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液液萃取-氣相色譜法測定發(fā)酵液中的有機(jī)酸與乙醇

2018-11-24 01:29:10范桂芳李佩佩齊立松李十中
關(guān)鍵詞:丙酸丁酸有機(jī)酸

范桂芳,李佩佩,齊立松,李十中

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液液萃取-氣相色譜法測定發(fā)酵液中的有機(jī)酸與乙醇

范桂芳,李佩佩,齊立松,李十中※

(清華大學(xué)核能與新能源技術(shù)研究院;北京市生物燃料工程技術(shù)研究中心 北京 100084)

嗜熱菌降解纖維素是第二代燃料乙醇發(fā)展的重要方向。測定發(fā)酵液中乙醇和有機(jī)酸組成的變化,對發(fā)酵過程控制具有重要意義。該文以正丙醇為內(nèi)標(biāo),建立了發(fā)酵液中乙醇、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸的氣相色譜檢測方法。該方法為:發(fā)酵液調(diào)節(jié)pH值、與內(nèi)標(biāo)混合、添加氯化鈉至飽和、乙酸乙酯萃取,有機(jī)相進(jìn)氣相色譜檢測。該方法下幾種化合物的檢出限范圍為10~45 mg/L,低、中和高3個(gè)水平的加標(biāo)回收率范圍為80.65%~107.94%,相對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差范圍為1.71%~4.98%,該方法能用于纖維素菌群降解體系有機(jī)酸與乙醇的檢測。該文還測算了20 ℃時(shí)乙醇、正丙醇、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸在乙酸乙酯和飽和氯化鈉溶液中的分配系數(shù),其值分別為0.28、1.64、1.37、2.51和3.29。該檢測方法還可以推廣應(yīng)用于其他水相體系中有機(jī)酸和乙醇的檢測,如廢水厭氧消化液中揮發(fā)性脂肪酸的檢測以及發(fā)酵醪中乙醇的檢測。

乙醇;有機(jī)酸;發(fā)酵液;液液萃?。粴庀嗌V

0 引 言

2017年9月,國家發(fā)展和改革委員會(huì)、國家能源局等十五部門聯(lián)合印發(fā)《關(guān)于擴(kuò)大生物燃料乙醇生產(chǎn)和推廣使用車用乙醇汽油的實(shí)施方案》,要求到2020年在全國范圍內(nèi)推廣使用車用乙醇汽油,并基本實(shí)現(xiàn)全覆蓋。利用嗜熱菌降解木質(zhì)纖維素可以同步耦合纖維素預(yù)處理工藝,降低纖維素乙醇成本,是第二代燃料乙醇發(fā)展的重要方向[1-3]。測定發(fā)酵液中乙醇和有機(jī)酸組成的變化,對控制發(fā)酵過程具有重要意義。

