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覆膜支架腔內(nèi)修復(fù)處理降主動(dòng)脈破裂的臨床體會(huì)

2018-12-06 07:44翁超楊光唯來(lái)集富盧惟欽盧凱平蔣勁松
中國(guó)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2018年30期
關(guān)鍵詞:急診手術(shù)

翁超 楊光唯 來(lái)集富 盧惟欽 盧凱平 蔣勁松

[摘要] 目的 總結(jié)運(yùn)用胸主動(dòng)脈覆膜支架腔內(nèi)修復(fù)急診救治降主動(dòng)脈破裂的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和體會(huì)。 方法 回顧分析2013年5月~2017年3月我科收治降主動(dòng)脈破裂患者16例,其中胸主動(dòng)脈夾層動(dòng)脈瘤破裂14例,感染性假性動(dòng)脈瘤致降主動(dòng)脈破裂1列,不明原因的食管降主動(dòng)脈瘺1例。16例患者術(shù)前均通過(guò)胸腹主動(dòng)脈計(jì)算機(jī)斷層血管造影(Computed tomography angiography,CTA)明確診斷,均在急診全麻下經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈入路行胸主動(dòng)脈覆膜支架腔內(nèi)修復(fù)術(shù)(Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair,TEVAR)。 結(jié)果 16例患者均順利完成手術(shù)。其中1例患者術(shù)后因血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定死亡,1例患者術(shù)后急性腎功能衰竭死亡,余14例患者均痊愈出院,未發(fā)生截癱、逆撕、肢體缺血等相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。無(wú)術(shù)中中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)胸手術(shù)。 結(jié)論 胸主動(dòng)脈覆膜支架腔內(nèi)修復(fù)是急診救治降主動(dòng)脈破裂的有效方法,盡早進(jìn)行急診手術(shù)是搶救的關(guān)鍵。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 降主動(dòng)脈破裂;胸主動(dòng)脈腔內(nèi)修復(fù);覆膜支架;急診手術(shù)

[中圖分類號(hào)] R654.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2018)30-0101-04

[Abstract] Objective To summarize the experience of using thoracic endovascular aortic repair for emergency treatment of descending aorta rupture. Methods 16 cases of descending aortic rupture in our department from May 2013 to March 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, there were 14 cases of thoracic aortic dissection aneurysms rupture, 1 case of aortic rupture caused by infectious pseudoaneurysms, and 1 case of the esophageal descended aorta fistula with unexplained causes. All 16 patients were diagnosed by thoracic-abdominal aorta computed tomographic angiography(CTA) before surgery. All patients underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair(TEVAR) under emergency general anesthesia by transfemoral approach. Results All 16 patients successfully completed the operation. One patient died of hemodynamic instability after surgery, and one patient died of acute renal failure after surgery. The remaining 14 patients were fully discharged. No complications such as paraplegia, reverse tear, and limb ischemia occurred. There was no intraoperative thoracic surgery. Conclusion Thoracic endovascular aortic repair is an effective method for emergency treatment of descending aorta rupture. Emergency surgery as soon as possible is the key to rescue.

[Key words] Descending aortic rupture; Endovascular repair of thoracic aorta; Stent grafts; Emergency surgery

近年來(lái),臨床上主動(dòng)脈破裂患者多見(jiàn)于創(chuàng)傷性因素,如刀刺傷、車禍及高處墜落傷等。主動(dòng)脈破裂患者死亡率極高,院外總病死率可高達(dá)85%[1],而未得到及時(shí)救治的患者中,24h死亡率可高達(dá)45%[2],其中約有54.0%~91.4%的創(chuàng)傷性主動(dòng)脈破裂發(fā)生在主動(dòng)脈峽部,其次為升主動(dòng)脈起始部,降主動(dòng)脈很少見(jiàn)[3-4]。相對(duì)于創(chuàng)傷性因素,非創(chuàng)傷性主動(dòng)脈破裂的患者較少,多見(jiàn)于主動(dòng)脈夾層動(dòng)脈瘤破裂出血,而動(dòng)脈破裂致假性動(dòng)脈瘤形成多能給搶救帶來(lái)相對(duì)充分的時(shí)間。隨著TEVAR手術(shù)的逐漸成熟,該術(shù)式已成為Stanford B型主動(dòng)脈夾層的首選治療方案[5-6]。結(jié)合我科實(shí)際處理此類患者方法經(jīng)驗(yàn),作以下報(bào)道。

