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對(duì)比辨析 突破動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)

2019-01-10 13:39:45河南
教學(xué)考試(高考英語(yǔ)) 2019年3期
關(guān)鍵詞:被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主句時(shí)態(tài)

河南

動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是中學(xué)英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)中的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容,也是歷年高考的考查熱點(diǎn)??忌捎谠谥R(shí)上存在誤區(qū),因此在考試時(shí)常會(huì)在動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)上失分。本文將以高考真題為例,探討如何突破動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的難點(diǎn)。

一、一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

1.一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),通常句中有一個(gè)表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。有時(shí),即使句中沒(méi)有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),但通過(guò)上下文暗示可知某個(gè)動(dòng)作在過(guò)去發(fā)生時(shí),也應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:

(1) The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government ________ (start) a soil-testing program which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers —and 2011,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.(2018 年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ,語(yǔ)法填空68)

【解析】句意為“中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部發(fā)現(xiàn),在2005年與2011年之間,政府啟動(dòng)了一項(xiàng)土壤測(cè)試項(xiàng)目……”。破折號(hào)之后為when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞是“2005”,關(guān)系詞在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。由于本句含有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“between 2005...and 2011”,可知此處陳述的是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。故填started。

(2) When the gorillas and I frightened each other,I was just glad to find them alive.True to a gorilla's unaggressive nature,the huge animal_________ (mean) me no real harm.(2018 年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ,語(yǔ)法填空69)

【解析】句意為“……由于天性,大猩猩沒(méi)有攻擊性。這只高大的黑猩猩對(duì)我并沒(méi)有惡意”。分析句子成分可知,本句缺少謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,因前句為一般過(guò)去時(shí),所以本句也用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。故填meant。

(3) It was raining lightly when I ________ (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.(2015年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,語(yǔ)法填空61)

【解析】句意為“當(dāng)我在黎明前到達(dá)陽(yáng)朔時(shí),天正下著小雨”。本句為when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,主句為過(guò)去時(shí),從句也應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。故填arrived。

(4) When I was a child,I hoped to live in the city.I think I would be happy there.(2015年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,短文改錯(cuò))

【解析】句意為“在我小時(shí)候,我希望住在城里。我想,住在那兒我會(huì)很快樂(lè)”。本句敘述的是少年時(shí)代的事情,因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。故把think改為thought。

(5) Tony was scared and begun to cry.(2015年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ,短文改錯(cuò))

【解析】句意為“托尼很害怕,開(kāi)始哭了起來(lái)”。并列連詞and前面用了一般過(guò)去時(shí),后面也應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。故把begun改為began。

【注意】常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)的幾種情況:

①用when詢(xún)問(wèn)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如:

I hear you have studied abroad.When did you come back?

②在“It is/has been + 時(shí)間段 + since從句”中。例如:

It has been forty years since China adopted the opening policy.

③在“It is (high) time+that從句”中。例如:

The college entrance examination is approaching.It is high time that we put our heart into our lessons.

④在“as if,I wish,if only + 從句”中,表示陳述的某種情況與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反。例如:

Peter talks as if he knew everything.

I wish I didn't have to hand in my homework today.

If only I were not too careless.

⑤表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如:

If I were not busy today,I would go hiking with you.

⑥在“would prefer,I would rather”后的從句中,表示說(shuō)話人的愿望與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反。例如:

I'd prefer you came tomorrow.

I would rather you didn't go out alone.

2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,或從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的副詞和短語(yǔ)有already,yet,just,ever,recently,lately,today,this week,these days,so far,during/in/over the past/last few days/weeks/months/years/decades/centuries,for + 時(shí)間段,since + 過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻等。例如:

(1) Since 2011,the country _________ (grow) more corn than rice.(2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ,語(yǔ)法填空61)

【解析】句意為“自2011年以來(lái),中國(guó)種植的玉米比水稻多”。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“Since 2011”可知,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。故填has grown。

(2) I had grown not only physically,but also mentally in the past few years.(2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅲ,短文改錯(cuò))

【解析】句意為“在過(guò)去的五年里,我的身心都得到了成長(zhǎng)”。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“in the past few years”可知,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。故把had改為have。

(3) The number of firms selling computers in this region_______ (drop) since January 2012.(2017年3月天津卷,單項(xiàng)填空1,改編)

【解析】句意為“自2012年1月以來(lái),該地區(qū)銷(xiāo)售電腦的公司數(shù)量減少了”。根據(jù)題干中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“since January 2012”可知,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),主語(yǔ)“The number of”意為“……的數(shù)量”是單數(shù)含義。故填has dropped。

(4) Despite the previous rounds of talks,no agreement______ (reach) so far by the two sides.(2015年天津卷,單項(xiàng)填空9,改編)