高效液相色譜法[4-13]和氣相色譜法[14-29]廣泛用于發(fā)酵液中醇和酸類物質(zhì)的檢測。相比于液相色譜,氣相色譜具有儀器成本更低、分離能力更強(qiáng)、分離時(shí)間更短的特點(diǎn)。在氣相色譜檢測方法開發(fā)工作中,顧福權(quán)等[14]研究表明溶液的pH值對乙酸的實(shí)際檢出值有很大影響,應(yīng)控制溶液的pH值為3.5以下防止有機(jī)酸離解;采用合適的極性柱消除拖尾,以及添加甲酸作為吸附占據(jù)劑能促進(jìn)有機(jī)酸的檢測。Lin等[15]利用等柱溫條件下的分離結(jié)果建立溫度與容量因子及保留時(shí)間的關(guān)系,預(yù)測不同溫度下的保留時(shí)間與容量因子,在設(shè)置升溫程序時(shí),遵循每個(gè)峰的分辨率滿足分析要求和分析時(shí)間最短的原則,使分析時(shí)間由傳統(tǒng)的20 min縮短至10 min。Darwin等[16]開發(fā)了一種用無機(jī)酸將乳酸衍化為乙醛的預(yù)處理方法,使得氣相色譜可以檢測發(fā)酵液中不能揮發(fā)的乳酸。上述氣相色譜檢測方法的不足之處是:發(fā)酵液中溶解了一些不能揮發(fā)的無機(jī)鹽和糖,水相直接進(jìn)樣將導(dǎo)致這些物質(zhì)殘留在進(jìn)樣襯管里,襯管需頻繁更換。為了克服這個(gè)問題,F(xiàn)u等[25]開發(fā)了乙醇、丁醇和丙酮的頂空進(jìn)樣法,一些文獻(xiàn)[26-29]采用有機(jī)溶劑萃取、氣相色譜檢測的方法分析了發(fā)酵液中的醇、酮和有機(jī)酸。針對有機(jī)溶劑萃取條件,Liu等[7]考察了不同有機(jī)溶劑(氯仿和乙酸乙酯)、萃取劑與溶液的體積比(0.5∶1~2∶1)、旋轉(zhuǎn)速度(80~ 260 r/min)和萃取溫度(10~40 ℃)對分析物萃取率的影響,結(jié)果表明有機(jī)溶劑為乙酸乙酯、萃取劑與溶液的體積比為0.5∶1、旋轉(zhuǎn)速度為260 r/min和萃取溫度10 ℃條件下萃取率最高,不同因素的重要次序?yàn)檩腿囟?體積比>旋轉(zhuǎn)速度>有機(jī)溶劑。采用有機(jī)溶劑萃取乙醇和有機(jī)酸,并對分析方法的精密度及加標(biāo)回收率進(jìn)行評價(jià)的論文還未檢索到。

本文優(yōu)化了乙酸乙酯液液萃取-氣相色譜法檢測條件,并對該方法的精密度以及加標(biāo)回收率進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)評價(jià),為氣相色譜法檢測發(fā)酵液中的醇和有機(jī)酸提供參考。

1 材料與方法

1.1 儀器與試劑

7890A 安捷倫氣相色譜儀 (配火焰離子檢測器,CP-Wax-57CB型色譜柱);高速冷凍離心機(jī)(Legend Mach1. 6R 型,Thermo公司)。乙醇(純度為99.5%,美國MREDA公司)、乙酸(純度為99.5%,北京化工廠)、丁酸(純度為99.0%,北京化工廠)。硫酸(純度為99.5%,北京化工廠)、乙酸乙酯(純度為99.9%,美國Sigma公司)、氯化鈉(純度為99.5%,北京化工廠)。

1.2 色譜條件

載氣流速:1.6 mL/min;進(jìn)樣口溫度:200 ℃;隔墊吹掃:3 mL/min;模式:分流模式;分流比:50∶1;進(jìn)樣量:0.5L;程序升溫:40 ℃保持5 min,以10 ℃/min升到210 ℃保持3 min;檢測器溫度:230 ℃;氫氣:氮?dú)猓嚎諝鉃?0∶20∶300。

1.3 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液的配制

用超純水配制了乙醇、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸幾種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)的混合溶液,各組分的質(zhì)量濃度分別為0.050、0.100、0.200、0.500、1.000、1.500和2.000 g/L。配制2.000 g/L正丙醇的水溶液做為內(nèi)標(biāo)液。加硫酸調(diào)節(jié)混合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)水溶液的pH值為2~3,按體積比1∶1與內(nèi)標(biāo)混合,加入NaCl至飽和,按水相與有機(jī)相體積比2∶1混合,漩渦震蕩15 s,離心(6 000 r/min,2 min),取上層有機(jī)相進(jìn)色譜檢測,數(shù)據(jù)用于繪制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線。

1.4 樣品預(yù)處理

取2 mL發(fā)酵液,離心(10 000 r/min,5 min)。取1 mL上清液,加入8L濃硫酸調(diào)節(jié)pH值至2~3使待測液中的有機(jī)酸游離出來,按體積比1∶1與內(nèi)標(biāo)混合,加入NaCl至飽和,按水相與有機(jī)相體積比2∶1混合,漩渦震蕩15 s,離心(6 000 r/min,2 min),取上層有機(jī)相進(jìn)色譜檢測。