1 資料與方法

1.1一般資料

收集我院血管外科2013年5月~2017年3月急診收治降主動(dòng)脈破裂患者共16例,其中男13例,女3例,中位年齡56歲(45~82歲)。16例患者均行胸腹主動(dòng)脈CTA明確診斷,其中14例患者為Stanford B型胸主動(dòng)脈夾層動(dòng)脈瘤破裂,2例血胸顯著,另12例患者均形成假性動(dòng)脈瘤;1例患者因肺結(jié)核抗癆治療半年,發(fā)病前半月停止使用抗結(jié)核藥物,無(wú)高血壓等危險(xiǎn)因素,CTA可見(jiàn)降主動(dòng)脈破口伴假性動(dòng)脈瘤形成(圖1),考慮結(jié)核感染所致降主動(dòng)脈破裂;另外1例因上消化道嘔血就診,急診胃鏡可見(jiàn)食管存在破裂口伴血痂形成,胃底存有大量鮮血,行CTA提示降主動(dòng)脈破入食道(圖2),追問(wèn)病史無(wú)魚刺、骨頭等異物吞入病史,食管主動(dòng)脈瘺具體原因不明。

1.2 方法

16例患者均使用先健Ankura直筒或錐形覆膜支架行TEVAR手術(shù)。手術(shù)于急診全麻下在數(shù)字減影心血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)室進(jìn)行,患者取仰臥位,常規(guī)雙側(cè)腹股溝區(qū)消毒,取選定股動(dòng)脈入路一側(cè)腹股溝區(qū)作一長(zhǎng)度約5~6 cm豎形切口,游離股總、股深、股淺動(dòng)脈,直視下穿刺股總動(dòng)脈,置入豬尾造影導(dǎo)管及0.035泥鰍導(dǎo)絲,造影顯示內(nèi)臟動(dòng)脈,確認(rèn)處于真腔,繼續(xù)進(jìn)導(dǎo)絲導(dǎo)管至升主動(dòng)脈,再次造影明確破口位置,交換置入0.035超硬導(dǎo)絲,選擇先健Ankura覆膜支架外徑超過(guò)相應(yīng)位置主動(dòng)脈真腔0~20%,經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈將支架系統(tǒng)沿導(dǎo)絲推送至主動(dòng)脈弓錨定區(qū)位置,控制收縮壓,降壓至≤100 mmHg左右,于預(yù)定位置釋放覆膜支架,支架近端位于左鎖骨下動(dòng)脈開(kāi)口,遠(yuǎn)端跨過(guò)主動(dòng)脈破口以求完全封閉破口。其中有6例胸主動(dòng)脈夾層動(dòng)脈瘤破裂患者,破口距左鎖骨下動(dòng)脈十分相近,術(shù)中覆膜支架直接覆蓋左鎖骨下動(dòng)脈以求足夠良好的錨定區(qū)。其中1例患者除近左鎖骨下動(dòng)脈可見(jiàn)夾層破口,近膈肌水平降主動(dòng)脈可見(jiàn)破口破入胸腔,因此置入先健Ankura 200 mm覆膜支架封閉第一破口后造影示近膈肌處降主動(dòng)脈破口仍存在,于是再接覆膜支架封閉破口。支架釋放完全后造影顯示16例患者支架位置均良好,無(wú)明顯內(nèi)漏,各內(nèi)臟動(dòng)脈顯影良好。其中2例患者合并血胸患者同期行胸腔閉式引流,1例合并食管破裂患者同期留置鼻腸營(yíng)養(yǎng)管。術(shù)后預(yù)后良好患者均進(jìn)行單藥抗血小板治療,出院前均行血栓彈力圖檢測(cè)以評(píng)估抗血小板藥物作用。

2 結(jié)果

16例急診行TEVAR患者,其中1例因術(shù)后4 h血壓持續(xù)降低死亡,1例因術(shù)后急性腎衰竭死亡,余14例痊愈順利出院。手術(shù)時(shí)間、支架選擇、住院時(shí)間等見(jiàn)表1。術(shù)后出院患者未發(fā)生脊髓缺血截癱、血管內(nèi)膜逆撕、支架移位、腦缺血卒中、肢體內(nèi)臟缺血等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥。術(shù)后3個(gè)月、6個(gè)月、12個(gè)月后隨訪復(fù)查胸腹主動(dòng)脈CTA,支架位置均良好,破口封堵滿意,無(wú)內(nèi)漏,而遠(yuǎn)期效果尚待進(jìn)一步隨訪。