【解析】句意為“盡管先前進(jìn)行過(guò)幾輪談判,但是雙方至今尚未達(dá)成任何協(xié)議”。本句中含現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志短語(yǔ)“so far”,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。故填has been reached。

(5) We won't start the work until all the preparations______ (make).(2014年天津卷,單項(xiàng)填空11,改編)

【解析】句意為“直到做好所有的準(zhǔn)備工作,我們才會(huì)開(kāi)始工作”。強(qiáng)調(diào)從句的動(dòng)作完成后,主句的動(dòng)作才發(fā)生,從句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),根據(jù)句意可知,此處應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故填have been made。

【注意】常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的幾種情況:

①在“It is the first/second...time + that從句”中。例如:

It is the first time that I have spoken in front of a group of people.

②在“It has been + 時(shí)間段 + since從句”中。例如:

It has been ten years since they last met in Beijing.

③在“not...until...結(jié)構(gòu)”中,主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用將來(lái)時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。強(qiáng)調(diào)在從句的動(dòng)作完成后,主句的動(dòng)作才發(fā)生。例如:

I will not go out to play until I have finished my homework.

④在“This is the + 形容詞最高級(jí) + 定語(yǔ)從句”中。例如:

This is the most exciting story I have ever read this year.

二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示某個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,并且對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成了一定影響。而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開(kāi)始,持續(xù)了一段時(shí)間,尚未完成,且有可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。例如:

(1) Since then—for all these years—we had been allow ing tomatoes to self-seed where they please.(2014年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,短文改錯(cuò))

【解析】根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“Since then”可知,本句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。故將had改為have。

(2) I ________ (read) half of the English novel,and I'll try to finish it at the weekend.(2016年北京卷,單項(xiàng)填空25,改編)

【解析】句意為“我已經(jīng)讀了這本英語(yǔ)小說(shuō)的一半,我打算周末把剩下的讀完”。逗號(hào)之前表示說(shuō)話時(shí)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。故填have read。

(3) Dashan,who _________ (learn) crosstalk,the Chinese comedic tradition,for decades,wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.(2016年江蘇卷,單項(xiàng)填空29,改編)

【解析】根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,加拿大人大山來(lái)中國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)說(shuō)相聲有好幾十年了,他想把它與西方單口相聲傳統(tǒng)相結(jié)合,此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。故填has been learning。

三、一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

一般過(guò)去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻發(fā)生某個(gè)動(dòng)作或存在某種狀態(tài),而過(guò)去完成時(shí)則表示在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。過(guò)去完成時(shí)多用于狀語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句中。與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有before,when,by the end of last week/month/year/century等介詞短語(yǔ)或by the time + 從句(一般過(guò)去時(shí))。例如:

(1) I didn't realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.(2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅱ,短文改錯(cuò))

【解析】句意為“直到升入高中,我才意識(shí)到父母是多么正確”。根據(jù)句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“didn't realize”和“entered”可知,本句敘述的是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情。故把a(bǔ)re改為were。

(2) Before getting into the car,I thought I had learned the instructor's orders,but once I started the car,my mind goes blank.(2017年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,短文改錯(cuò))

【解析】句意為“在上車(chē)前,我想我已經(jīng)掌握了教練的指令。但是,車(chē)一發(fā)動(dòng)起來(lái),我大腦就一片空白了”。前句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“started”用了一般過(guò)去時(shí),后句也應(yīng)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。故把goes改為went。

(3) A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who______ (trap) in the mountains for two days.(2018 年北京卷,單項(xiàng)填空9,改編)

【解析】本句含有一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。根據(jù)從句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“for two days”可知,從句的動(dòng)作“trap”發(fā)生在主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“risked”之前,應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。結(jié)合句意可知,此處應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故填had been trapped。

(4) In the 1950s in the USA,most families had just one phone at home,and wireless phones ______ (invent) yet.(2017 年北京卷,單項(xiàng)填空29,改編)

【解析】句意為“在20世紀(jì)50年代的美國(guó),大多數(shù)家庭只有一部座機(jī)電話,手機(jī)還沒(méi)有被發(fā)明出來(lái)”。句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“In the 1950s”暗示,在此之前手機(jī)沒(méi)有被發(fā)明,此處應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故填hadn't been invented。

(5) Just as I got to the school gate,I realized I ______ (leave)my book in the cafe.(2015年安徽卷,單項(xiàng)填空24,改編)

【解析】逗號(hào)之前為as連接的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“realized”后接賓語(yǔ)從句,由于賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“realized”之前,從句應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。故填had left。

【注意】常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的幾種情況:

①在“hardly/scarcely...when...,no sooner...than...”句式中。例如:

They had hardly set out when it rained.