1.5 萃取條件對萃取率與檢測精密度的影響

為了對比加鹽以及溫度對萃取率與萃取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差的影響,考察了3種萃取條件。1)常溫約20 ℃,不加鹽;2)常溫,加鹽;3)萃取前后樣品置于冰盒中,不加鹽。每種條件重復(fù)操作6次。

1.6 分配系數(shù)計(jì)算

配一份含各待測物和內(nèi)標(biāo)的飽和氯化鈉溶液,分別在水相與有機(jī)相體積比為1∶1與2∶1時(shí)進(jìn)行萃取試驗(yàn),聯(lián)立方程求各待測物與內(nèi)標(biāo)物在乙酸乙酯與飽和鹽溶液兩相中的分配系數(shù)。

1.7 實(shí)際樣品重復(fù)性與加標(biāo)回收率

取發(fā)酵初始液1份,按低、中和高3個(gè)水平進(jìn)行加標(biāo)回收率試驗(yàn),加標(biāo)量分別為0.200,1.000和2.000 g/L,每個(gè)加標(biāo)水平重復(fù)6次。

取發(fā)酵3 d樣品1份,重復(fù)測樣5次,考察樣品檢測精密度。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 萃取條件優(yōu)化

表1為3種萃取條件對萃取率與相對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差RSD(relative standard deviation)的影響。由表1數(shù)據(jù)可知,水相用氯化鈉溶解至飽和提高了乙醇在乙酸乙酯中的分配比例,降低了乙酸、丙酸和丁酸在乙酸乙酯中的分配比例。溫度為0 存放降低了乙醇在乙酸乙酯中的分配比例,提高了乙酸、丙酸和丁酸在乙酸乙酯中的分配比例。 20 ℃加鹽萃取產(chǎn)生了最低的RSD,冰盒存放可能由于操作時(shí)需在0和20 ℃下切換引入了更多的不確定性,產(chǎn)生了較大的RSD。乙醇在乙酸乙酯中的溶解度比水小,較有機(jī)酸不易被乙酸乙酯萃取,加鹽能提高乙醇的萃取率,乙醇是發(fā)酵的重要產(chǎn)物,為保證乙醇在實(shí)際樣品中的檢測精度與有機(jī)酸一樣在可以接受(RSD<5%)的水平上,確定20 ℃加鹽萃取為本文的萃取條件。

表1 萃取條件對萃取率與檢測精密度的影響

注:RSD為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差,下同。

Note: RSD is standard deviation, same as below.

2.2 分配系數(shù)K的計(jì)算

分配系數(shù)由式(1)~(4)計(jì)算。

式中化合物(乙酸乙酯)、化合物(水)分別為化合物在乙酸乙酯、水中的濃度,g/L;化合物為化合物的質(zhì)量,g;水為水的體積,L;乙酸乙酯為乙酸乙酯的體積,L;化合物2(乙酸乙酯)和化合物1(乙酸乙酯)分別為水相與有機(jī)相萃取體積比為2∶1和1∶1時(shí)化合物在乙酸乙酯中的濃 度,g/L。因?yàn)闃?biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線過原點(diǎn),并且萃取體積比1∶1比2∶1條件下乙酸乙酯中的分析物濃度更小,沒有超出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線的濃度范圍0.050~2.000g/L,可以認(rèn)為峰面積比與物質(zhì)濃度比成正比,以色譜峰面積比代替濃度比進(jìn)行分配系數(shù)的計(jì)算。為消除進(jìn)樣體積誤差對峰面積的影響,用溶劑乙酸乙酯的峰面積對化合物的峰面積進(jìn)行校正。將式(1)代入式(2),并聯(lián)立2種萃取條件下的方程得式(4)。表2顯示了水相與有機(jī)相萃取體積比為1∶1時(shí)化合物與乙酸乙酯的峰面積比1和水相與有機(jī)相萃取體積比為2∶1時(shí)化合物與乙酸乙酯的峰面積比2,1和2為2次檢測的平均值。經(jīng)計(jì)算乙醇、正丙醇、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸在乙酸乙酯與飽和鹽溶液中的分配系數(shù)分別為0.28、1.64、1.37、2.51和3.29。

表2 化合物在乙酸乙酯與飽和鹽溶液中的分配系數(shù)

注:1∶1,2∶1為水相與有機(jī)相萃取體積比。

Note: 1∶1, 2∶1 refer to volumetric ratio between aqueous phase and organic phase when extracting.