3討論

胸主動(dòng)脈破裂是十分兇險(xiǎn)的疾病,具有極高的死亡率,據(jù)學(xué)者統(tǒng)計(jì),胸主動(dòng)脈破裂的患者在院前或在急診室的死亡率高達(dá)57%~94%[7-8],能順利送至醫(yī)院的患者多為主動(dòng)脈破裂之后能形成巨大血腫或假性動(dòng)脈瘤患者,對(duì)于破入胸腔的患者,即使能夠送到醫(yī)院,但因胸腔內(nèi)空間較大,患者往往術(shù)前已出血較多,預(yù)后可能較差,該研究中其中1例死亡患者就因主動(dòng)脈破裂出血破入胸腔,出血量大,術(shù)后難以糾正大出血后的嚴(yán)重酸中毒、凝血功能紊亂,最終導(dǎo)致死亡。盡管該例患者最終結(jié)果欠佳,但有學(xué)者提出對(duì)于血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定的主動(dòng)脈破裂患者來(lái)說(shuō),腔內(nèi)治療不是手術(shù)相對(duì)禁忌,而開(kāi)放手術(shù)帶來(lái)的臨床死亡率和并發(fā)癥可能比腔內(nèi)治療更高[9]。

對(duì)于主動(dòng)脈破裂的救治,最為關(guān)鍵的是盡早明確診斷,然后進(jìn)行及時(shí)的外科手術(shù)治療。對(duì)于胸主動(dòng)脈夾層動(dòng)脈瘤破裂的診斷可能較為容易,患者發(fā)病時(shí)多有胸背部劇烈疼痛的表現(xiàn),結(jié)合既往高血壓等病史,臨床醫(yī)生多會(huì)考慮主動(dòng)脈夾層,因此診斷多較為及時(shí)。而對(duì)于非主動(dòng)脈夾層造成的主動(dòng)脈破裂,診斷上可能難以達(dá)到及時(shí)快速的要求。以該研究中因上消化道嘔血就診的該例患者為例,急診臨床醫(yī)生首先考慮的是肝硬化食管曲張靜脈破裂或是胃腫瘤破裂出血等可能,而當(dāng)急診行胃鏡檢查時(shí)意外發(fā)現(xiàn)食管存在破口并伴血痂形成,由此才考慮到降主動(dòng)脈破入食道可能。而因結(jié)核感染導(dǎo)致主動(dòng)脈破裂患者則是因?yàn)榭┭爰痹\室,考慮患者年齡較大,多以為支氣管擴(kuò)張所致咯血,直到仔細(xì)詢問(wèn)病史以及完善胸主動(dòng)脈CTA后才明確診斷。因此,對(duì)于一些原因不明的主動(dòng)脈破裂患者,應(yīng)全面詢問(wèn)病史,從中可能會(huì)找到可以明確診斷的線索。主動(dòng)脈破裂患者通過(guò)胸主動(dòng)脈CTA檢查即可明確診斷,CTA檢查快速有效,對(duì)于術(shù)前評(píng)估破口位置大小、破口近遠(yuǎn)端血管情況、主動(dòng)脈血管直徑及出血量等都有很大幫助。磁共振血管造影(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)雖然也可明確診斷,但因MRA掃描時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng),在主動(dòng)脈破裂此類急危重患者多不適合。

