張波

多數(shù)同學(xué)寫的作文要點(diǎn)很全面，但是由于部分同學(xué)英語語言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)不扎實(shí)，語言不規(guī)范，也往往失分嚴(yán)重。最突出的語言錯(cuò)誤有以下幾種：

1.主謂一致錯(cuò)誤

主謂一致指主語和謂語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，一般遵循三個(gè)原則，即語法一致、意義一致和就近原則，但有些考生常常會(huì)忽略這方面的問題，根據(jù)自己的感覺進(jìn)行判斷，從而導(dǎo)致主謂不一致。

誤：Qianmen Street，a famous one in Beijing， have a history of 600 years.

正：Qianmen Street，a famous one in Beijing， has a history of 600 years.

誤：My hobby is widespread， which include drawing， collecting stamps and so on.

正：My hobby is widespread， which includes drawing， collecting stamps and so on.

誤：Dr. Smith， together with his wife， are to arrive on the evening flight.

正：Dr. Smith， together with his wife， is to arrive on the evening flight.

2.時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)錯(cuò)誤

由于漢語中動(dòng)詞沒有時(shí)態(tài)形式上的變化，許多考生在用英語表達(dá)時(shí)受漢語影響缺乏時(shí)態(tài)的概念，故時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤隨處可見。此外，考生也容易弄錯(cuò)名詞與動(dòng)詞之間的主動(dòng)、被動(dòng)關(guān)系，從而造成語態(tài)的誤用。

誤：In the morning， we had bicycled in the suburbs to plant trees.

正：In the morning， we bicycled in the suburbs to plant trees.

誤：It is high time that we do something to reduce pollution.

正：It is high time that we did something to reduce pollution

誤：One day l told Mr. Wang， my maths teacher， was….

正：One day l was told Mr. Wang， my maths teacher， was….

誤：Children who raise in poor families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years.

正：Children who are raised in poor families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years.

3.句子成分殘缺

一般來講，一個(gè)完整的句子應(yīng)具有主語部分和謂語部分，表達(dá)出一個(gè)完整的意思。如果寫出的句子缺乏主語和謂語就無法表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，這樣的句子就是殘缺的句子。

誤：if no self-confidence， all our dreams would merely daydreams.

正：if we had no self-confidence， all our dreams would be merely daydreams.

誤：Our library in the center of the school.

正：Our library is in the center of the school.

4.用詞不當(dāng)

用詞不當(dāng)是指對(duì)詞語理解不清，容易在詞性與詞義范圍大小、感情色彩等方面使用不當(dāng)；也可指對(duì)詞匯的應(yīng)用理解不清，造成應(yīng)用形式錯(cuò)誤。特別是近義詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞用錯(cuò)會(huì)造成病句。

誤：Doing a part-time job always effects study.

正：Doing a part-time job always affects study.

誤：During my summer vacation，I spent half a month in the country and played very happy.

正：During my summer vacation，I spent half a month in the country and played very happily.

誤：As a matter of fact， we all against all forms of terrorist activities.

正：As a matter of fact， we are all against all forms of terrorist activities.

5.句子粘連

句子粘連是指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的獨(dú)立分句沒有適當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)或連接詞連接的句子。

誤：There are many students don't support the project.

正：There are many students who don't support the project.

誤：The two tourists are sightseeing in a boat， they are littering into the water.

正：While they are sightseeing in a boat， the two tourists are littering into the water.

誤：On the other hand， dogs are our best friends， bring us a lot of fun.

正：On the other hand， dogs are our best friends， which/and bring us a lot of fun.

誤：There were so many people waiting to get a ticket the hall was increasingly crowded.

正：There were so many people waiting to get a ticket that the hall was increasingly crowded.

6.中式英語

中式英語是受漢語語言或思維影響而產(chǎn)生的不地道英語。在詞匯層面、慣用法層面、句子層面都有不同程度的中式英語出現(xiàn)。舉一個(gè)典型的例子，曾經(jīng)有人把“好好學(xué)習(xí)，天天向上”翻譯為“Goodgood study， day day up"。

誤：There are two boys are waiting for you.

正：There are two boys waiting for you.