2.3 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線的繪制

以化合物與正丙醇的峰面積比R對化合物與正丙醇的質(zhì)量濃度比R進(jìn)行線性回歸,結(jié)果見表3。以10倍色譜峰信噪比S/N (signal/noise) 確定檢出限LOD (limit of detection) ,各組分的檢出限見表3。由表3數(shù)據(jù)可知,乙醇、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線的相關(guān)系數(shù)范圍為0.999 0~0.999 9,檢出限的范圍為10~45 mg/L。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線見圖1。

2.4 重復(fù)性和回收率

取發(fā)酵初始液1份,對其進(jìn)行低、中、高3個(gè)加標(biāo)水平的回收試驗(yàn)。發(fā)酵初始液中乙醇、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸質(zhì)量濃度分別為0.24、0.17、0和0 g/L,3個(gè)加標(biāo)水平下檢測到的回收率與RSD值見表4。由表4可知,3個(gè)加標(biāo)水平下的回收率范圍為80.65%~107.94%,RSD值范圍為1.71%~4.98%。

表3 化合物的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線與檢出限

注:A為化合物與正丙醇峰面積比,C為化合物與正丙醇質(zhì)量濃度比。下同。

Note:Aisratio of peak area of compound to n-propyl alcohol,Cis ratio of mass concentration of compound to n-propyl alcohol. Same as below.

圖1 化合物的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線

2.5 實(shí)際樣品檢測結(jié)果

取發(fā)酵3 d的實(shí)際樣品,檢測得乙醇、乙酸和丁酸質(zhì)量濃度分別為0.49、0.94和0.06 g/L,對應(yīng)RSD分別為2.55%、1.69%和4.62%,未檢出丙酸。

2.6 本文方法用于甜高粱發(fā)酵物料中乙醇檢測結(jié)果

傳統(tǒng)甜高粱發(fā)酵物料中乙醇的檢測方法為:取50 g固態(tài)發(fā)酵料于500 mL蒸餾瓶中,加入200 mL去離子水進(jìn)行簡單蒸餾,準(zhǔn)確收集前100 mL餾出液,用氣相色譜測定乙醇含量[30]。為檢測發(fā)酵物料中可溶性糖的含量,發(fā)酵物料中的可溶性物質(zhì)已采用固液萃取方法轉(zhuǎn)移至水相,再用該文所述液液萃取-氣相色譜法檢測乙醇含量。2種方法檢測得到的乙醇質(zhì)量濃度結(jié)果見表5。由表5數(shù)據(jù)可知,2種方法檢測所得數(shù)據(jù)差異較小,小于該文報(bào)道方法的相對誤差。用液液萃取操作可以省去較為繁瑣的蒸餾操作。

表4 3個(gè)加標(biāo)水平的回收率與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差

液液萃取方法還可以替代蒸餾提取法應(yīng)用于固體發(fā)酵物料[30-31]中乙醇的檢測。該檢測方法亦可用于廢水厭氧發(fā)酵[14,24]中有機(jī)酸的檢測。

表5 2種方法檢測的甜高粱稈渣乙醇質(zhì)量濃度對比

3 結(jié) 論

本文以正丙醇為內(nèi)標(biāo)建立了乙醇、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸的氣相色譜檢測方法。該方法為:發(fā)酵液調(diào)節(jié)pH值、與內(nèi)標(biāo)混合、用氯化鈉溶解至飽和、乙酸乙酯萃取,有機(jī)相進(jìn)氣相色譜檢測。該方法下幾種化合物的檢出限范圍為10~45 mg/L,低、中和高3個(gè)水平的加標(biāo)回收率范圍為80.65%~107.94%,相對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差范圍為1.71%~4.98%,該方法可用于纖維素降解菌群發(fā)酵液中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及乙醇的測定。本文還測算了20 ℃下乙醇、正丙醇、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸在乙酸乙酯和飽和氯化鈉溶液中的分配系數(shù),其值分別為0.28、1.64、1.37、2.51和3.29。

