多卡因的毒性反應(yīng)。
2 泡沫硬化劑注射法
泡沫硬化劑治療靜脈曲張是將硬化劑注入曲張靜脈,通過(guò)誘發(fā)靜脈內(nèi)無(wú)菌性炎癥和血栓形成,最終使管腔粘連、閉塞,具有操作簡(jiǎn)單、患者痛苦小、無(wú)需住院、費(fèi)用較低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[14-15]。常見(jiàn)的治療方法有淺靜脈手術(shù)聯(lián)合泡沫硬化劑注射、其他微創(chuàng)手術(shù)聯(lián)合泡沫硬化劑注射或單純泡沫硬化劑注射,常見(jiàn)的注射方法有直接穿刺注射、B 超引導(dǎo)下注射以及DSA 引導(dǎo)下注射。泡沫硬化劑治療可能并發(fā)淺表性血栓性靜脈炎、深靜脈血栓形成、靜脈曲張殘留及復(fù)發(fā)、皮膚潰爛和過(guò)敏反應(yīng)等。因此,臨床選擇泡沫硬化劑注射治療下肢靜脈曲張應(yīng)嚴(yán)格掌握適應(yīng)證,盡可能降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
3 腔內(nèi)激光治療
腔內(nèi)激光治療是利用激光產(chǎn)生高能熱損傷靜脈血管壁,使靜脈壁收縮閉合,同時(shí)熱能可以引起血液高凝狀態(tài)使靜脈內(nèi)全程血栓形成,最終使靜脈纖維化而閉合。該法治療大隱靜脈主干靜脈曲張的結(jié)果與常規(guī)手術(shù)相似,早期成功率為88%~100%[16-18]。有研究比較了腔內(nèi)激光治療與傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)在初次治療6周內(nèi)的復(fù)發(fā)率,顯示在術(shù)后6周,腔內(nèi)激光治療組復(fù)發(fā)率低于傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)組(P <0.000 01)。有研究表明,與腔內(nèi)激光治療相比,手術(shù)組術(shù)后1年的復(fù)發(fā)率更高(P = 0.02)。有研究報(bào)道腔內(nèi)激光治療組和手術(shù)組術(shù)后1年的復(fù)發(fā)率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。有研究顯示,腔內(nèi)激光治療組疼痛發(fā)生率及住院時(shí)間少于手術(shù)組,而在術(shù)后6周,兩組疼痛及神經(jīng)感覺(jué)異常等神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥的百分比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。另有研究報(bào)道,手術(shù)組患者傷口感染比例高于腔內(nèi)激光治療組[19-22]。這些研究結(jié)果顯示,與傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)相比, 腔內(nèi)激光治療具有更小的手術(shù)切口、更短的住院時(shí)間和恢復(fù)時(shí)間,術(shù)后1年復(fù)發(fā)率明顯更低,提示腔內(nèi)激光治療可以取得比傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)更好的臨床治療效果。適應(yīng)腔內(nèi)激光治療的曲張靜脈要求有一定的直徑,無(wú)嚴(yán)重的扭曲或閉塞,該法可以單獨(dú)使用, 也可以與其他手術(shù)方式聯(lián)合使用。
4 靜脈皮下環(huán)縫術(shù)
靜脈皮下環(huán)縫術(shù)是一種新型療法,其原理是通過(guò)連續(xù)皮下環(huán)狀縫合,完全閉合曲張靜脈,使曲張靜脈壁閉合、纖維化,而達(dá)到治療目的。應(yīng)用皮下環(huán)縫術(shù)優(yōu)點(diǎn)包括小腿皮膚無(wú)切口、美容效果好、手術(shù)時(shí)間短、創(chuàng)傷小、出血少、恢復(fù)快,適用于大隱靜脈與交通支靜脈瓣膜功能不全及合并小腿潰瘍的各種單純性大隱靜脈曲張。
筆者對(duì)腔內(nèi)激光聯(lián)合皮下環(huán)縫術(shù)在治療靜脈功能不全中的作用進(jìn)行了評(píng)估,將120例患者按治療方法不同分為聯(lián)合治療組和對(duì)照組各60例, 兩組病情、CEAP(clinical-etiology-anatomic-pathophysiology) 臨床分級(jí)均為C3 級(jí)以上,對(duì)照組行腔內(nèi)激光治療, 觀察組行腔內(nèi)激光聯(lián)合皮下環(huán)縫術(shù)治療, 結(jié)果顯示腔內(nèi)激光與皮下環(huán)縫術(shù)聯(lián)合組表現(xiàn)出更高的手術(shù)滿意度,疼痛程度及血腫面積顯著降低,縮短了術(shù)后住院時(shí)間,術(shù)后舒適度、生存質(zhì)量及美容效果均得到了顯著改善,提示腔內(nèi)激光聯(lián)合皮下環(huán)縫術(shù)可以取得更好的臨床治療效果。
5 總結(jié)
與透光靜脈刨吸術(shù)及泡沫硬化劑注射法相比, 腔內(nèi)激光技術(shù)對(duì)于大隱靜脈主干的閉塞效果更好,復(fù)發(fā)率更低,但對(duì)于下肢靜脈曲張的小分支靜脈、曲張凸起的靜脈團(tuán)或扭曲嚴(yán)重的曲張靜脈的治療效果卻不佳。靜脈皮下環(huán)縫術(shù)手術(shù)時(shí)間短、創(chuàng)傷小、出血少、恢復(fù)快、美容效果好,適用于大隱靜脈與交通支靜脈瓣膜功能不全及合并小腿潰瘍的各種單純性大隱靜脈曲張。近年來(lái),采用微創(chuàng)技術(shù)治療下肢靜脈曲張已經(jīng)逐漸成為主流,這些微創(chuàng)方法具有安全、美觀、痛苦小、恢復(fù)快、手術(shù)和住院時(shí)間短等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。但這些方法仍各有局限性,不能完全取代傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)。在臨床實(shí)踐中,應(yīng)根據(jù)患者的不同病情,嚴(yán)格掌握不同微創(chuàng)術(shù)式的適應(yīng)證,選擇最適宜的治療方法,必要時(shí)可以互相搭配, 以期獲得最佳的治療效果和最少的并發(fā)癥。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] Callam MJ. Epidemiology of varicose veins[J]. Br J Surg, 1994, 81(2): 167-173.
