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二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)的研究進(jìn)展及應(yīng)用

2019-01-16 10:15:58連增艷楊仁杰董桂梅楊延榮吳楠楊帆
關(guān)鍵詞:雜化投影組分

連增艷,楊仁杰,董桂梅,楊延榮,吳楠,楊帆

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二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)的研究進(jìn)展及應(yīng)用

連增艷,楊仁杰通信作者,董桂梅,楊延榮,吳楠,楊帆

(天津農(nóng)學(xué)院 工程技術(shù)學(xué)院,天津 300384)

二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)以高光譜分辨率、高選擇性和高圖譜解析能力等優(yōu)勢在分析科學(xué)領(lǐng)域備受關(guān)注。本文綜述了該技術(shù)近些年的最新發(fā)展,詳細(xì)介紹了雜化二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)、投影二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)、Double二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)、二維組分相關(guān)譜技術(shù)和修正二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù),并給出了這些技術(shù)的具體算法和應(yīng)用實(shí)例。最后,對該技術(shù)的應(yīng)用前景進(jìn)行了展望。

二維相關(guān)譜;研究進(jìn)展;應(yīng)用

二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)由Noda在1986年研究聚合物薄膜在小振幅正弦壓力下線性二色紅外譜特性時(shí)提出[1],并在1993年破除外擾波形的局限,將其應(yīng)用到紅外光譜研究領(lǐng)域,隨后又逐漸擴(kuò)展到拉曼、熒光、紫外、X射線等其他光譜技術(shù)中,建立了“廣義二維相關(guān)譜”理論[2]。

二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)是將傳統(tǒng)的一維光譜信號擴(kuò)展到兩維平面上,通過同步和異步譜交叉峰正負(fù)或有無可提供復(fù)雜分析體系中各分子官能團(tuán)吸收峰之間的關(guān)系,不僅可以對其來源進(jìn)行確認(rèn),而且也可明確各官能團(tuán)振動(dòng)變化先后次序。同時(shí),二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)表征的是隨特定外擾變化的信息,消除了強(qiáng)背景信號對待測組分弱信號的干擾,有助于提取復(fù)雜體系中隨外擾變化微弱的特征信息。因此,相對于傳統(tǒng)一維光譜技術(shù),二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)具有高的光譜分辨率、高選擇性和高圖譜解析能力,是一種強(qiáng)大靈活的光譜技術(shù)[2]。正是由于二維相關(guān)譜的上述優(yōu)勢,再加上外擾選擇方式的多樣性,如溫度,濃度、壓力、偏振角等,因此,自廣義二維相關(guān)譜理論提出以來,該技術(shù)就被廣泛應(yīng)用于聚合物[3-4]、蛋白質(zhì)[5]、肽[6]和核酸等其他生物分子,以及納米材料[7]、復(fù)合材料[8]、醫(yī)藥[9]、食品和環(huán)境科學(xué)[10]等領(lǐng)域。特別是近年來,我國學(xué)者也對該技術(shù)的理論和應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了廣泛、深入地研究,在國內(nèi)外發(fā)表多篇相關(guān)研究論文,取得較好的研究結(jié)果[11-20]。隨著二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的不斷擴(kuò)展,該技術(shù)的相關(guān)理論和算法也得到了進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。為使讀者在研究中更好地應(yīng)用二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù),并推動(dòng)該技術(shù)的發(fā)展,本文在論述廣義二維相關(guān)譜基本理論的基礎(chǔ)上,總結(jié)了近些年的最新發(fā)展,包括雜化二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)、投影二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)、Double二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)、二維組分相關(guān)譜技術(shù)和修正二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù),對其算法進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)介紹,并對二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)的發(fā)展前景進(jìn)行了展望。

1 二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)的基本原理

式中為動(dòng)態(tài)光譜數(shù),為光譜變量數(shù),T表示轉(zhuǎn)置,為Hilbert-Noda矩陣。

2 二維相關(guān)譜的發(fā)展

2.1 雜化二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)

常用的雜化相關(guān)分析有:

此時(shí),樣品雜化二維相關(guān)譜表征的是溫度和壓力兩個(gè)外擾對組分影響變化的相似性。

Wu等[23]采用雜化二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)對兩種條件下(A體系無催化劑反應(yīng),B體系二甲基亞砜作用下反應(yīng))的硝基苯催化加氫化學(xué)反應(yīng)進(jìn)行研究指出:相對于傳統(tǒng)的樣品二維相關(guān)譜,雜化樣品和波數(shù)二維相關(guān)能揭示和確認(rèn)在B體系化學(xué)反應(yīng)過程中,116 min時(shí)存在中間產(chǎn)物濃度最大的突變點(diǎn)。Zhang等[24]采用雜化二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)研究了純水在溫度和葡萄糖濃度兩種外擾共同作用下所引起光譜信息的變化,指出兩種外擾所引起的光譜變化之間不存在偶然相關(guān)性。

2.2 投影二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)

雖然二維相關(guān)譜具有較強(qiáng)的特征信息提取能力,但對于不同組分的重疊峰有時(shí)也顯得無能為力。為了提取復(fù)雜體系中被覆蓋的某一組份特征信息,實(shí)現(xiàn)其圖譜解析[25-30],Noda發(fā)展了投影二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)(Projection 2D correlation analysis)。

對于給定矢量y,定義矢量投影矩陣R為:

p表征的是將投影到單一矢量所張空間的矩陣,該矩陣僅包含了與矢量(某一波數(shù)下吸光度)同步相關(guān)的信息。

定義VA的載荷矩陣:

投影矩陣AP可表示為:

Noda在采集混合溶液[25](聚苯乙烯PS質(zhì)量濃度為1%,甲基乙基酮MEK和全氘代甲苯D-toluenehe質(zhì)量濃度比1∶1)蒸發(fā)過程隨時(shí)間變化動(dòng)態(tài)光譜的基礎(chǔ)上,將其零空間正投影到MEK特征峰所張空間,指出投影后所得的新動(dòng)態(tài)光譜矩陣,表征的主要 PS和D-toluene的特征信息,不包含MEK特性信息,并對其進(jìn)行同步和異步二維相關(guān)譜計(jì)算,結(jié)果表明:在相關(guān)譜中D-toluene的特征信息不再被強(qiáng)的MEK信息所干擾。

2.3 Double二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)

為了解決上述同步譜分辨率低的問題,Noda在2010年提出了Double二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù),以提高同步譜的光譜分辨率[31-32]。

Double二維相關(guān)計(jì)算式可表示為:

Noda對苯乙烯和丁二烯的乳液聚合生產(chǎn)丁苯橡膠(SBR)膠乳隨時(shí)間變化的同步和同步Double二維拉曼相關(guān)譜進(jìn)行了研究[31],研究結(jié)果表明:在原始光譜的同步相關(guān)譜中,相互重疊的苯乙烯和丁二烯吸收峰在Double同步二維相關(guān)譜得到分辨,并指出:相對于原始光譜的同步相關(guān)譜,Double二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)提高了光譜分辨率,可實(shí)現(xiàn)復(fù)雜體系中重疊峰特征信息的提取。

2.4 二維組分相關(guān)譜技術(shù)

雖然廣義二維相關(guān)譜能提供光譜強(qiáng)度變化的次序,但無法提供研究體系在動(dòng)力學(xué)過程中各組分變化的次序。為了解決這個(gè)問題,2014年Noda發(fā)展了二維組分相關(guān)譜(2D codistribution spectroscopy,2DCDS)技術(shù),其可直接提供待分析體系動(dòng)力學(xué)過程中各組分的分布及濃度變化次序。該技術(shù)可以作為補(bǔ)充工具,以彌補(bǔ)傳統(tǒng)二維相關(guān)的譜在判別體系中組分變化的不足[33-35]。