No sooner had they arrived than the opening ceremony started.

②在“It was the first/second...time + that從句”中。例如:

It w as the third time that John had made the same mistake.

③在“主語(yǔ) + had done...+ when...”從句中。例如:

I had just fallen asleep when the telephone rang.

④在“as if,I wish,if only + 從句”中,表示說(shuō)話人的愿望與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反。例如:

The boy behaved as if nothing had happened.

I wished that I hadn't overslept this morning.

If only you had talked to her sooner.

⑤在表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的if虛擬條件句中。例如:

If we had arrived earlier,we would not have missed the train.

⑥在“would rather ”后的從句中,表示說(shuō)話人的愿望與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反。例如:

I would rather you hadn't told her the truth.

四、一般將來(lái)時(shí)、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)與將來(lái)完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

1.一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事,句中通常含有表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如:

(1) The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ______ (reward) with success in the end.(2016 年北京卷,單項(xiàng)填空30,改編)

【解析】題干是一個(gè)由“and”連接的并列句,句意為“學(xué)生們一直在努力學(xué)習(xí)功課,他們的努力最終一定能獲得成功。”根據(jù)句中的短語(yǔ)“in the end”可知,應(yīng)用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。結(jié)合句意可知,此處應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故填will be rewarded。

(2) More efforts,as reported,_________ (make) in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.(2016 年江蘇卷,單項(xiàng)填空22,改編)

【解析】句意為“據(jù)報(bào)道,今后幾年將做出努力加快推進(jìn)供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革”。句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“in the years ahead”暗示應(yīng)用一般將來(lái)時(shí),結(jié)合句意可知,本句應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故填will be made。

(3) As you go through this book,you _________ (find) that each of the millions of people who lived through World War Ⅱhad a different experience.(2015年湖南卷,單項(xiàng)填空22,改編)

【解析】句意為“當(dāng)你閱讀這本書(shū)時(shí),你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)歷過(guò)第二次世界大戰(zhàn)的千百萬(wàn)人都有著不同的經(jīng)歷”。此處應(yīng)用“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則,當(dāng)as連接的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),主句應(yīng)用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。故填will find。

(4) Unless some extra money _____ (find),the theatre will close.(2014年廣西卷,單項(xiàng)填空22,改編)

【解析】句意為“除非找到額外的投資,否則這個(gè)電影院就將倒閉”。本句中連詞“Unless”引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句,使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí),后面的主句使用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。根據(jù)句意可知,主語(yǔ)“money”和動(dòng)詞“find”之間構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以應(yīng)使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。故填is found。

【注意】使用一般將來(lái)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題:

①表示按計(jì)劃要發(fā)生的事情,應(yīng)用“be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形”或“be to + 動(dòng)詞原形”。例如:

We are going to move into our new apartment next month.

If you are to succeed,you must work hard.

②表示主語(yǔ)臨時(shí)的決斷,應(yīng)用“will/shall + 動(dòng)詞原形”。例如:

— Dr.Jackson is not in his office at the moment.

—All right.I will call him later.

③如果主句為一般將來(lái)時(shí),在時(shí)間、條件、方式等狀語(yǔ)從句中,通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。例如:

You'd better w rite down her phone number before you forget it.

④表示按照時(shí)刻表發(fā)生的事情,常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。例如:

Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour.

⑤表示動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞,常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)。例如:

How are you getting to the airport?

⑥“be about to do”表示某事即將發(fā)生,通常不與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,但可與when引導(dǎo)的并列句連用,表示“正要……這時(shí)……”。例如:

She looked as if she was about to cry.

I was about to leave when Mark arrived.

2.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)動(dòng)作在某個(gè)時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行。

Jane can't attend the meeting at 3 o'clock this afternoon because she ____ (teach) a class at that time.(2015 年天津卷,單項(xiàng)填空6,改編)

【解析】句意為“簡(jiǎn)不能參加今天下午三點(diǎn)鐘的會(huì)議,因?yàn)樗谀莻€(gè)時(shí)間要上課”?!癰ecause”引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)作“teach”將在“at 3 o'clock this afternoon”發(fā)生,此處應(yīng)用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)。故填will be teaching。

3.將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),強(qiáng)調(diào)該動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。

Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other,for we ______ (develop) more convenient electronic communication tools by then.(2018年江蘇卷,單項(xiàng)填空31,改編)

【解析】句意為“我們有望在2025年不再互相發(fā)送電子郵件,因?yàn)榈侥菚r(shí)我們將已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)出更方便的電子通信工具”。句中的“by then”暗示本句的動(dòng)作在2025年之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生,此處應(yīng)用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。故填will have developed。

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