明確診斷后,盡早進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療是救治的關(guān)鍵。B型夾層腔內(nèi)修復(fù)的圍手術(shù)期死亡率為6.5%~15%,截癱率在1%左右[10-14],因此腔內(nèi)修復(fù)和開(kāi)放手術(shù)相比,血管腔內(nèi)治療是可行和安全的,且與手術(shù)治療相比,腔內(nèi)治療的早期并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率較低,但長(zhǎng)期受益則相似[15]。傳統(tǒng)的開(kāi)胸血管置換手術(shù)需要建立體外循環(huán),然后方可對(duì)病變血管進(jìn)行處理,而TEVAR手術(shù)經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈入路后即可直接對(duì)血管破口進(jìn)行封堵,大大減少了手術(shù)時(shí)間,相應(yīng)的也減少了手術(shù)帶來(lái)的創(chuàng)傷,減少了術(shù)中的出血。尤其對(duì)于高齡患者,傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)胸手術(shù)根本無(wú)法耐受,而TEVAR手術(shù)則帶給了他們生存的希望。TEVAR手術(shù)較傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)胸手術(shù),具有創(chuàng)傷小、操作相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單、手術(shù)時(shí)間短、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少、病人經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)少等優(yōu)點(diǎn),現(xiàn)已成為Stanford B型胸主動(dòng)脈夾層治療的首選術(shù)式。對(duì)于股動(dòng)脈入路的方式現(xiàn)在主要有切開(kāi)暴露股動(dòng)脈,直視下穿刺置入覆膜支架,待退出鞘管后,縫合股動(dòng)脈及各層組織;另外一種方法則更微創(chuàng),無(wú)需暴露股動(dòng)脈,直接經(jīng)皮穿刺股動(dòng)脈,于穿刺點(diǎn)預(yù)置兩把縫合器,待支架置入退出鞘管后,直接收緊縫合器縫合穿刺點(diǎn)。盡管有學(xué)者認(rèn)為直接穿刺股動(dòng)脈的方法相比傳統(tǒng)方法,在髂股動(dòng)脈包括下肢缺血導(dǎo)致的截肢、后期的間跛、腹膜后血腫等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率上明顯降低[16],但我們認(rèn)為,對(duì)于主動(dòng)脈破裂的患者,選擇切開(kāi)暴露股動(dòng)脈的方法可能更為安全有效。首先,該類患者多有失血性休克表現(xiàn),血壓通常不高甚至較低,在選擇經(jīng)皮穿刺時(shí),股動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng)可能較弱,對(duì)穿刺定位造成困難。其次,后一種方法對(duì)于術(shù)者手術(shù)操作要求較高,很難保證預(yù)置縫合器拉緊打結(jié)后穿刺點(diǎn)不再出血,如壓迫后仍有出血,則仍需暴露股動(dòng)脈,增加了手術(shù)時(shí)間,也增加了患者的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。

Stanford B型胸主動(dòng)脈夾層患者胸腔積液發(fā)生率為88%[17],而對(duì)于主動(dòng)脈破裂患者,通常存在胸腔、縱隔積血或者胸腔積液,同期行胸腔閉式引流或胸腔穿刺排出積血積液對(duì)改善患者胸悶氣急等癥狀有明顯作用,同時(shí)也有利于術(shù)后早期下床活動(dòng),相應(yīng)的縮短了患者住院時(shí)間,同時(shí)也減輕患者的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[18]。相對(duì)于夾層動(dòng)脈瘤破裂的患者,非主動(dòng)脈夾層動(dòng)脈瘤破裂的患者可能更適合行腔內(nèi)修復(fù)術(shù),該研究中2例非主動(dòng)脈夾層破裂患者,由于其破口距離左鎖骨下動(dòng)脈開(kāi)口較為遙遠(yuǎn),健康良好的血管錨定區(qū)足夠長(zhǎng),不必?fù)?dān)心錨定區(qū)不足問(wèn)題,同時(shí)只要封堵破口即可,可以選擇長(zhǎng)度更短的覆膜支架覆蓋破口,降低了脊髓缺血導(dǎo)致截癱的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。主動(dòng)脈夾層破裂患者,第一破口位置可能靠近左鎖骨下動(dòng)脈,雖然有學(xué)者提出在急診行TEVAR手術(shù)時(shí),也可對(duì)左鎖骨下動(dòng)脈進(jìn)行原位開(kāi)窗或煙囪技術(shù)[19],但也有學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)中直接覆蓋左鎖骨下動(dòng)脈也是安全可行的,術(shù)后并未引起左上肢缺血表現(xiàn),也未引起頭暈等椎動(dòng)脈供血不足等癥狀[20]。根據(jù)我們對(duì)B型主動(dòng)脈夾層患者的臨床隨訪來(lái)看,術(shù)中直接覆蓋左鎖骨下動(dòng)脈的病例也未有嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,偶有訴左上肢乏力患者。因此,對(duì)于急診搶救患者來(lái)說(shuō),封堵破裂出血口是第一要?jiǎng)?wù),過(guò)多的操作反而增加手術(shù)難度,延長(zhǎng)手術(shù)時(shí)間。而對(duì)于錨定區(qū)距離不足甚至需要覆蓋左頸總動(dòng)脈的患者,同期進(jìn)行煙囪或開(kāi)窗是必要的,針對(duì)我們自身而言,開(kāi)窗技術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)相對(duì)欠缺,多以煙囪技術(shù)為多,對(duì)于搶救患者來(lái)說(shuō),選擇方式?jīng)]有好與不好,要以自身熟悉快速的方法完成手術(shù)才是好的方法,但同時(shí)需要注意腔內(nèi)修復(fù)后內(nèi)漏的發(fā)生,尤其是Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型內(nèi)漏,這對(duì)于主動(dòng)脈破裂的病人將是致命性的,應(yīng)及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)及時(shí)處理。