使用該方法需要注意的是,溶液的pH值、氯化鈉濃度、操作溫度都會(huì)影響分析物在有機(jī)相和水相中的分配系數(shù),檢測時(shí)應(yīng)該保持操作條件一致。有機(jī)相進(jìn)樣比水相進(jìn)樣的另一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可以防止進(jìn)樣針被酸腐蝕。

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Determination of organic acids and ethanol in fermentation broth by liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography

Fan Guifang, Li Peipei, Qi Lisong, Li Shizhong※

(100084,)

The degradation of cellulose by thermophilic bacteria is a growing trend in the 2nd generation bioethanol. The determination of the contents of ethanol and organic acids in the fermentation broth is of great significance to the control of the fermentation process. A gas chromatographic method for the determination of ethanol, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid contents in fermentation broth was established, using n-propanol as internal standard. The pH value of the aqueous phase was adjusted to 3 to prevent the dissociation of organic acids. Mixed with internal standard, the compounds were then extracted into the organic phase using ethyl acetate, and the organic phase was injected to the inlet of gas chromatograph. The mass concentration range of the standard curve was 0.050-2.000 g/L, the correlation coefficients were in the range of 0.999 0-0.999 9, the detection limits of analytes in this method were in the range of 10-45 mg/L, the recovery rates at 3 spiking levels were in the range of 80.65%-107.94%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of spiked sample were in the range of 1.71%-4.98%, the RSD of the actual sample was less than 5%. The method could be used for the detection of organic acids and ethanol in fermentation broth. The effects of temperature (0 or 20 ℃) and ion intensity (saturated with sodium chloride or not) on the variability of the extraction efficiency were investigated. The results showed that saturated with sodium chloride increased the partition ratio of ethanol in ethyl acetate and decreased the partition ratio of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid in ethyl acetate; lower temperature decreased the partition ratio of ethanol in ethyl acetate and increased the partition ratio of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid in ethyl acetate. The minimum extraction variability was obtained at 20 ℃ and sodium chloride saturated solution, so this condition was set as the extraction condition. The liquid-liquid extraction experiments were carried out under the conditions of the volumetric ratio of aqueous phase to organic phase being 2:1 and 1:1. Ratios of peak area under the two conditions were used to calculate the partition coefficients of the compounds. The partition coefficients of ethanol, n-propanol, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid in ethyl acetate and sodium chloride saturated solution at 20 ℃ were measured and calculated to be 0.28, 1.64, 1.37, 2.51, and 3.29, respectively. The ethanol content of the extract solution of fermented sweet sorghum bagasse was determined by this method. The detection value was compared to that of the traditional distillation-gas chromatography method. The differences between two methods were less than the RSD of actual samples in this method. The pretreating process could be simplified by using liquid-liquid extraction instead of distillation. The detection method can also be used in the detection of organic acids and ethanol in other aqueous systems, such as detecting volatile fatty acids in anaerobic digestion waste water and detecting ethanol in fermented liquors. The injection of organic phase instead of aqueous phase can prevent the corrosion of the syringe by acid.

ethanol; organic acids; fermentation broth; liquid-liquid extraction; gas chromatography

范桂芳,李佩佩,齊立松,李十中.液液萃取-氣相色譜法測定發(fā)酵液中的有機(jī)酸與乙醇[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2018,34(23):227-231. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.23.029 http://www.tcsae.org

Fan Guifang, Li Peipei, Qi Lisong, Li Shizhong.Determination of organic acids and ethanol in fermentation broth by liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(23): 227-231. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.23.029 http://www.tcsae.org

2018-06-29

2018-10-08

國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No. 2016YFE0108500)和國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(No. 31600067)聯(lián)合資助

范桂芳,工程師。Email:fanguifang@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn

李十中,研究員,博士,博士生導(dǎo)師。Email:szli@tsinghua.edu.cn

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.23.029

S216;O661;TQ353

A

1002-6819(2018)-23-0227-05

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