[2] Labropoulos N, Leon M, Nicolaides AN, et al. Superficial venous insufficiency: correlation of anatomic extent of reflux with clinical symptoms and signs[J]. J Vasc Surg, 1994, 20(6): 953-958.
[3] Shamiyeh A, Schrenk P, Huber E, et al. Transilluminated powered phlebectomy: advantages and disadvantages of a new technique[J]. Dermatol Surg, 2003, 29(6): 616–619.
[4] Arumugasamy M, McGreal G, OConnor A, et al. The technique of transilluminated powered phlebectomy—a novel, minimally invasive system for varicose vein surgery[J]. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2002, 23(2): 180–182.
[5] Luebke T, Brunkwall J. Meta-analysis of transilluminated powered phlebectomy for superficial varicosities[J]. J Cardiovasc Surg(Torino), 2008, 49(6):757–764.
[6] Cheshire N, Elias SM, Keagy B, et al. Powered phlebectomy(TriVex) in treatment of varicose veins[J]. Ann Vasc Surg, 2002,16(4): 488–494.
[7] Aremu MA, Mahendran B, Butcher W, et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial: conventional versus powered phlebectomy[J]. J Vasc Surg, 2004, 39(1): 88–94.
[8] Franz RW, Knapp ED. Transilluminated powered phlebectomy surgery for varicose veins: a review of 339 consecutive patients[J]. Ann Vasc Surg, 2009, 23(3): 303–309.
[9] Scavee V, Lemaire E, Haxhe JP. Transilluminated powered phlebectomy. Mid-term clinical experience[J]. Int Angiol, 2005, 24(1): 75–79.
[10] Akesson H. Transilluminated powered phlebectomy: a clinical report[J]. Phlebology, 2008, 23(6): 295–298.
[11] Scavee V. Transilluminated powered phlebectomy: not enough advantages? Review of the literature[J]. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2006, 31(3): 316–319.
[12] Lin PH, Matos JM, Chen A, et al. Treatment outcomes and lessons learned from transilluminated powered phlebectomy for varicose veins in 1034 patients[J]. Vasc Endovascular Surg, 2016, 50(4): 277-282.
[13] Obi AT, Reames BN, Rook TJ, et al. Michigan Vein Health Program. Outcomes associated with ablation compared to combined ablation and transilluminated powered phlebectomy in the treatment of venous varicosities[J]. Phlebology, 2016, 31(9): 618-624.
[14] Kheirelseid EAH, Crowe G, Sehgal R, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating long-term outcomes of endovenous management of lower extremity varicose veins[J]. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord, 2018, 6(2): 256-270.
[15] Gibson K, Gunderson K. Liquid and foam sclerotherapy for spider and varicose veins[J]. Surg Clin North Am, 2018, 98(2): 415-429.
[16] Kalteis M, Berger L, Messie-Werndl S, et al. High ligation combined with stripping and endovenous laser ablation of the great saphenous vein: early results of a randomized controlled study[J]. J Vasc Surg, 2008, 47(4): 822-829.
[17] Reijnen MM, Disselhoff BC, Zeebregts CJ. Varicose vein surgery and endovenous laser therapy[J]. Surg Technol Int, 2007, 16: 167-174.
[18] Van den Bos RR, Kockaert MA, Neumann HA, et al. Technical review of endovenous laser therapy for varicose veins[J]. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, 2008, 35(1): 88-95.
[19] Lawaetz M, Serup J, Lawaetz B, et al. Comparison of endovenous ablation techniques, foam sclerotherapy and surgical stripping for great saphenous varicose veins. Extended 5-year follow-up of a RCT[J]. Int Angiol, 2017, 36(3): 281-288.
[20] Starodubtsev V, Lukyanenko M, Karpenko A, et al. Endovenous laser ablation in patients with severe primary chronic venous insufficiency[J]. Int Angiol, 2017, 36(4): 368-374.
[21] Hirsch T. Varicose vein therapy and nerve lesions[J]. Vasa, 2017,46(2):96-100.
[22] Paravastu SC, Horne M, Dodd PD. Endovenous ablation therapy(laser or radiofrequency) or foam sclerotherapy versus conventional surgical repair for short saphenous varicose veins[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016, 29(11): CD010878.