Noda以時(shí)間為外擾,對聚苯乙烯PS、甲基乙基酮MEK和全氘代甲苯D-toluenehe混合溶液蒸發(fā)過程的動(dòng)態(tài)紅外光譜進(jìn)行2DCDS異譜相關(guān)計(jì)算[20],根據(jù)PS與MEK和D-toluenehe之間存在負(fù)交叉峰,指出了PS組分在溶液蒸發(fā)最后階段占主要部分;MEK與D-toluenehe之間存在正交叉峰,指出了在整個(gè)蒸發(fā)過程中,與溶劑MEK組分相比,D-toluenehe占主要部分,即MEK蒸發(fā)的速度快于D-toluenehe,并推斷混合溶液蒸發(fā)過程中組分發(fā)生的順序?yàn)镸EK→D-toluenehe→PS。

2.5 修正二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)

眾所周知,將同步和異步二維相關(guān)譜相結(jié)合,根據(jù)Noda理論,可以簡單地推斷出研究體系中各官能團(tuán)振動(dòng)變化的順序。但在實(shí)際操作中,特別是對于存在大量交叉峰的研究體系,采用該方法分析不僅效率低下,而且容易出錯(cuò)。為了解決上述問題,提高分析效率,人們提出了各種改進(jìn)方法,其中包括2DCDS技術(shù)、全相角圖譜技術(shù)、修正異步二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)和融合二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)等方法[36]。

全相角圖譜方法是通過異步譜與同步譜之間的比值進(jìn)行定義的:

3 結(jié)論與展望

二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)以其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢使其具有廣闊的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域和發(fā)展前景。由于二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)具有高光譜分辨率,容易受到噪聲、虛假信息的干擾,因此,對其進(jìn)行合適的數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)處理為進(jìn)一步發(fā)展和應(yīng)用起到重要的推動(dòng)作用。目前的數(shù)據(jù)處理方法,如標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、小波變換、正交信號校正法(OSC)、凈信號等方法基本都是對原始動(dòng)態(tài)譜進(jìn)行預(yù)處理,可能會濾去一些弱的待測組分信息,因此研究直接對二維相關(guān)譜的多維數(shù)據(jù)預(yù)處理方法是其發(fā)展的重要方向[40]。二維相關(guān)譜與化學(xué)計(jì)量學(xué)結(jié)合已被用于摻偽食品檢測中,隨著多維化學(xué)計(jì)量學(xué)的發(fā)展,直接將二維相關(guān)譜與計(jì)量學(xué)結(jié)合也將進(jìn)一步拓展其應(yīng)用范圍??傊S著二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的不斷擴(kuò)大,會不斷出現(xiàn)新理論和相關(guān)算法,以及與其他分析技術(shù)、光譜預(yù)處理技術(shù)和化學(xué)計(jì)量學(xué)技術(shù)更緊密地結(jié)合,使得該技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展和完善。二維相關(guān)譜技術(shù)必將在光譜特征提取、結(jié)構(gòu)表征、化學(xué)反應(yīng)和分子間相互作用等研究領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮更大的作用。

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責(zé)任編輯:楊霞

Research progress and application of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy

LIAN Zeng-yan, YANG Ren-jieCorresponding Author, DONG Gui-mei, YANG Yan-rong, WU Nan, YANG Fan

(College of Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China)

Two-dimensional(2D)correlation spectroscopy has attracted much attention in the field of analytical science for its advantages of high spectral resolution, high selectivity and high resolution. In this paper, the latest development of the 2D correlation spectroscopy in recent years was reviewed. The technologies of hybrid 2D correlation spectroscopy, the projection 2D correlation spectroscopy, the Double 2D correlation spectroscopy, the 2D codistribution spectroscopy and the modified 2D correlation spectroscopy were introduced in detail. Specific algorithms and application examples of the above-mentioned new technologies of 2D correlation spectroscopy were also discussed. Finally, the application prospect of the technology is forecasted.

two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy; research progress; application

1008-5394(2018)04-0077-06

10.19640/j.cnki.jtau.2018.04.017

O657.3

A

2018-09-25

國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(41771357,21607114,81471698);天津市自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(14JCYBJC30400,16JCQNJC08200);天津農(nóng)學(xué)院科學(xué)研究基金項(xiàng)目(2017-D-03)

連增艷(1995-),女,碩士在讀,研究方向:光譜檢測。E-mail:920768405@qq.com。

楊仁杰(1978-),男,副教授,博士,研究方向:光譜檢測技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用。E-mail:rjyang1978@163.com。

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