有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道認(rèn)為,主動(dòng)脈腔內(nèi)覆膜支架修補(bǔ)術(shù)是替代傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)胸手術(shù)治療胸降主動(dòng)脈破裂的良好方法[21]。成功搶救胸主動(dòng)脈破裂患者是醫(yī)療技術(shù)、綜合實(shí)力的體現(xiàn),其中涉及多個(gè)科室的團(tuán)結(jié)合作,而外科手術(shù)處理也是其中最主要關(guān)鍵的一環(huán),盡管該研究中2例患者術(shù)后仍死亡,另外病例術(shù)后隨訪時(shí)間相對(duì)短暫,遠(yuǎn)期效果尚待進(jìn)一步觀察,但相信隨著外科醫(yī)生經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累、技術(shù)的提高,同時(shí)伴隨著腔內(nèi)器械不斷的改善和提升,TEVAR手術(shù)一定會(huì)突破傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)胸手術(shù)存在的一些相對(duì)禁忌,在急診救治降主動(dòng)脈破裂中起到無(wú)可代替的作用。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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[7] Lamme B,de Jonge IC,Reekers JA,et al.Endovascular treatment of thoracic aortic pathology:feasibility and mid-term results[J]. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg,2003,25(6):532-539.

[8] Kato N,Dake MD,Miller DC,et al.Traumatic thoracic aortic aneurysm:treatment with endovascular stent-grafts[J].Radiology,1997,205(3):657-662.

[9] Moore R,Nutley M,Cina CS,et al.Improved survival after introduction of an emergency endovascular therapy protocol for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms[J]. J Vasc Surg,2007,45(3):443-450.

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[11] Krohg-Sorensen K,Hafsahl G,F(xiàn)osse E,et al.Acceptable short-term results after endovascular repair of diseases of the thoracic aorta in high risk patients[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2003,24(3):379-387.

[12] Nienaber CA,Ince H,Weber F,et al.Emergency stent-graft placement in thoracic aortic dissection and evolving rupture[J].J Card Surg,2003,18(5):464-470.

[13] Lonn L,Delle M,F(xiàn)alkenberg M,et al.Endovascular treatment of type B thoracic aortic dissections[J].J Card Surg,2003,18(6):539-544.

[14] Leurs LJ,Bell R,Degrieck Y,et al.Endovascular treatment of thoracic aortic diseases: combined experience from the EUROSTAR and United Kingdom Thoracic Endograft registries[J].J Vasc Surg,2004,40(4):670-679.

[15] Eid-Lidt,Gaspar Hernández,González-Pacheco,et al.Complicated Acute Aortic Syndromes Affecting the Descending Thoracic Aorta:Endovascular Treatment Compared With Open Repair[J].Clin Cardiol,2015,38(10):585-589.

[16] Van Bogerijen,Williams,Eliason,et al.Alternative access techniques with thoracic endovascular aortic repair,open iliac conduit versus endoconduit technique[J].J Vasc Surg,2014,60(5):1168-1176.

[17] Hata N,Tanaka K,Imaizumi T,et al.Clinical significance of pleural effusion in acute aortic dissection[J].Chest,2002,121(3):825-830.

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[19] Redlinger RE,Ahanchi SS,Panneton JM.In situ laser fenestration during emergent thoracic endovascular aortic repair is an effective method for left subclavian artery revascularization[J].J Vasc Surg,2013,58(5):1171-1177.

[20] Serra R,de Franciscis,Grande R,et al.Endovascular repair for acute traumatic transection of the descending thoracic aorta:experience of a single centre with a 12-years follow up[J].J Cardiothorac Surg,2015,21(10):171.

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(收稿日期:2018-04-02)

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