誤：At this school studying，l really very happy.

正：Studying at this school，l am really very happy.

誤： All the students had started reading English before l didn't get up.

正：All the students had started reading English before I got up.

7.平行錯(cuò)誤

在平行結(jié)構(gòu)中，兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列成分（并列單詞、短語或分句）必須用等同的語法形式表達(dá)出來，否則平行結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)受到破壞。保證結(jié)構(gòu)平行的關(guān)鍵是找到平衡點(diǎn)，前后語法形式須保持一致。

誤：Crawling down a mountain is sometimes harder than we climb up.

正：Crawling down a mountain is sometimes harder than climbing up.

誤：You'II get a good score if you study hard and by using good method.

正：You'II get a good score if you study hard and use good method.

誤：Then l put my book under my desk， opening it and started looking for the answer.

正：Then l put my book under my desk， opened it and started looking for the answer.

8.懸垂錯(cuò)誤

懸垂錯(cuò)誤是指充當(dāng)狀語（往往在句首）的分詞、不定式或介詞短語與句子的主語不能形成邏輯上的主謂或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。此類錯(cuò)誤考生自己不易發(fā)現(xiàn)，屬于隱性錯(cuò)誤。

誤：To win the game， many risks must be taken.

正：To win the game， you must take many risks.

誤：Written in a hurry， we found the book full of mistakes.

正：Written in a hurry， the book was found full of mistakes

誤：In order to improve English， Jenny's father bought her a lot of tapes.

正：In order to improve English， Jenny asked her father to buy her a lot of tapes

9.贅詞

由于英漢表達(dá)的不同，像漢語可以說“再重復(fù)一遍”，但相對(duì)應(yīng)的英語卻不能說repeat again again就是贅詞，此類錯(cuò)誤在考生寫作中也是比比皆是。

誤：At last， the lost boy returned back.

正：At last， the lost boy returned.

誤：On one day， he went to the cinema.

正：One day， he went to the cinema.

誤：1 went for fishing with my father last Sunday.

正：I went fishing with my father last Sunday.

10.單詞拼寫和詞形變化錯(cuò)誤在書面表達(dá)中，這是最常見的一種錯(cuò)誤，這是考生不注意積累的結(jié)果。有些考生雖然重視積累，

但落筆時(shí)經(jīng)常會(huì)眼高手低，最常用且不容易出錯(cuò)的單詞往往就拼錯(cuò)了。

誤：Our English teacher is friendly but very strick with us students.

正：Our English teacher is friendly but very strict with us students.

誤：The car hitted the old man and drived away.

正：The car hitted old man and drove away.

誤：People throwed cans， paper， bags and so on into the river water.

正：People threw cans， paper， bags and so on into the river water.@——@——@——@——@——@——@～—@——@——@——@——@——@——@——@——@——@——

那么，如何避免上述錯(cuò)誤呢？要避免上述低級(jí)錯(cuò)誤，應(yīng)注意以下兩點(diǎn)。

1.確定主語……

英語句子無論多長都有自己的主語（祈使句省略了主語you）。動(dòng)手寫句子前首先要確定主語，其次要特別注意漢語與英語的區(qū)別。注意：

（1）漢語中的主語不一定是英文中的主語。

北京八月多雨。英語中不說“Beijing rains much in August.”而說“l(fā)t rains much in Beijing in August.”

（1）英語中主謂語有時(shí)需要倒裝，漢語則不需要。

Only then did l realize how important it is to study English.

2.確定謂語動(dòng)詞…

………

英文中沒有動(dòng)詞就構(gòu)不成句子，但英語動(dòng)詞干變?nèi)f化，稍不注意就會(huì)寫錯(cuò)。在寫句子時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意以下幾個(gè)方面：

（1）注意及物與不及物動(dòng)詞的正確運(yùn)用；

（2）注意非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法；

（3）注意一些不可用作被動(dòng)語態(tài)的動(dòng)詞；

（4）注意一些動(dòng)詞的特殊用法；

（5）注意那些漢譯意思相同實(shí)際用法不同的詞； （6）注意動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)及時(shí)態(tài)的一致。